Colloquium on the current status of dark matter. (Opinions are purely my own.)

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Flip Tanedo
H OW N OT TO
D I S COVE R T H E WI M P
T O W A R D A T H E O R Y O F D A R K M A T T E R
f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u SHSU COLLOQUIUM
&
30 APR 2019

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the plan
omething we haven’t seen before, and it might behave in ways we
’t imagined.
hink of the amazing potential that exists here.
hat if dark matter is made of some new kind of particle that we are able
duce and harness in high-energy colliders? Or what if in discovering
it is, we figure out something about the laws of physics we didn’t know
before, such as a new fundamental interaction or a new way that the
ng interactions can work? And what if this new discovery lets us
pulate regular matter in new ways?
magine you’ve been playing a game your whole life, and suddenly you
e that there are special rules or special new pieces you could be playing
What amazing technology or understanding could be unlocked by
ng out what dark matter is and how it works?
e can’t stay in the dark about it forever. Just because it’s dark doesn’t
it doesn’t matter.
Images: We Have No Idea, Cham & Whiteson, Wikimedia Commons, Chris Knight on Unsplash

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Who discovered water?
https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/12/23/water-fish/
I don’t know. But it probably wasn’t a fish.
Status of dark matter.

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or pirates—or create your own hybrid flying dino-pirate.
ke Legos, a few basic building blocks (the elements) allow
many things in our universe: stars, rocks, dust, ice cream, ll
nizing principle, where complex objects are really arrangem
jects, allows us to gain a deeper understanding by uncoverinFrom We Have No Idea, Cham and Whiteson
Towards an organizational principle
you might assume they came from the same two parents because of the way
they look or act. In the same way, scientists looked at early versions of the
periodic table, noticed the patterns, and wondered, Are we missing
something?
Now we know that the patterns in the periodic table are due to the
arrangement of electron orbitals, and we know that there is an element for
every spot and that some elements are rarer than others because they decay
radioactively. It’s all just a matter of putting together the right number of
neutrons, protons, and electrons to get every element.
The point is that we organized the knowledge that we had at the time and
we studied it carefully. Then we started to notice patterns and missing pieces,
and this led us to ask the right questions, which led us to have a deeper
understanding of how the universe works.
It took most of the twentieth century to put together that table of

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Astro + Cosmo: Dark Matter Exists
5%
27%
68%
Standard Model is not complete
GALACTIC
ROTATION CURVES
GRAVITATIONAL LENSING COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
Images: Jeff Filippini (Berkeley Cosmology 2005), NASA APOD 2006, NASA WMAP
This talk: new particle(s)
THIS IS A CONSERVATIVE ASSUMPTION
BUT: THERE ARE OTHER OPTIONS!

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The first dark matter: Neptune
Astronomical observations + theory → missing stuff
Image: Magnus Manske via Wikipedia U. Le Verrier; hubpages.com/
education/The-Drama-of-Neptunes-Discovery

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f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u
The second dark matter: Vulcan
LOUISIANA PHYSICS DEPARTMENT SEMINAR

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Current status
via Jorge Cham & Daniel Whiteson
* - we have some ideas
we know less now than
we did in the 1990s
… and that’s good
Claim:

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9Adapted from amazon.com/BlueDot-Trading-Dictionary-Book-Large/dp/B007COFTYO
Current status
each edition is longer
than the previous

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the plan
omething we haven’t seen before, and it might behave in ways we
’t imagined.
hink of the amazing potential that exists here.
hat if dark matter is made of some new kind of particle that we are able
duce and harness in high-energy colliders? Or what if in discovering
it is, we figure out something about the laws of physics we didn’t know
before, such as a new fundamental interaction or a new way that the
ng interactions can work? And what if this new discovery lets us
pulate regular matter in new ways?
magine you’ve been playing a game your whole life, and suddenly you
e that there are special rules or special new pieces you could be playing
What amazing technology or understanding could be unlocked by
ng out what dark matter is and how it works?
e can’t stay in the dark about it forever. Just because it’s dark doesn’t
it doesn’t matter.
Images: We Have No Idea, Cham & Whiteson, Wikimedia Commons, Chris Knight on Unsplash

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Figure 27.1: WIMP cross sections (normalized to a single nucleon) for spin11
Direct Detection
PDG Dark Matter Review 2018

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“WIMP Dark Matter is dead”
Weakly-Interacting Massive Particle
(This means different things to different people!)
pixabay.com/en/crime-scene-chalk-outline-29055/

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How to write a theory of dark matter
pixabay.com/en/crime-scene-chalk-outline-29055/
g
Z
DA R K M AT T E R
I N T E R ACT I O N
Properties
spin, mass
Interactions
+ a reason to be stable
(has to stay dark)
WIMP weakly-interacting massive particle

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“Just parameter fitting, right?”
PDG 2018
16 27. Dark matter
Figure 27.1: WIMP cross sections (normalized to a single nucleon) for spin-
independent coupling versus mass. The DAMA/LIBRA [72], and CDMS-Si
enclosed areas are regions of interest from possible signal events. References to the
experimental results are given in the text. For context, the black contour shows a
scan of the parameter space of 4 typical SUSY models, CMSSM, NUHM1, NUHM2,
pMSSM10 [73], which integrates constraints set by ATLAS Run 1.
Table 26.1 summarizes the best experimental performances in terms of the upper limit
on cross sections for spin independent and spin dependent couplings, at the optimized
WIMP mass of each experiment. Also included are some new significant results (using
Argon for example).
In summary, the confused situation at low WIMP mass has largely been cleared
DA R K M AT T E R
mass
g
Z
interaction
strength

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How to write a theory of dark matter
pixabay.com/en/crime-scene-chalk-outline-29055/
g
Z
DA R K M AT T E R
I N T E R ACT I O N
+ a reason to be stable model-building required
Properties
spin, mass
Interactions
(has to stay dark)

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the plan
omething we haven’t seen before, and it might behave in ways we
’t imagined.
hink of the amazing potential that exists here.
hat if dark matter is made of some new kind of particle that we are able
duce and harness in high-energy colliders? Or what if in discovering
it is, we figure out something about the laws of physics we didn’t know
before, such as a new fundamental interaction or a new way that the
ng interactions can work? And what if this new discovery lets us
pulate regular matter in new ways?
magine you’ve been playing a game your whole life, and suddenly you
e that there are special rules or special new pieces you could be playing
What amazing technology or understanding could be unlocked by
ng out what dark matter is and how it works?
e can’t stay in the dark about it forever. Just because it’s dark doesn’t
it doesn’t matter.
Images: We Have No Idea, Cham & Whiteson, Wikimedia Commons, Chris Knight on Unsplash

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A useful historical starting point
PHYSICS REPORTS
ELSEWIER Physics Reports 267 (1996) 195-373
Supersymmetric dark matter
Gerard Jungmana, Marc Kamionkowskib,“, Kim Griestd
aDepartment of Physics, syyacuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. jungman@npac.syr.edu,
bDepartment of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. kamion@phys.columbia.edu,
‘School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540. USA,
aDepartment of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. kgriest@ucsd.edu
Received June 1995; editor: D.N. Schramm
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Dark matter in the Universe
2.1. Inventory of dark matter
2.2. Theoretical arguments
2.3. Baryonic content of the Universe
2.4. Distribution of dark matter in the Milky
Way
198
206
206
209
211
211
6.4. Fermion final states
6.5. Gluon final states
6.6. Photon final states
6.7. Summary of neutralino annihilation
7. Elastic-scattering cross sections
7.1. The basic ingredients
7.2. Axial-vector (spin) interaction
252
256
258
259
260
260
261
Caveat emptor: what follows is a piece of historical fiction

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Particle Physics, circa 1990s
/ /
¯ / − /
¯ / /
/ −/
¯ / −
/
/
( ) ( )
fundamental forces
matterparticles
or something to explain
unitarity of WW scattering
?

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The Hierarchy Problem
The Higgs has a
snowball’s chance in
hell of being 125 GeV.
FT, Quantum Diaries, “The Hierarchy Problem” (2012)
if that were it, then
(and yet here we are)

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A favorite answer: supersymmetry
matter particle force particle
force particle matter particle
N E W PA R T I C L E SV I S I B L E S T U F F
SUSY

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For the most part, it works
Admits grand unification of forces, possible UV
completion of gravity, lightness of Higgs, …
… a little bit of model-building required.

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Preventing Proton Decay: R-parity
¯d
¯u
e¯d,e¯s,e¯b
4 1
Q
L
¯u ¯u
by squarks. Arrows indicate helicity and should not be confu
Dirac spinors [14]. Tildes indicate superpartners while bars
cles into left-chiral fields in the conjugate representation.
ion of this is to impose the above constrai
PR = ( )3(B L)+2s
,
n of the field. Conservation of matter parity
)2s
factor always cancels in any interaction
rm has an even number of fermions. Ob
erpartner fields have R-parity 1. (This
grams assocaited with electroweak precisi
parity requires pair-production of superp
PR[ ordinary matter ] = +
PR[ superpartner ] = −
Added bonus: the lightest superpartner is stable.

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The story so far: SUSY
mh ?
SUSY New Particles
p+ stability
R-parity
?
Dark Matter !

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Variant: extra dimensions
mh ?
XD New Particles
precision
observables
KK-parity
?
Dark Matter !
free in
flat XD
warped
XD

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Variant: compositeness
mh ?
composite New Particles
T-parity
?
Dark Matter !
precision
observables

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SUSY Dark Matter: Neutralino WIMP
g
Z
DA R K M AT T E R I N T E R ACT I O N
spin-1/2
mass ~ 100 GeV
Stable due to R-parity
~ 0.6
“ W E A K S CA L E ”
“ W E A K S CA L E ”
lightest superpartner
combination of photon, Z,
Higgs partners
weak scale mass
weak scale couplings

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How much dark matter is there?
1 10
equilibrium
time ~ mass / temp
[comoving]numberdensity SM
SM
SM
SM
=
… so there is
no dark matter
E Q U I L I B R I U M
A N N I H I L AT I O N
SM
SM

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How much dark matter is there?
1 10
equilibrium
freeze out
time ~ mass / temp
[comoving]numberdensity
SM
SM
H U B B L E
A N N I H I L AT I O N
WIMP prediction: relic abundance of dark matter
[ neutralino & cousins ]

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The “WIMP Miracle”
capture
SM
SM
Z
“WEAK SCALE” MASS
~100 GeV
WEAK
FORCE
annihilation vs. expansion of universe
⌦ h2
⇠
0.1 pb
h annvi
“WEAK SCALE”
ANNIHILATION RATE
OBSERVED AMOUNT OF
DARK MATTER TODAY
Dark matter with electroweak (W, Z, h) interactions
automatically has roughly the correct abundance

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The “WIMP Miracle”
mh ?
SUSY New Particles
p+ stability
R-parity
?
Dark Matter
with correct
abundance

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The “WIMP Nightmare”
mh ?
SUSY New Particles
p+ stability
R-parity
?
Dark Matter
with correct
abundance
predictions
nomorefreeparameters

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WIMP Complementarity
Dark matter searches related by crossing symmetry:
How Dark Matter talks to the Standard Model
..
χ
.
χ
.
sm
.
sm
..
χ
.
sm
.
χ
.
sm
..
sm
.
sm
.
χ
.
χ
ANNIHIL
ATION
DI
RECT DETECTIO
N
COLLIDER
INDIRECT DIRECT COLLIDER
Standard ModelDark MatterANNIHIL
ATION
COLLIDER
D I R E C T
WEAK FORCE

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WIMP Complementarity
Dark matter searches related by crossing symmetry:
How Dark Matter talks to the Standard Model
..
χ
.
χ
.
sm
.
sm
..
χ
.
sm
.
χ
.
sm
..
sm
.
sm
.
χ
.
χ
ANNIHIL
ATION
DI
RECT DETECTIO
N
COLLIDER
INDIRECT DIRECT COLLIDER
Standard ModelDark MatterANNIHIL
ATION
COLLIDER
D I R E C T
WEAK FORCE
R E L I C A B U N DA N C E YO U ’ R E K I L L I N G M E N OT G R E AT, E I T H E R

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34Figure 27.1: WIMP cross sections (normalized to a single nucleon) for spin
PDG Dark Matter Review 2018
weak scale coupling
weak scale mass

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adapted from Getty Images
Science Friday: bit.ly/2VGwwZI

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Rumors of my death
have been greatly
exaggerated
Mark tWIMP
Library of Congress Prints & Photos
cph.3a08820 via Wikipedia

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Is the neutralino WIMP really dead?
Technically? No.
Linguistically? No.
Experimentally? No.
Emotionally? Yes.
The WIMP is dead to me.
Can hide by choosing parameters
“weak” vs “electroweak”
Experimental program is robust!
n.b. analogous to “SUSY is dead”

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the plan
omething we haven’t seen before, and it might behave in ways we
’t imagined.
hink of the amazing potential that exists here.
hat if dark matter is made of some new kind of particle that we are able
duce and harness in high-energy colliders? Or what if in discovering
it is, we figure out something about the laws of physics we didn’t know
before, such as a new fundamental interaction or a new way that the
ng interactions can work? And what if this new discovery lets us
pulate regular matter in new ways?
magine you’ve been playing a game your whole life, and suddenly you
e that there are special rules or special new pieces you could be playing
What amazing technology or understanding could be unlocked by
ng out what dark matter is and how it works?
e can’t stay in the dark about it forever. Just because it’s dark doesn’t
it doesn’t matter.
Images: We Have No Idea, Cham & Whiteson, Wikimedia Commons, Chris Knight on Unsplash

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39Andrew Grant, Science News, June 2013

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40Image: Alex Perez, via expertphotography.com/low-key-photography-dramatic-lighting/
Lamp-Post Mode
Where can we look for
dark matter?
Where are we not
looking?
I know this isn’t
actually a lamp post.
*

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WIMP Complementarity
Dark matter searches related by crossing symmetry:
How Dark Matter talks to the Standard Model
..
χ
.
χ
.
sm
.
sm
..
χ
.
sm
.
χ
.
sm
..
sm
.
sm
.
χ
.
χ
ANNIHIL
ATION
DI
RECT DETECTIO
N
COLLIDER
INDIRECT DIRECT COLLIDER
Standard ModelDark MatterANNIHIL
ATION
COLLIDER
D I R E C T
WEAK FORCE
R E L I C A B U N DA N C E YO U ’ R E K I L L I N G M E N OT G R E AT, E I T H E R

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Example: Light Mediators
e
e
e
e
e
capture
annihilation
x xA0
A0
INDIRECT DIRECT COLLIDER
Standard ModelMediator
N N
q
q
ANNIHIL
ATION
COLLIDER
D I R E C T
Dark Matter
can keep thermal relic!

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New Searches with Light Mediators
e
e
e
e
ee
ee
e e
capture
annihilation
A0
A0
INDIRECT DIRECT MEDIATOR PRODUCTION
N N
ANNIHIL
ATION
COLLIDERD I R E C T
A0
A0
Halo Morpholo
• SIDM particles follow the
0 2 4 6 8
0
2
4
6
8
R HkpcL
zHkpcL
constant density contours
Kaplinghat, Linden, Keeley, HBY (2013) (P
C
d
SELF
Standard ModelMediatorDark Matter
SM
SM
SM
SM
accelerators astro
R E L I C
A B U N DA N C E

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Example: remixing complementarity
1
2
3 4
J. Feng, J. Smolinsky, FT 1509.07525

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New opportunities
from low energies to high energies,
from the heavens to hell.
ON THE SCOPE OF PARTICLE PHYSICS:
Hitoshi Murayama
… from the present day to the distant past
COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

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Dark Mediators at First Light
with Lexi Costantino, Katie Mack, Sarah Schon, Anson D’Aloisio

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Recap: WIMP
mh ?
SUSY New Particles
p+ stability
R-parity
?
Dark Matter
with correct
abundance
predictions
nomorefreeparameters
48
x

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“WIMP is dead… to me”
mh ?
SUSY New Particles
p+ stability
R-parity
?
Dark Matter
with correct
abundance
predictions
nomorefreeparameters
49
x

50. f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u 55SHSU COLLOQUIUM
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“WIMP is dead… to me”
?
Dark Matter
with correct
abundance
predictions
50
?

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51
Beyond the WIMP
Dark Matter
with correct
abundance
predictions
51
Fix couplings
How’d it
get here?
Constraints?
Anomalies?
new particlesUV theory?
etc …
pheno.
theory

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f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u
Image: Alex Perez, via expertphotography.com/low-key-photography-dramatic-lighting/
post-WIMP lamp posts
Dark sectors (light mediator)
Ultralight dark matter
Macroscopic dark matter
Primordial black holes
Non-thermal production
Gravity is very weird
…
opportunities for unique
search strategies!
SHSU COLLOQUIUM

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A counterpoint
arXiv:1904.02769

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Next steps: your contribution?
10 min video, Seeker
Multi-messenger astronomy, non-collider
experiments, early universe cosmology, new
theoretical frameworks…
OBSERVATIONAL / EXPERIMENTAL FUTURE:

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Extra Slides

56. f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u 55SHSU COLLOQUIUM
.
er talks to the Standard Model
..
χ
.
sm
.
χ
.
sm
..
sm
.
sm
.
χ
.
χ
56
Defining the WIMP
SPECIFIC GENERAL
interacts through
W and Z bosons
interactions with
visible matter have
a “small” coupling
interactions with
visible matter are
electroweak-scale
“One parameter”
contact interactions
many interactions, only
dark-visible must be small
neutralinos e.g. axions?
SM singlet
particle
e.g. connected
to naturalness(motivated) (arbitrary)
“everything is
a WIMP!”
WIMP Miracle

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Example: remixing complementarity
1
2
3 4
J. Feng, J. Smolinsky, FT 1509.07525

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17 MeV Beryllium Bump
UCI IPC 1608.03591
1.03 MeV
10 keV width
18.15 MeV
138 keV width
STATUS: INDEPENDENT EXP. CHECK REQUIRED

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Renormalizable Portals
Dark Matter Mediator
Standard ModelU(1)’
Standard
ModelHiggs
Dark Matter Mediator
Standard
Model
⌫R
Kinetic
Mixing
Dark
Matter
USEFUL BENCHMARK
+ variations of each portal, motivated dim-5 portals, …

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What is theoretical science?
gravity from
missing stuff
Haven’t
seen it
in the lab
current theory
of particle physics

61. f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u 55SHSU COLLOQUIUM
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What is theoretical science?
Haven’t
seen it
in the lab
current theory
of particle physics
gravity from
missing stuff
new particle:
dark matter

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What is theoretical science?
A “complete” theory that
includes previous knowledge
& new observations
previous
knowledge
gravity from
missing stuffprediction

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Theorist’s roadmap to tenure
HACK
full theory
predictions
interpretation
consistency

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Remixing dark phenomenology
UNCHANGED
ANNIHILATION
SCATTERING
PRODUCTION
HALO SHAPE
INDIRECT
DETECTION
DIRECT
DETECTION
COLLIDER:
MISSING
ENERGY
NUCLEAR
TRANSITIONS
NEUTRON STAR
HEATING
COMPOSITE
MEDIATOR
HALO
PROFILES
BEAM DUMP &
FIXED-TARGET
CAPTURE & ENHANCED ANNIHILATION
PROCESS CLASSIFICATION
ANNIHILATION
TO ON-SHELL
MEDIATORS
LIGHT MEDIATORS SOME OF MY PERSONAL INTEREST...
SELF
INTERACTION

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Step 1: Mediator Production
A
A0
e
e
A
e
N N
A0
e
EXAMPLES OF LIGHT MEDIATOR PRODUCTION STRATEGIES
annihilation bremsstrahlung
Others: Drell-Yan, nuclear transitions, Higgs decays, …
⇡0
=
1
p
2
u¯u d ¯d
meson decay

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Step 2: Mediator Decay

67. f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u 55SHSU COLLOQUIUM
67Adapted from 1608.08632, 1608.03591, N. Toro at Dark Sectors 2017
InteractionwithStandardModel
Mediator Mass A0
prompt
displaced
vertex
LIMITED BY
STATISTICS
LIMITED BY
VERTEXING
existing bounds

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Example of an LHC Search
Krovi, Low, Zhang (1807.07972)
27TeV (15ab-1)
27TeV
(1.5ab-1)
100TeV (100ab-1)
100TeV
(30ab-1)27TeV (15ab-1)
27TeV (1.5ab-1)
MZ'=2M χ
MZ'=6αeffM χ
/π
2
Darkonium
territory
Monojet
territory
14TeV
(300fb-1)
14TeV
(3ab-1)
Z' dijet
search excl.
50 100 500 1000
20
50
100
200
500
Mχ (GeV)
MZ'(GeV)
αD=0.5, gq=0.1
Figure 1: Colorful curves show the future high-energy pp collider constraints on the model where
0

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Phenomenology post-2013
1. Waiting for Godot. (Ambulance chasing mode)
2. Brave New World. (Lamp post mode)
top-down
model building

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f l i p . t a n e d o @ u c r . e d u
Ambulance Chasing Mode
If this is true, then
dark matter must …