Unit 4 chemistry is everywhere part 1 powerpoint

1. CHEMISTRY IS EVERYWHERE
PART 1

2. PART I: WATER AND LIFE

3. Part I: Water and Life 1
• Water is essential for life.
• All organisms need water to live and most of
their bodies are composed of water. (70% of
human body; 60% of a tree w/w)
• All biological reactions occur in aqueous
medium.

4. Part I: Water and Life 2

5. Part I: Water and Life 3
Water Cycle
https://youtu.be/al-do-HGuIk

6. Part I: Water and Life 5

7. Part I: Water and Life 6
Hardness of Water:
• Some soil types containing Mg+2
and Ca+2 ions may cause hardness
in water.
• In daily life, hard water is known as
limewater.
• To remove lime from teapot,
vinegar is used.
• Soft water contains small amounts
of Mg+2 and Ca+2 ions.
• Soft water has a better taste
compared to hard water.
Pamukkale travertens are made up of
calcium carbonate salts.

8. Part I: Water and Life 7

9. Part I: Water and Life 8
How to remove the hardness of
water?
*Easiest and most common
method is boiling of water. By
this method, calcium ions are
precipitated and removed from
water.
*Second method is the usage of
ion exchange resins. Zeolite or
synthetic resins are used to
exchange Mg+2 and Ca+2 ions
with Na+.

10. Drinking water and water in use must
have the following properties;
*It must be odorless and transparent.
It must provide a cooling effect when
it is drunk.
*It should be sterilized to not have
microorganisms that cause diseases.
*It should be free of harmful
chemicals.
*Its level of hardness must be
appropriate to use.
Part I: Water and Life 9

12. Water treatment process
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMP9-49I1U4
Part I: Water and Life 11

13. Desalination of sea water to drinking water by reverse osmosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aysj7696b0A
Part I: Water and Life 12

14. Ready Food:
Packaged food which
is easy to produce
and easy to consume
are called ready food.
To extend the shelf-life
of the ready food,
some chemicals and
additives are used.
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 1

15. TYPES OF FOOD ADDITIVES

16. PURPOSE OF FOOD ADDITIVES

18. Pasteurization and UHT process in Milk:
Pasteurization: Milk is heated up to 70-75oC for 15 seconds or
to 90oC for 1-2 seconds to remove harmful microorganisms. It
can be stored for 3 days at most.
UHT: Milk is heated up to 135-150oC for 2-4 seconds. It can be
stored for 4 months. Because of the ultra high temperature used,
some useful bacteria can be removed in UHT milks, thus it is not
suggested to use.
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 3

20. E-Codes: E numbers are used for substances that are permitted
to be used as food additives for use within European Union.
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 4
E-codes Additives
E100-E180 Artificial colors
E200-E297 Antimicrobial agents
E300-E321 Antioxidants
E322-E500 Thickening and stabilizing agents
E500-E578 Chelating agents
E620-E630 Artificial flavors
E900-E927 Nutrient additives; vitamins and minerals
Note: Expiry date labels must be checked before buying a ready food. It indicates the
shelf-life of a product.

21. Cleaning Agents:
Soaps and Detergents
Fat + Base  Soap + Glycerol
Soap can be made with KOH
instead of NaOH. Potassium
soaps are softer. KOH is
generally used in liquid
soaps.
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 5

22. In hard water, soap produces a precipitate with Calcium ions and it
does not work effectively.
Reaction:
2C17H35COONa + Ca(HCO3)2  (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2NaHCO3
soluble insoluble
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 6

23. How do soaps work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ga2ff1nO0uo
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 7

24. Surfactans: There are four types of surfactants.
Anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants,
zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants. (pg 189-190-191)
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 8

25. Bleaching agents:
A bleach is a chemical that removes color or whitens via oxidation.
Common chemical bleaches contain sodium hypochlorite and common
oxygen bleaches contain hydrogen peroxide.
Part II: Ready Food and Household Cleaning Substances 9

26. What is a polymer?
A Polymer may be a natural or synthetic molecule made of
repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers.

27. The word, polymer, implies that polymers are
constructed from pieces (monomers) that can be
easily connected into long chains (polymer). When
you look at the above shapes, your mind should see
that they could easily fit together.

28. 1.Synthetic Polymers: made from
petroleum oil and are made by
scientists. Ex: nylon, polyethylene,
polyester, teflon
There are two kinds of polymers

29. 2. Natural Polymers: can be found in
nature and often are water based.
Ex: silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and
proteins and natural rubber

30. There are many types of plastics, but they all are based on taking one or two
small molecules and starting a chain reaction that connects hundreds or
thousands of these small molecules into long chains or branching chains. By
controlling the length and the branching, you can control the final hardness
or flexibility of the polymer plus qualities like resistance to solvents, acids, or
heat.

31. POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
1.Addition Polymerization: these polymers are formed
from manomers (alkenes) added together to form
polymers.
2. Condensation polymerization. Monomers are linked
tohether by the release of a small molecule such as water

32. 1.Addition Polymerization: these polymers are formed
from manomers (alkenes) added together to form
polymers.
Examples are: Polyethylene from ethylene
Polypropylene from propylene
Polyvinyl Chloride from vinyl Chloride

33. A polymer made
form just one
monomer is
polyethylene. It
is the most
common plastic
you see.
It is used for
bottles, buckets,
jugs, containers,
toys, even
synthetic
lumber, and
many other
things.

34. Before we show how polyethylene is made from its monomer,
ethylene, let’s review the structure of some similar compounds
to ethylene.

35. Here’s another way to see the chain
reaction. These are the carbon atoms
with their double-bond (2 shared
electrons each). The hydrogen atoms
are not shown. A collision breaks the
first bond.
Once the first double bond is broken, a chain reaction will
occur. In about a second an entire chamber of compressed
ethylene gas turns into the polymer, polyethylene.

36. There are two types of
polyethylene polymers
(plastics). One is when
the polyethylene exists as
long straight chains. The
picture here shows the
chains of one carbon with
two hydrogen atoms
repeating. The chain can
be as long as 20,000
carbons to 35,000
carbons. This is called
high density polyethylene
(HDPE).

37. We've mentioned high density polyethylene (HDPE); you
probably were thinking, there must be low density polyethylene
(LDPE). You are correct. It is made by causing the long chains
of ethylene to branch. That way they cannot lie next each
other, which reduces the density and strength of the
polyethylene. This makes the plastic lighter and more flexible.

38. Low density polyethylene is used to make
plastic bags, plastic wrap, and squeeze bottles,
plus many other things.

39. 2. Condensation polymerization. Monomers are linked tohether
by the release of a small molecule such as water
Examples are:Nylon from adipic acid and examethylene diamine
Polyester from ethylene glycol and terephtalic acid
Proteins from amino acids

40. Nylon is used in clothes,
shoes, jackets, belts, and
accessories. It’s not
surprising a magazine is
named after this polymer.
Where did nylon get its
name?
Nylon was discovered in 1935. The name nylon is
derived from two cities where it was discovered
namely New York (NY) and London (LON).

41. We say certain polymers are man-made, but the truth is they
make themselves. Humans only have to get the ingredients
near each other. The chemicals will assemble themselves.
Two ingredients are mixed and a solid begins to form
at the junction between the two layers of liquid.
Hot nylon spaghetti can be extracted.

42. The students are handling the nylon string that was produced.
Notice there’s some kind of odor that is being noticed.

43. Nylon is actually a “copolymer” because is it made
from two monomers. When these two monomers
are in the same beaker, they combine and give off
a molecule of water. This is called a “dehydration”
reaction because we are taking away (de) water
(hydra). (regarding odor: amines smell like fish or
worse. Adipic acid is odorless )
Hexamethylene diamine
methylene x 6 (hexa) amine x 2 (di)
Tetramethylene
dicarboxylic acid
(adipic acid)

45. Polyester is a
another
copolymer. It
is made from
equal amounts
of two different
monomers.
Polyester is
used to make
bottles and
fabrics.

46. The favorite properties of plastics are that they are inert and won't
react with what is stored in them. They also are durable and won't
easily decay, dissolve, or break apart. These are great qualities
for things you keep, but when you throw them away, they won't
decompose.

47. Since they don’t decompose, the answer is to recycle
the plastics so they can be remade into something
else. Here we see a bunch of CDs getting recycled.

48. The decks, fence, stepping stones, house shingles, and the
sweat shirt, were all made from recycled plastic.

49. A numerical coding system is used to identify which
particular plastic material has been used for a given
product.
There are 7 different codes that are commonly
used to package household products. These codes
are found on the bottom of most plastic
packages.

51. COSMETIC PRODUCTS

52. PAINTS
LIPSTICKS and BLUSHERS
There are dozens of ingredients in
lipsticks and blushers.
1. Waxes
2. Oils
3. Fats
4. Emollients
5. pigments

53. LIPSTICKS
stabilizes the stick and allows it to be molded into
shape
beeswax,
paraffin,
carnauba wax
keep the texture soft
lanolin oil
Castor oil
Olive oil
Cocoa butter
helps with the moisturizing effect of the
lipstick
May contain harmful metals such as
lead, nickel, cobalt and chromium

54. MOISTURIZERS (Emollients)
They trap the moisture in the skin and stop water evaporation.

55. PERFUMES
Perfume is a mixture of essential oils or aroma compounds,
fixatives and solvents. They contain alcohol as a base.

56. SOLVENTS
Nail polish, nail polish remover, hair spray, hair colour contain
solvents.
STABILIZERS
Stabilizers are a variety of compounds that help to stabilize the
activity of other ingredients. Stabilizers also maintain the values
like pH.

57. PRESERVATIVES
Preservatives are active ingredients that prevent
the growth of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Some
preservatives work as stabilizers preventing the
spoilage of creams and other cosmetics.
Some preservatives, used commonly, such as
methyl paraben and ethyl paraben have adverse
effects on health. Parabens cannot be broken
down by our body’s metabolism
and may stay in the system. The
structure of paraben is similar to
the hormone estrogen and may
be harmful if taken in great
amounts.

58. HAIR DYESHair is mainly
keratin, which is
the same protein
found in skin
and fingernails.
The color of hair
depend on the
ratio of two
proteins;
eumelanin and
phaeomelanin.
Some natural hair
colours contain
henna, black
walnut shells,
vinegar

59. DRUG FORMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Drugs are chemical substances used in treatment, cure, prevention
and diagnoses of a disease.
Drugs exist in the form of -
a) Liquids: solutions, suspensions and emulsions
b) Semi solids: pastes
c) Solids: tablets, capsules, powders and granules