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IEA Role in Global Energy Security. Martin Young, Head Emergency Policiy Division IEA
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IEA Role in Global Energy Security. Martin Young, Head Emergency Policiy Division IEA
1.
© OECD/IEA 2013 IEA
Role in Global Energy Security Martin Young Head, Emergency Policy Division, IEA Madrid, 5th July 2013
2.
© OECD/IEA 20132 What
is the International Energy Agency? Autonomous agency linked to Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD); 28 Member Countries; o Asia Pacific: Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea & New Zealand o North America: United States, Canada o Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey & United Kingdom o European Commission also participates in IEA work / committees o IEA Candidate Countries: Chile & Estonia Acts as energy policy advisor with some 230 staff based in Paris.
3.
© OECD/IEA 20133 Goals: o
Energy security o Environmental protection o Economic growth o Engagement worldwide Activities: o Co-ordinates efforts to ensure energy security o Conducts policy analysis o Links research activities and governmental directives o Compiles energy statistics o Reviews energy policies and programs o Convenes, mobilizes science and technology experts o Promotes co-operation with key non-member countries IEA – the “4Es”
4.
© OECD/IEA 20134 Energy
security relies upon well functioning markets Market balances supply & demand smoothly Sufficient interconnections Diversity of supply (countries & fuels) Robust infrastructure for seasonal fluctuations (ports, pipelines, storage) Appropriate Government regulations (e.g. Public Service Obligations)
5.
© OECD/IEA 20135 1973/74
oil crisis Avoid competition for limited supplies o“Go-it-alone”, uncoordinated policy ineffective Coordinated action oMechanism for response Safety net oEmergency reserves ≥ 90 days of net oil imports oDemand restraint measures Impetus to Establish the IEA
6.
© OECD/IEA 20136 IEA
- operational role for oil security Emergency response to oil supply disruptions - raison d'être for IEA & remains core IEA mission o IEA Countries obligation to hold 90 days of net-imports o Mandate to coordinate stock release in global supply disruption Emergency oil stocks cannot effectively replace market mechanisms, only mitigate short-term supply disruptions o Provide liquidity for markets to recover Emergency stocks are not for price management o Finite so ineffective over time o Distort market signals / discourage investment making longer term tighter demand/supply balance o Reduce cover for genuine emergencies Only 3 IEA coordinated releases - 1991, 2005 & 2011 o But emergency stocks used for individual domestic crises
7.
© OECD/IEA 20137 Member
Gov. Responsibilities Legislation: oto ensure participation in IEA decisions with appropriate emergency measures National Emergency Strategy Organisation (NESO) oCo-ordinate emergency operations oInterface with domestic oil industry oInterface with IEA emergency operations Data collection oMonthly Oil Statistics oEmergency questionnaire 7
8.
© OECD/IEA 20138 Production Surge Emergency
Response Measures Supply Side Stock-draw Demand Side Demand Restraint Fuel Switching 8
9.
© OECD/IEA 20139 Light-handed Medium Heavy-handed Persuasion/
Public campaigns Multi-fired installations Driving restrictions, speed reductions Driving bans, rationing Demand restraint Fuel switching Demand Side Emergency Response Measures 2
10.
© OECD/IEA 20131010 Stockholding
Options Industry stocks o Compulsory stocks & commercial stocks held by companies Public stocks o Government stocks held exclusively for emergency purposes o Financed with central government budget Agency stocks o Maintained for emergency purposes o Held/controlled by public bodies or agencies
11.
© OECD/IEA 201311 Germany Hungary Ireland Agency Czech
Republic Slovak Republic New Zealand USA Government Industry obligation Luxembourg Greece Italy Norway Sweden Turkey UK Austria Belgium Denmark Netherlands Portugal Switzerland Finland France Spain Japan Korea Poland Stockholding Options 2 Different Stockholding Structures in IEA Countries Commercial & operational stocks
12.
© OECD/IEA 201312 Design
of Emergency Stock System What is pipeline & transportation capability? Where are refineries? Where are demand centres? Where do imports come from & where are delivery points? What is inventory in supply system? How much domestic refining capacity is available? What will demand be for each major product? What is risk of contamination? Where to hold storage? Required release capacity? Crude or products?
13.
© OECD/IEA 201313 Stockholding
in IEA Regions 13
14.
© OECD/IEA 201314 Oil
emergency response – key considerations for action Need to respond promptly to those oil supply disruptions which appear capable of causing severe economic harm Market will always balance supply & demand, given time & freedom of price movement… But will disruption cause severe economic harm? Need to understand market context of disruption: o Analysis helps answer whether market can cope with disruption using available resources (commercial stocks and/or OPEC spare capacity)? If action is needed, speed & unity of response are key factors o Delayed/hesitant response can exacerbate situation o Decision on action will likely need to be made before all necessary information is available
15.
© OECD/IEA 201315 Key
Elements of IEA Response Continuous assessment of oil market o Monthly Oil Market Report (OMR) but monitor market daily o Size of disruption; OPEC spare capacity; stocks in OECD o Necessity of IEA action, impact on market Rapid decision making framework o Need for fast & decisive response as market reaction immediate o Delayed, weak or uncoordinated response can cause market confusion & exacerbate problem Flexibility in response measures o Stocks are key, but other measures possible o Make oil available to market, not directing – market allocates oil Communication o Dialogue with Members, key NMCs & OPEC o Media strategy to deal with markets
16.
© OECD/IEA 201316 But
the world has changed since 1974… Oil remains lead fuel but increasing importance of natural gas & renewables that collectively meet almost two-thirds of incremental energy demand in 2010-2035 Source: WEO 2012 World primary energy demand by fuel
17.
© OECD/IEA 201317 US/Gulf
of Mexico Hurricanes ’05 & ‘08 Venezuela Resource Nationalism since ‘02 Nigeria Civil Unrest since ‘03 Brazil Hydro Power ‘09 Iraq Sabotage since ‘03 North America Blackout ‘01 &‘03 Italy Blackout ‘03 Thailand Gas Supply ‘09 Belarus Transit Jan ‘07 & ‘10 Ukraine Transit Jan ‘06 & ‘09 Iran Nuclear Ambition since ‘02 Strait of Malacca Piracy Strait of Hormuz Chokepoint Norway Hydro Power ’03/04 Germany Wind Power ‘05 17 Libya Political Unrest ‘11 Japan Nuclear Accidents‘11 Chile Gas pipelines cut since ‘04 Somalia Piracy Energy security remains key & concept has broadened 17
18.
© OECD/IEA 201318 Energy
security wider than oil IEA has broadened concept of energy security to cover natural gas & electricity Similar to oil security framework, emergency policies for gas & electricity need to be: o For defined emergencies only o Not for seasonal fluctuations o Designed for specific situations of country / region o Set out in Code of Operations or equivalent But significant differences: o Regional rather than global markets o Regulation of distribution / public service obligations IEA working with member countries on emergency response policies for gas & will extend into electricity later this year
19.
© OECD/IEA 201319 Gas
Emergency Response Measures Use of alternative supply routes Diversity of supply routes & sources is key Pipeline (inc reverse capacity), LNG (spot cargoes) Stocks (storage) Industry and/or public stocks Underground and/or LNG storage Spare capacity Domestic production, gas in pipelines) Demand-side measures Interruptible contracts (pre-negotiated) Public appeal (Government campaigns) Fuel-switching 19
20.
© OECD/IEA 201320 Power
system security Ability of power system to maintain reliable power supplies in face of unexpected shocks & sudden disruptions in real-time, such as unanticipated loss of largest generation or network components or rapid changes in aggregate, load & fuel supply conditions.
21.
© OECD/IEA 201321 Strengthening
Emergency Response Systems Emergency Response Reviews (ERR) Country peer reviews on emergency preparedness Checks procedures & institutional arrangements Contributes to identify & improve weak points Emergency Response Exercises (ERE) Test processes for: decision making, communicating, hypothetical release Broadening of energy security concept Emergency policies for natural gas Electricity security issues 21
22.
© OECD/IEA 201322 ERR Stockholding Regime
, Legislation & Financing Location & Quality of Oil Stock Drawdown Procedures Other Response Measures (Demand Restraint, etc.) Emergency Response Policy & Legislation Stockholding Regime & Legislation Data System Emergency Response Organisation (NESO) Emergency Response Policy & Legislation Infrastructure (Storage capacity, pipelines, ports) Refining Capacity Supply & Demand Emergency Oil Reserves Domestic Oil & Gas Markets Natural Gas Emergency Policy Policy & Organisation 22 Emergency Response Reviews (Oil/gas)
23.
© OECD/IEA 201323 ERR-
Electricity Security System Security Assessment Checklist o Rules & standards o Asset management o Emergency response resources o System operating practices o Situational awareness o Coordination o Communication o Training & capacity building
24.
© OECD/IEA 201324 Emergency
Response Exercise Biannual exercises continue (ERE6 took place in Paris in November 2012; ERE7 being planned for 2014) Specific workshops for new or complex issues/policy Rollout of EREs to key Non-Member Countries 24
25.
© OECD/IEA 201325 1974
– the IEA Treaty Oil market in early-70s 25
26.
© OECD/IEA 201326 Countries
outside IEA Membership 26 OECD Total 51% Non-OECD Total 49% WorldOil Demand in 2011 89.1 million barrels per day Growing importance of consuming countries outside IEA
27.
© OECD/IEA 201327 Emerging
economies continue to drive global energy demand Growth in primary energy demand in WEO New Policies Scenario Global energy demand increases by one-third from 2010 to 2035, with China & India accounting for 50% of growth 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Mtoe China India Other dev. Asia Russia Middle East Rest of world OECD
28.
© OECD/IEA 201328 Demand
growth driven by non-OECD economies Global energy demand rises by over one-third in period to 2035, underpinned by rising living standards in China, India & Middle East Source: WEO 2012 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1975 2010 2035 Middle East India China OECD Rest of non-OECD 6 030 Mtoe 12 380 Mtoe 16 730 Mtoe
29.
© OECD/IEA 201329 Different
trends in oil & gas import dependency Net oil & gas import dependency in selected countries While dependence on imported oil & gas rises in many countries, the United States swims against the tide Source: WEO 2012
30.
© OECD/IEA 201330 Changing
oil import needs to shift concerns about oil security Net imports of oil in WEO New Policies Scenario US oil imports drop due to rising domestic output & improved transport efficiency: EU imports overtake US around 2015; China becomes largest importer around 2020 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 China India European Union United States Japan mb/d 2000 2010 2035
31.
© OECD/IEA 201331 Increasing
need for cooperation during oil supply disruptions 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% - 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 daysofworldoildemandcover IEA stocks in terms of global oil demand with China with India with ASEAN Share of non-OECD in global oil demand Growing share of non-OECD oil demand results in declining global demand cover from IEA emergency oil stocks
32.
© OECD/IEA 201332 Work
with Partner Countries Active programme with non-member countries (joint statements/ MoU/ work programmes): o China (workshops, possible ERE) o India (workshops, ERE, ERA) o ASEAN/APEC (workshops, ERE) o Thailand (workshops, ERE, ERA) o Indonesia (planned ERA) o Others (other PC, accession).
33.
© OECD/IEA 201333 Energy
security framework Model of Short-Term Energy Security (MOSES) • MOSES identifies set of indicators for risks & resilience • MOSES aims to help IEA countries understand their energy security profiles in order to identify energy policy priorities IEA has developed model to assess short-term energy security
34.
© OECD/IEA 201334 MOSES
output %TPES Group 100% Oil Fuel Percentage Motor Gasoline 4% A Motor Gasoline 3.9% Middle Distillate 21% A Middle Distillate 21.3% Other oil prods 19% B Other oil prods 19.3% Natural Gas 20.0% B Natural Gas 20.0% Coal 12.5% C Coal 12.5% Biomass & Waste 4.5% C Biomass & Waste 4.5% Bio-ethanol 0.2% B Other 3.4% Bio-diesel 1.2% B Bio-diesel 1.2% Hydro 2.1% C Hydro 2.1% Nuclear 11.9% D Nuclear 11.9% Geothermal 0.0% Other 3.2% Motor Gasoline Middle Distillate Other oil prods Natural Gas Coal Biomass & Waste Other Bio-diesel Hydro Nuclear A B C D E Other:Bio-ethanol, Geothermal, and other smaller fuels
35.
© OECD/IEA 201335 Summary
Messages Demand growth driven by non-OECD – changing energy security perspectives Global & more integrated energy markets create new energy security challenges Need for greater dialogue & cooperation Threats to energy security come from many sources Flexibility is crucial with efficient & transparent markets Government policies must complement efficient markets o Policy, legal & regulatory certainty / consistency o Support for clean & innovative technologies o Promotion of energy efficiency & demand response o Effective emergency response varies by energy source
36.
© OECD/IEA 201336 Issues
to think about 1. Rising non-OECD oil demand with supply being shifted to east of Suez; 2. Refinery consolidation & its implications; and 3. Increasing gas use & potential LNG infrastructure bottlenecks.
37.
© OECD/IEA 2013 Thank
you epd@iea.org
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