8. Align with the dialogue partner (e.g., Brennan & Clark, 1996)

9. Use a prespecified preference order as modeled in the Incremental Algorithm (Dale & Reiter, 1995), e.g., 1) color, 2) size, 3) orientation

10. What do speakers do?

12. For example The chair seen from the front instead of The green chair

14. For example The green chair seen from the front

15. Will they overspecify their referring expressions?

19. Fillers ensure that the link between prime and target is obscured

20. For example

34. Alignment for the speaker versus alignment for the listener

35. Investigated in a dual task experiment

38. Primarily aiding the speaker in utterance planning

39. Common ground is implicit

41. Primarily aiding the listener in comprehension

42. Common ground is explicit

43. Conceptual pacts in dialogue

45. Remember it

46. Perform the listening or speaking task

47. Read another word (either “Bal” or “Dal”)

48. Indicate wether it is the same as the previous word (”Bal-Bal” or “Dal-”Dal”) or different (“Bal-Dal” or “Dal-Bal”)

49. Perform the listening or speaking task

50. Rinse and repea t

52. Primarily aiding the speaker in utterance planning

53. Common ground is implicit

55. Primarily aiding the listener in comprehension

56. Common ground is explicit

57. Conceptual pacts in dialogue Assess the relative importance of each procedure Decide between these two accounts of alignment

58. Press any key to start the experiment

59. Bal

61. Bal

62. Was the word the same as the previous one? (y = yes, n = no)

64. Dal

65. Was the word the same as the previous one? (y = yes, n = no)

67. Bal

68. Was the word the same as the previous one? (y = yes, n = no)

70. Bal

71. Was the word the same as the previous one? (y = yes, n = no)

72. Thank you for participating in this experiment

77. When faced with a (verbal) secondary task, speakers align less with overspecified primes

78. Thus:

79. Alignment and preference order are two separate processes in reference generation

80. In the model of Gatt et al., the preference list should get priority when modeling REG under pressure

81. This experiment suggest that alignment (at the conceptual level) is an effortful process, primarily benefiting the listener