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JSON-LD: JSON for Linked Data

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Gregg Kellogg
Gregg Kellogg

JSON-LD is a set of W3C standards track specifications for representing Linked Data in JSON. It is fully compatible with the RDF data model, but allows developers to work with data entirely within JSON. More information on JSON-LD can be found at http://json-ld.org/

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JSON-LD JSON for Linked Data Gregg Kellogg gregg@greggkellogg.net @gkellogg
JSON-LD JSON for Linked Data nk ing Li Gregg Kellogg gregg@greggkellogg.net @gkellogg
JSON JSON has taken over service APIs
Tower of Babel
Tower of Babel GitHub { "type": "User", "followers": 35, "html_url": "https://github.com/gkellogg", "hireable": true, "created_at": "2009-01-13T16:58:46Z", "public_repos": 44, "blog": "http://greggkellogg.net", "bio": "Gregg is a Standards Architect ...", "gravatar_id": "42f948adff3afaa52249d963117af7c8", "following": 35, "company": "Self", "public_gists": 4, "location": "San Rafael, CA", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "url": "https://api.github.com/users/gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, "login": "gkellogg"
Tower of Babel GitHub Twitter { { "max_id": 195520745634406400, "type": "User", "page": 1, "followers": 35, "query": "%40gkellogg", "html_url": "https://github.com/gkellogg", "results": [{ "hireable": true, "created_at": "Thu, 26 Apr 2012 14:32:33 "created_at": "2009-01-13T16:58:46Z", +0000", "public_repos": 44, "from_user": "kendall", "blog": "http://greggkellogg.net", "from_user_name": "Kendall Clark", "bio": "Gregg is a Standards Architect ...", "id": 195520745634406400, "gravatar_id": "in_reply_to_status_id": "42f948adff3afaa52249d963117af7c8", 195518881811529729, "following": 35, "iso_language_code": "en", "company": "Self", "metadata": {"result_type": "recent"}, "public_gists": 4, "text": "@Gkellogg Multiple resources in a "location": "San Rafael, CA", single JSON-LD struct/doc/message.", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "to_user": "Gkellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "to_user_id": 6125262, "url": "https://api.github.com/users/gkellogg", "to_user_name": "Gregg Kellogg" "avatar_url": "...", }], "id": 46296, "results_per_page": 1, "login": "gkellogg" "since_id": 0, "since_id_str": "0" }
Tower of Babel GitHub Twitter Facebook { { "max_id": 195520745634406400, { "type": "User", "page": 1, "id": "1236600216", "followers": 35, "query": "%40gkellogg", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "html_url": "https://github.com/gkellogg", "results": [{ "first_name": "Gregg", "hireable": true, "created_at": "Thu, 26 Apr 2012 14:32:33 "last_name": "Kellogg", "created_at": "2009-01-13T16:58:46Z", +0000", "link": "https://www.facebook.com/ "public_repos": 44, "from_user": "kendall", gkellogg", "blog": "http://greggkellogg.net", "from_user_name": "Kendall Clark", "username": "gkellogg", "bio": "Gregg is a Standards Architect ...", "id": 195520745634406400, "gender": "male", "gravatar_id": "in_reply_to_status_id": "locale": "en_US" "42f948adff3afaa52249d963117af7c8", 195518881811529729, } "following": 35, "iso_language_code": "en", "company": "Self", "metadata": {"result_type": "recent"}, "public_gists": 4, "text": "@Gkellogg Multiple resources in a "location": "San Rafael, CA", single JSON-LD struct/doc/message.", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "to_user": "Gkellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "to_user_id": 6125262, "url": "https://api.github.com/users/gkellogg", "to_user_name": "Gregg Kellogg" "avatar_url": "...", }], "id": 46296, "results_per_page": 1, "login": "gkellogg" "since_id": 0, "since_id_str": "0" }
Introducing JSON-LD @graph @context @id JSON-based syntax to express linked data @language @value @list @type @set
Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } } { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "colleagues": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, Associate properties "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, with IRIs "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } } { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "colleagues": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, Associate properties "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, with IRIs "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } • } Use terms defined in a referenced context { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "colleagues": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, Associate properties "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, with IRIs "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } • } Use terms defined in a referenced context { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", • Specify property types "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "knows": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", in context "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
Language Principles
• Make full use of JSON syntactic { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", representations "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", • Object defines a subject "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" definition }
• Make full use of JSON syntactic { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", representations "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", • Object defines a subject "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" definition } • Also used for subject reference and value { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } representations
• Make full use of JSON syntactic { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", representations "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", • Object defines a subject "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" definition } • Also used for subject reference and value { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } representations { "@type": "Recipe", "name": "Mom's World Famous Banana Bread", "ingredients": [ • Arrays describe sets of unordered values "3 or 4 ripe bananas, smashed", "1 egg", "3/4 cup of sugar" ], • Single values can skip array "nutrition": [{ "@type": ["NutritionInformation"], "calories": ["240 calories"], "fatContent": ["9 grams fat"] }] }
• Define terms to use short { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", property names "@type": "http://schema.org/Person", "http://schema.org/name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Convenient for JavaScript “.” "http://schema.org/knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" notation } } { "@context": { "Person": "http://schema.org/Person", "name": "http://schema.org/name", "knows”: "http://schema.org/knows" }, "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": {"@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"} }
• Define terms to use short { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", property names "@type": "http://schema.org/Person", "http://schema.org/name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Convenient for JavaScript “.” "http://schema.org/knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" notation } } • Add @type coercions to use simple string value. { "@context": { "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", "name": "schema:name", "knows”: { "@id": "schema:knows", "@type": "@id" }, "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
• Define terms to use short { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", property names "@type": "http://schema.org/Person", "http://schema.org/name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Convenient for JavaScript “.” "http://schema.org/knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" notation } } • Add @type coercions to use simple string value. { "@context": { "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • Use external @context. "name": "schema:name", "knows”: { "@id": "schema:knows", "@type": "@id" } } { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
• { Define referenced subject "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", definition with chaining "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
• { Define referenced subject "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", definition with chaining "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } } { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", • Add @language to values. "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "honorificSuffix": {"@value": "M.S.", "@language": "en"}, "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "honorificSuffix": {"@value": "Dipl.Ing.", "@language": "de"}, "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
• Add @type to values. { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", • Link to externally defined "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", resources. "birthDate": {"@value": "1957-02-27", "@type": "xsd:date"}, "honorificSuffix": {"@value": "M.S.", "@language": "en"}, "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
• Add property @type and { "@context": { @language definitions to "schema": "http://schema.org/", context "Person": "schema:Person", "name": "schema:name", "birthDate”: { "@id": "schema: birthDate","@type": "xsd:date" }, "honorificSuffix”: { "@id": "schema:honorificSuffix","@language": "en" }, "knows”: {"@id": "schema:knows","@type": "@id"} }, "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "birthDate": "1957-02-27", "honorificSuffix": "M.S.", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
• More features defined in the syntax specification*: • @set, @list, Compact IRIs, Unlabeled Nodes • Embedded @context definitions • Named Graphs * http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax
Examples “In the Wild”
DBpedia { "@graph": [ { "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/DBpedia", "http://dbpedia.org/property/genre" : [ "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Linked_Data" ] }, { "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Linked_Data", "@type" : [ "http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Buzzwords" ] , "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs" : ["http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m/02r2kb1"] , "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value" : "Linked Open Data (LOD) bezeichnet ..." , "@language" : "de" } , { "@value" : "In computing, linked Data describes ..." , "@language" : "en" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject" : [ "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:World_Wide_Web" , "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Buzzwords" , "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Semantic_Web" ], ... }] } http://dbpedia.org/sparql?default-graph-uri=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org&query=DESCRIBE+<http://dbpedia.org/resource/ Linked_Data>&output=application%2Fld%2Bjson
Schema.org Using RDFa to JSON-LD bookmarklet* http://linter.structured-data.org/examples/ schema.org/sdo_eg_rdfa_12.html * bookmarklet courtesy of Niklas Lindström
Schema.org { "@context": {...}, Using RDFa to JSON-LD bookmarklet* "@graph": [{ "@id": "http://linter.structured-data.org/examples/schema.org/Recipe.rdfa", "rdfa:usesVocabulary": "http://schema.org/" }, { "@type": ["Recipe"], "name": ["Mom's World Famous Banana Bread"], "author": ["John Smith"], "publishDate": ["2009-05-08"], "image": [{"@id": ".../bananabread.jpg"}], http://linter.structured-data.org/examples/ "description": ["This classic banana bread recipe ..."], schema.org/sdo_eg_rdfa_12.html "prepTime": ["PT15M"], "cookTime": ["PT1H"], "recipeYield": ["1 loaf"], "nutrition": [{ "@type": ["NutritionInformation"], "calories": ["240 calories"], "fatContent": ["9 grams fat"] }], "ingredients": [ "3 or 4 ripe bananas, smashed", "1 egg", "3/4 cup of sugar" ], "recipeInstructions": ["Preheat the oven to 350 degrees..."], "interactionCount": ["UserComments:140"] }] * bookmarklet courtesy of Niklas Lindström }
Drupal http://directory.occupy.net/node/20080.jsonld
Drupal { "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- prishtina", "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "sioc:num_replies": 0, "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "foaf:mbox": "", "schema:telephone": "", "foaf:phone": "" } http://directory.occupy.net/node/20080.jsonld
PaySwarm { "@context": "http://purl.org/payswarm/v1", "@graph": { "@type": "Transaction", "transfer": { "@type": "Transfer", Named "amount": "7.50", Graph "currency": "USD", "source": "https://bluebank.com/people/manu/accounts/food", "destination": "https://redbank.com/people/gregg/accounts/hosting", "comment": "Chipping in for the Pizza Party tomorrow." }, }, "signature": { "@type": "JsonLdSignature", Signature of "created": "2011-09-23T20:21:34Z", "signer": "http://bluebank.com/people/manu/keys/5", Named "signatureValue": "ExMgoDIyOGQzNGVkM...mOWM32Nj4NTIyZTkZDYMI=" Graph } }
Working with data • Expand documents to remove effect of @context. { "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- prishtina", "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "sioc:num_replies": 0, "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "foaf:mbox": "", "schema:telephone": "", "foaf:phone": "" }
Working with data • Expand documents to remove effect of @context. [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy-prishtina", { "@type": ["http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#Occupation", "http://schema.org/Organization"], "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" prishtina", }], "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/date": [{ "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" }], "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": [{ "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00" "sioc:num_replies": 0, }], "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#num_replies": [{ "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "@value": "0" "foaf:mbox": "", }], "schema:telephone": "", "http://schema.org/foundingDate": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", "foaf:phone": "" "@value": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00" } }], "http://schema.org/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://schema.org/telephone": [""], "http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#twitter_account": ["@OccupyPrishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox": [""], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/phone": [""] }]
Working with data • Compact documents to apply a @context. [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy-prishtina", "@type": ["http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#Occupation", "http://schema.org/Organization"], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" }], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/date": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" }], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00" }], "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#num_replies": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "@value": "0" }], "http://schema.org/foundingDate": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", "@value": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00" }], "http://schema.org/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://schema.org/telephone": [""], "http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#twitter_account": ["@OccupyPrishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox": [""], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/phone": [""] }]
Working with data • Compact documents to apply a @context. [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy-prishtina", { "@type": ["http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#Occupation", "http://schema.org/Organization"], "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", prishtina", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], }], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/date": [{ "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", }], "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00" "sioc:num_replies": 0, }], "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#num_replies": [{ "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "@value": "0" "foaf:mbox": "", }], "schema:telephone": "", "http://schema.org/foundingDate": [{ "foaf:phone": "" "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", } "@value": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00" }], "http://schema.org/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://schema.org/telephone": [""], "http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#twitter_account": ["@OccupyPrishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox": [""], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/phone": [""] }]
Working with data • Frame documents to impose structure input { "@context": { "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "contains": {"@type": "@id"} }, "@graph": [{ "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", "@type": "ex:Library", "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#book" }, { "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", "@type": "ex:Book", "dc:contributor": "Writer", "dc:title": "My Book", "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#chapter" }, { "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", "@type": "ex:Chapter", "dc:description": "Fun", "dc:title": "Chapter One" }] }
Working with data • Frame documents to impose structure input frame { { "@context": { "@context": { "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "contains": {"@type": "@id"} "contains": {“@id”: “ex:contains”, "@type": "@id", }, “title”: “dc:title” "@graph": [{ }, "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", "@type": "ex:Library", + "@type": "ex:Library", "contains": { "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#book" "@type": "ex:Book", }, { "contains": { "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", "@type": "ex:Chapter" "@type": "ex:Book", } "dc:contributor": "Writer", } "dc:title": "My Book", } "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#chapter" }, { "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", "@type": "ex:Chapter", "dc:description": "Fun", "dc:title": "Chapter One" }] }
Working with data • Frame documents to impose structure input frame output { { { "@context": { "@context": { "@context": { "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#",, "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "contains": {“@id”: “ex:contains”, "@type": "@id", "contains": {“@id”: “ex:contains”, "@type": "@id" "contains": {"@type": "@id"} “title”: “dc:title” “title”: “dc:title” }, }, }, "@graph": [{ "@type": "ex:Library", "@graph": [{ "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", + "@type": "ex:Library", "contains": { "@type": "ex:Book", "@type": "ex:Library", "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#book" "contains": { "contains": { }, { "@type": "ex:Chapter" "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", } "@type": "ex:Book", "@type": "ex:Book", } "dc:contributor": "Writer", "dc:contributor": "Writer", } "title": "My Book", "dc:title": "My Book", "contains": { "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#chapter" "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", }, { "@type": "ex:Chapter", "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", "dc:description": "Fun", "@type": "ex:Chapter", "title": "Chapter One" "dc:description": "Fun", } "dc:title": "Chapter One" } }] }] } } JavaScript object path: data[‘@graph][0].contains.contains.title
Retrofit existing APIs GET /foaf.json HTTP/1.1 Host: greggkellogg.net Accept: application/json,*/*;q=0.1 ==================================== HTTP/1.0 200 OK ... Content-Type: application/json Link: <http://json-ld.org/contexts/person>; rel="describedby"; type="application/ld+json" { "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "homepage": "http://greggkellogg.net/", "depiction": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/gkellogg" }
Macros • Transform information { "type": "User", • Add @id to data "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Other programmatic transformations "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, "login": "gkellogg" } * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
{ Macros "type": "User", "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", • Transform information "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, • Add @id to data } "login": "gkellogg" • Other programmatic transformations * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
{ Macros "type": "User", "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", • Transform information "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, • Add @id to data { } + "login": "gkellogg" • Other programmatic transformations "https://api.github.com/users/*": { "$": { "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "foaf:depiction": {"@type": "@id"}, "gh": "https://api.github.com/vocabulary#" }, "@id": [{"f:valueof": "login"}, {"f:prefix": "http://github.com/"}], "@ns": { "ns:default": "gh", "ns:replace": {"avatar_url": "foaf:depiction", "name": "foaf:name"} }, "@only": ["avatar_url", "name", "followers"], "@type": ["gh:User", "foaf:Person"] } } } * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
{ Macros "type": "User", "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", • Transform information "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, • Add @id to data { } + "login": "gkellogg" • Other programmatic transformations "https://api.github.com/users/*": { "$": { "@context": { { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "@context": { "foaf:depiction": {"@type": "@id"}, "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "gh": "https://api.github.com/vocabulary#" "foaf:depiction": {"@type": "@id"}, }, "gh": "https://api.github.com/ "@id": [{"f:valueof": "login"}, vocabulary#" {"f:prefix": "http://github.com/"}], }, "@ns": { "@id": "https://api.github.com/users/ "ns:default": "gh", gkellogg", "ns:replace": {"avatar_url": "foaf:depiction", "name": "@type": ["gh:User", “foaf:Person”], "foaf:name"} "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg", }, "foaf:depiction": "http://...", "@only": ["avatar_url", "name", "followers"], “gh:followers”: 35 "@type": ["gh:User", "foaf:Person"] } } } * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
The “LD” in JSON-LD • IRIs are first-class http://greggkellogg.net/foaf citizens { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" } http://www.markus-lanthaler.com { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" }
The “LD” in JSON-LD • IRIs are first-class http://greggkellogg.net/foaf citizens { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", • Object definitions may "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", be referenced or "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" embedded } http://www.markus-lanthaler.com { { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" "knows": { } "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
RDF  { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
RDF  { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
RDF  { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } } @prefix: schema <http://schema.org/> . <http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> a schema:Person; schema:name “Gregg Kellogg”; shema:knows <http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/> . <http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/> a schema:Person schema:name “Markus Lanthaler” schema:knows <http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> .
JSON-LD API • compact – use minimal representation using a supplied @context • expand – expand to full form, removing embedded @context definitions • frame – query for JSON-LD • fromRDF/toRDF
More Information json-ld.org JavaScript Ruby w3c Python PHP Java Gregg Kellogg C++ gregg@greggkellogg.net http://greggkellogg.net/ http://www.slideshare.net/gkellogg1/json-for-linked-data @gkellogg

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JSON-LD: JSON for Linked Data

  • 1. JSON-LD JSON for Linked Data Gregg Kellogg gregg@greggkellogg.net @gkellogg
  • 2. JSON-LD JSON for Linked Data nk ing Li Gregg Kellogg gregg@greggkellogg.net @gkellogg
  • 3. JSON JSON has taken over service APIs
  • 5. Tower of Babel GitHub { "type": "User", "followers": 35, "html_url": "https://github.com/gkellogg", "hireable": true, "created_at": "2009-01-13T16:58:46Z", "public_repos": 44, "blog": "http://greggkellogg.net", "bio": "Gregg is a Standards Architect ...", "gravatar_id": "42f948adff3afaa52249d963117af7c8", "following": 35, "company": "Self", "public_gists": 4, "location": "San Rafael, CA", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "url": "https://api.github.com/users/gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, "login": "gkellogg"
  • 6. Tower of Babel GitHub Twitter { { "max_id": 195520745634406400, "type": "User", "page": 1, "followers": 35, "query": "%40gkellogg", "html_url": "https://github.com/gkellogg", "results": [{ "hireable": true, "created_at": "Thu, 26 Apr 2012 14:32:33 "created_at": "2009-01-13T16:58:46Z", +0000", "public_repos": 44, "from_user": "kendall", "blog": "http://greggkellogg.net", "from_user_name": "Kendall Clark", "bio": "Gregg is a Standards Architect ...", "id": 195520745634406400, "gravatar_id": "in_reply_to_status_id": "42f948adff3afaa52249d963117af7c8", 195518881811529729, "following": 35, "iso_language_code": "en", "company": "Self", "metadata": {"result_type": "recent"}, "public_gists": 4, "text": "@Gkellogg Multiple resources in a "location": "San Rafael, CA", single JSON-LD struct/doc/message.", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "to_user": "Gkellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "to_user_id": 6125262, "url": "https://api.github.com/users/gkellogg", "to_user_name": "Gregg Kellogg" "avatar_url": "...", }], "id": 46296, "results_per_page": 1, "login": "gkellogg" "since_id": 0, "since_id_str": "0" }
  • 7. Tower of Babel GitHub Twitter Facebook { { "max_id": 195520745634406400, { "type": "User", "page": 1, "id": "1236600216", "followers": 35, "query": "%40gkellogg", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "html_url": "https://github.com/gkellogg", "results": [{ "first_name": "Gregg", "hireable": true, "created_at": "Thu, 26 Apr 2012 14:32:33 "last_name": "Kellogg", "created_at": "2009-01-13T16:58:46Z", +0000", "link": "https://www.facebook.com/ "public_repos": 44, "from_user": "kendall", gkellogg", "blog": "http://greggkellogg.net", "from_user_name": "Kendall Clark", "username": "gkellogg", "bio": "Gregg is a Standards Architect ...", "id": 195520745634406400, "gender": "male", "gravatar_id": "in_reply_to_status_id": "locale": "en_US" "42f948adff3afaa52249d963117af7c8", 195518881811529729, } "following": 35, "iso_language_code": "en", "company": "Self", "metadata": {"result_type": "recent"}, "public_gists": 4, "text": "@Gkellogg Multiple resources in a "location": "San Rafael, CA", single JSON-LD struct/doc/message.", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "to_user": "Gkellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "to_user_id": 6125262, "url": "https://api.github.com/users/gkellogg", "to_user_name": "Gregg Kellogg" "avatar_url": "...", }], "id": 46296, "results_per_page": 1, "login": "gkellogg" "since_id": 0, "since_id_str": "0" }
  • 8. Introducing JSON-LD @graph @context @id JSON-based syntax to express linked data @language @value @list @type @set
  • 9. Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } } { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "colleagues": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
  • 10. Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, Associate properties "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, with IRIs "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } } { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "colleagues": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
  • 11. Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, Associate properties "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, with IRIs "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } • } Use terms defined in a referenced context { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "colleagues": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
  • 12. Self-describing Messages • Give objects types { "@context": { (@type) "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • "colleagues": {"@id": "schema:colleagues", "@type": "@id"}, Associate properties "name": "schema:name", "image": {"@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}, with IRIs "url": {"@id": "schema:url", "@type": "@id"} } • } Use terms defined in a referenced context { "@context": "http://example.com/context.jsonld", "@type": "Person", • Specify property types "image": "http://localhost:9393/examples/schema.org/janedoe.jpg", "knows": [ "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html", in context "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html" ], "name": "Jane Doe", "url": "http://www.janedoe.com" }
  • 14. • Make full use of JSON syntactic { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", representations "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", • Object defines a subject "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" definition }
  • 15. • Make full use of JSON syntactic { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", representations "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", • Object defines a subject "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" definition } • Also used for subject reference and value { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } representations
  • 16. • Make full use of JSON syntactic { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", representations "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", • Object defines a subject "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" definition } • Also used for subject reference and value { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } representations { "@type": "Recipe", "name": "Mom's World Famous Banana Bread", "ingredients": [ • Arrays describe sets of unordered values "3 or 4 ripe bananas, smashed", "1 egg", "3/4 cup of sugar" ], • Single values can skip array "nutrition": [{ "@type": ["NutritionInformation"], "calories": ["240 calories"], "fatContent": ["9 grams fat"] }] }
  • 17. • Define terms to use short { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", property names "@type": "http://schema.org/Person", "http://schema.org/name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Convenient for JavaScript “.” "http://schema.org/knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" notation } } { "@context": { "Person": "http://schema.org/Person", "name": "http://schema.org/name", "knows”: "http://schema.org/knows" }, "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": {"@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"} }
  • 18. • Define terms to use short { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", property names "@type": "http://schema.org/Person", "http://schema.org/name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Convenient for JavaScript “.” "http://schema.org/knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" notation } } • Add @type coercions to use simple string value. { "@context": { "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", "name": "schema:name", "knows”: { "@id": "schema:knows", "@type": "@id" }, "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
  • 19. • Define terms to use short { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", property names "@type": "http://schema.org/Person", "http://schema.org/name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Convenient for JavaScript “.” "http://schema.org/knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" notation } } • Add @type coercions to use simple string value. { "@context": { "schema": "http://schema.org/", "Person": "schema:Person", • Use external @context. "name": "schema:name", "knows”: { "@id": "schema:knows", "@type": "@id" } } { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
  • 20. • { Define referenced subject "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", definition with chaining "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
  • 21. • { Define referenced subject "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", definition with chaining "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } } { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", • Add @language to values. "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "honorificSuffix": {"@value": "M.S.", "@language": "en"}, "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "honorificSuffix": {"@value": "Dipl.Ing.", "@language": "de"}, "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
  • 22. • Add @type to values. { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", • Link to externally defined "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", resources. "birthDate": {"@value": "1957-02-27", "@type": "xsd:date"}, "honorificSuffix": {"@value": "M.S.", "@language": "en"}, "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
  • 23. • Add property @type and { "@context": { @language definitions to "schema": "http://schema.org/", context "Person": "schema:Person", "name": "schema:name", "birthDate”: { "@id": "schema: birthDate","@type": "xsd:date" }, "honorificSuffix”: { "@id": "schema:honorificSuffix","@language": "en" }, "knows”: {"@id": "schema:knows","@type": "@id"} }, "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "birthDate": "1957-02-27", "honorificSuffix": "M.S.", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
  • 24. • More features defined in the syntax specification*: • @set, @list, Compact IRIs, Unlabeled Nodes • Embedded @context definitions • Named Graphs * http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax
  • 26. DBpedia { "@graph": [ { "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/DBpedia", "http://dbpedia.org/property/genre" : [ "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Linked_Data" ] }, { "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Linked_Data", "@type" : [ "http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Buzzwords" ] , "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs" : ["http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m/02r2kb1"] , "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value" : "Linked Open Data (LOD) bezeichnet ..." , "@language" : "de" } , { "@value" : "In computing, linked Data describes ..." , "@language" : "en" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject" : [ "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:World_Wide_Web" , "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Buzzwords" , "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Semantic_Web" ], ... }] } http://dbpedia.org/sparql?default-graph-uri=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org&query=DESCRIBE+<http://dbpedia.org/resource/ Linked_Data>&output=application%2Fld%2Bjson
  • 27. Schema.org Using RDFa to JSON-LD bookmarklet* http://linter.structured-data.org/examples/ schema.org/sdo_eg_rdfa_12.html * bookmarklet courtesy of Niklas Lindström
  • 28. Schema.org { "@context": {...}, Using RDFa to JSON-LD bookmarklet* "@graph": [{ "@id": "http://linter.structured-data.org/examples/schema.org/Recipe.rdfa", "rdfa:usesVocabulary": "http://schema.org/" }, { "@type": ["Recipe"], "name": ["Mom's World Famous Banana Bread"], "author": ["John Smith"], "publishDate": ["2009-05-08"], "image": [{"@id": ".../bananabread.jpg"}], http://linter.structured-data.org/examples/ "description": ["This classic banana bread recipe ..."], schema.org/sdo_eg_rdfa_12.html "prepTime": ["PT15M"], "cookTime": ["PT1H"], "recipeYield": ["1 loaf"], "nutrition": [{ "@type": ["NutritionInformation"], "calories": ["240 calories"], "fatContent": ["9 grams fat"] }], "ingredients": [ "3 or 4 ripe bananas, smashed", "1 egg", "3/4 cup of sugar" ], "recipeInstructions": ["Preheat the oven to 350 degrees..."], "interactionCount": ["UserComments:140"] }] * bookmarklet courtesy of Niklas Lindström }
  • 29. Drupal http://directory.occupy.net/node/20080.jsonld
  • 30. Drupal { "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- prishtina", "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "sioc:num_replies": 0, "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "foaf:mbox": "", "schema:telephone": "", "foaf:phone": "" } http://directory.occupy.net/node/20080.jsonld
  • 31. PaySwarm { "@context": "http://purl.org/payswarm/v1", "@graph": { "@type": "Transaction", "transfer": { "@type": "Transfer", Named "amount": "7.50", Graph "currency": "USD", "source": "https://bluebank.com/people/manu/accounts/food", "destination": "https://redbank.com/people/gregg/accounts/hosting", "comment": "Chipping in for the Pizza Party tomorrow." }, }, "signature": { "@type": "JsonLdSignature", Signature of "created": "2011-09-23T20:21:34Z", "signer": "http://bluebank.com/people/manu/keys/5", Named "signatureValue": "ExMgoDIyOGQzNGVkM...mOWM32Nj4NTIyZTkZDYMI=" Graph } }
  • 32. Working with data • Expand documents to remove effect of @context. { "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- prishtina", "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "sioc:num_replies": 0, "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "foaf:mbox": "", "schema:telephone": "", "foaf:phone": "" }
  • 33. Working with data • Expand documents to remove effect of @context. [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy-prishtina", { "@type": ["http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#Occupation", "http://schema.org/Organization"], "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" prishtina", }], "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/date": [{ "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" }], "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": [{ "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00" "sioc:num_replies": 0, }], "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#num_replies": [{ "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "@value": "0" "foaf:mbox": "", }], "schema:telephone": "", "http://schema.org/foundingDate": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", "foaf:phone": "" "@value": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00" } }], "http://schema.org/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://schema.org/telephone": [""], "http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#twitter_account": ["@OccupyPrishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox": [""], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/phone": [""] }]
  • 34. Working with data • Compact documents to apply a @context. [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy-prishtina", "@type": ["http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#Occupation", "http://schema.org/Organization"], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" }], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/date": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" }], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00" }], "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#num_replies": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "@value": "0" }], "http://schema.org/foundingDate": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", "@value": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00" }], "http://schema.org/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://schema.org/telephone": [""], "http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#twitter_account": ["@OccupyPrishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox": [""], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/phone": [""] }]
  • 35. Working with data • Compact documents to apply a @context. [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy-prishtina", { "@type": ["http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#Occupation", "http://schema.org/Organization"], "@context": "http://drupal.example.org/context.jsonld", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [{ "@id": "http://directory.occupy.net/occupation/al/occupy- "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", prishtina", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" "@type": ["ows:Occupation", "schema:Organization"], }], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/date": [{ "foaf:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "schema:name": "Occupy Prishtina", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00" "dc:date": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", }], "dc:created": "2012-02-12T21:18:08-05:00", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": [{ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime", "dc:modified": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00", "@value": "2012-02-12T21:57:52-05:00" "sioc:num_replies": 0, }], "schema:foundingDate": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00", "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#num_replies": [{ "ows:twitter_account": "@OccupyPrishtina", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "@value": "0" "foaf:mbox": "", }], "schema:telephone": "", "http://schema.org/foundingDate": [{ "foaf:phone": "" "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", } "@value": "2011-10-15T00:00:00-04:00" }], "http://schema.org/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://schema.org/telephone": [""], "http://vocab.occupy.net/ows#twitter_account": ["@OccupyPrishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox": [""], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Occupy Prishtina"], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/phone": [""] }]
  • 36. Working with data • Frame documents to impose structure input { "@context": { "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "contains": {"@type": "@id"} }, "@graph": [{ "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", "@type": "ex:Library", "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#book" }, { "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", "@type": "ex:Book", "dc:contributor": "Writer", "dc:title": "My Book", "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#chapter" }, { "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", "@type": "ex:Chapter", "dc:description": "Fun", "dc:title": "Chapter One" }] }
  • 37. Working with data • Frame documents to impose structure input frame { { "@context": { "@context": { "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "contains": {"@type": "@id"} "contains": {“@id”: “ex:contains”, "@type": "@id", }, “title”: “dc:title” "@graph": [{ }, "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", "@type": "ex:Library", + "@type": "ex:Library", "contains": { "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#book" "@type": "ex:Book", }, { "contains": { "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", "@type": "ex:Chapter" "@type": "ex:Book", } "dc:contributor": "Writer", } "dc:title": "My Book", } "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#chapter" }, { "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", "@type": "ex:Chapter", "dc:description": "Fun", "dc:title": "Chapter One" }] }
  • 38. Working with data • Frame documents to impose structure input frame output { { { "@context": { "@context": { "@context": { "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#",, "ex": "http://example.org/vocab#", "contains": {“@id”: “ex:contains”, "@type": "@id", "contains": {“@id”: “ex:contains”, "@type": "@id" "contains": {"@type": "@id"} “title”: “dc:title” “title”: “dc:title” }, }, }, "@graph": [{ "@type": "ex:Library", "@graph": [{ "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", "@id": "http://example.org/test/#library", + "@type": "ex:Library", "contains": { "@type": "ex:Book", "@type": "ex:Library", "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#book" "contains": { "contains": { }, { "@type": "ex:Chapter" "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", "@id": "http://example.org/test#book", } "@type": "ex:Book", "@type": "ex:Book", } "dc:contributor": "Writer", "dc:contributor": "Writer", } "title": "My Book", "dc:title": "My Book", "contains": { "ex:contains": "http://example.org/test#chapter" "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", }, { "@type": "ex:Chapter", "@id": "http://example.org/test#chapter", "dc:description": "Fun", "@type": "ex:Chapter", "title": "Chapter One" "dc:description": "Fun", } "dc:title": "Chapter One" } }] }] } } JavaScript object path: data[‘@graph][0].contains.contains.title
  • 39. Retrofit existing APIs GET /foaf.json HTTP/1.1 Host: greggkellogg.net Accept: application/json,*/*;q=0.1 ==================================== HTTP/1.0 200 OK ... Content-Type: application/json Link: <http://json-ld.org/contexts/person>; rel="describedby"; type="application/ld+json" { "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "homepage": "http://greggkellogg.net/", "depiction": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/gkellogg" }
  • 40. Macros • Transform information { "type": "User", • Add @id to data "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", • Other programmatic transformations "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, "login": "gkellogg" } * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
  • 41. { Macros "type": "User", "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", • Transform information "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, • Add @id to data } "login": "gkellogg" • Other programmatic transformations * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
  • 42. { Macros "type": "User", "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", • Transform information "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, • Add @id to data { } + "login": "gkellogg" • Other programmatic transformations "https://api.github.com/users/*": { "$": { "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "foaf:depiction": {"@type": "@id"}, "gh": "https://api.github.com/vocabulary#" }, "@id": [{"f:valueof": "login"}, {"f:prefix": "http://github.com/"}], "@ns": { "ns:default": "gh", "ns:replace": {"avatar_url": "foaf:depiction", "name": "foaf:name"} }, "@only": ["avatar_url", "name", "followers"], "@type": ["gh:User", "foaf:Person"] } } } * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
  • 43. { Macros "type": "User", "followers": 35, "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "email": "gregg@kellogg-assoc.com", • Transform information "url": "https://api.github.com/users/ gkellogg", "avatar_url": "...", "id": 46296, • Add @id to data { } + "login": "gkellogg" • Other programmatic transformations "https://api.github.com/users/*": { "$": { "@context": { { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "@context": { "foaf:depiction": {"@type": "@id"}, "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "gh": "https://api.github.com/vocabulary#" "foaf:depiction": {"@type": "@id"}, }, "gh": "https://api.github.com/ "@id": [{"f:valueof": "login"}, vocabulary#" {"f:prefix": "http://github.com/"}], }, "@ns": { "@id": "https://api.github.com/users/ "ns:default": "gh", gkellogg", "ns:replace": {"avatar_url": "foaf:depiction", "name": "@type": ["gh:User", “foaf:Person”], "foaf:name"} "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg", }, "foaf:depiction": "http://...", "@only": ["avatar_url", "name", "followers"], “gh:followers”: 35 "@type": ["gh:User", "foaf:Person"] } } } * json-ld-macros courtesy of Antonio Garrote
  • 44. The “LD” in JSON-LD • IRIs are first-class http://greggkellogg.net/foaf citizens { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" } http://www.markus-lanthaler.com { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" }
  • 45. The “LD” in JSON-LD • IRIs are first-class http://greggkellogg.net/foaf citizens { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", • Object definitions may "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", be referenced or "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" embedded } http://www.markus-lanthaler.com { { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" "knows": { } "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
  • 46. RDF  { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
  • 47. RDF  { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } }
  • 48. RDF  { "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person", "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me", "@type": "Person", "name": "Gregg Kellogg", "knows": { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/", "@type": "Person", "name": "Markus Lanthaler", "knows" "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" } } @prefix: schema <http://schema.org/> . <http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> a schema:Person; schema:name “Gregg Kellogg”; shema:knows <http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/> . <http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/> a schema:Person schema:name “Markus Lanthaler” schema:knows <http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> .
  • 49. JSON-LD API • compact – use minimal representation using a supplied @context • expand – expand to full form, removing embedded @context definitions • frame – query for JSON-LD • fromRDF/toRDF
  • 50. More Information json-ld.org JavaScript Ruby w3c Python PHP Java Gregg Kellogg C++ gregg@greggkellogg.net http://greggkellogg.net/ http://www.slideshare.net/gkellogg1/json-for-linked-data @gkellogg

Editor's Notes

  1. \n
  2. \n
  3. JSON is widely used for RESTful APIs, but there is no standard convention on representation, or the meaning of properties and values.\n
  4. JSON is widely used for RESTful APIs, but there is no standard convention on representation, or the meaning of properties and values.\n
  5. JSON is widely used for RESTful APIs, but there is no standard convention on representation, or the meaning of properties and values.\n
  6. JSON-LD brings a standard representation for expressing entity-value relationships using a few standard keywords and a consistent organizational structure for JSON Objects.\nObjects represent entities, with keys acting as properties.\n Properties always expand to full IRIs.\nArrays express a set of values associated with a property, unordered by default.\n Order expressed in @context or as an expanded value representation.\nValues are Object, string or native, with standard XSD representations for native types.\n Expanded form allows for more datatype and language variations.\n
  7. The @type key gives an object with one or more types, described with an IRI.\nThe @context provides a way to express IRIs as simple terms, and allows values to be typed.\n
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  17. Subject reference identifies an object with @id in the same document, or references an external document (Linked Data).\n
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  22. DBPedia currently uses a slightly out-of-date representation JSON-LD. But, by changing &amp;#x201C;@id&amp;#x201D; to &amp;#x201C;@graph&amp;#x201D;, and providing a context to identify IRIs, it can be processed as JSON-LD.\n
  23. RDFa to JSON-LD bookmarklet can turn RDFa directly into JSON-LD.\n
  24. \n
  25. Payswarm uses named graphs to be able to sign data. The signature in the default graph signs the content of the named graph, through a separate normalization step.\n
  26. Expansion is a core JSON-LD algorithm, used to normalize input documents to aide in processing.\n
  27. Compaction creates a more human-readable form, but is often used as the final step in framing.\n
  28. Framing is like SPARQL for JSON-LD, allows documents to be restructured using @type and property definitions and object relationships.\n
  29. Framing is like SPARQL for JSON-LD, allows documents to be restructured using @type and property definitions and object relationships.\n
  30. Normal JSON can be made JSON-LD by adding an external context through an HTTP link relation.\n
  31. JSON-LD macros can turn more ideomatic JSON into conforming JSON-LD with standardized transformation.\n
  32. JSON-LD macros can turn more ideomatic JSON into conforming JSON-LD with standardized transformation.\n
  33. JSON-LD macros can turn more ideomatic JSON into conforming JSON-LD with standardized transformation.\n
  34. JSON-LD macros can turn more ideomatic JSON into conforming JSON-LD with standardized transformation.\n
  35. \n
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  37. Full transformation from and to the RDF data model as a normative part of the API.\n
  38. Full transformation from and to the RDF data model as a normative part of the API.\n
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