1 Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Annotated Bibliography Stephen Benoit GEN499 General Education Tony Kashani April 10, 2017 Introduction: In United states of America, wealth or income inequality is valuable because it sometimes gives people incentives to work hard and try to adopt other business ideas. However, in a reality perspective it harms the American society, socially and economically. This is due to greater inequality stifles upward movement between generations. Therefore, it is harder for talented and hardworking Americans to get what they deserve through toiling because the income is concentrated, under the custody of a certain group of people, compromises the ability of a democracy for equal distribution of resource and equal political voice to all citizens regardless of race, ethnicity, and working class. So, as we understand “wealth disparity”, in the United States exhibits wider wealth distributing inequality, majorly witnessed between rich and the poor. For that matter, there is need to look deep into the matters attributing to wealth inequality in States with a policy to review about wealth distribution. This will define the wealth distribution imbalance. Wealth disparity (inequality) is a threat to American development among the poor majorly attributed by federal minimum wage, culture, racial and gender discrimination. It can therefore be reduced through democratic, equal distribution of resources across all ethnic groups and race. Annotation 1: Kington and Smith (The Journals of Gerontology series: Psychological sciences and social Sciences: Special issue, from 74). Racial disparities in Disability among older adults. The articles in this journal tried to examine the association that is seen between races in relation to assets allocation then reported difficulties performing instrumental daily activities. This is also associate with age; disparities in disability among older adults. This journal has used the asset and health dynamic among the oldest old (AHEAD) in its study to focus on persons of 70 years and above. The study is supported by statistics, giving clarifications that wealth disparity is in anyway associated with age, in relation to income dispersion accounts for today’s wealth disparities seen in older Americans (Smith, 1997). Statistically, the distribution of the demographic and health-related issues for women by race showed that African American women were on average younger, which is less likely as reported disability than white women. Therefore, it affirmed that wealth disparity is majorly observed among older minority households, who are blacks as compared to households of whites. Other factors related to wealth disparity in the article include income, health and inheritance. Annotation 2: CESifo Econ Study (2017) 63 (1): 97-118; Employment Adjustment and Controlling Minority Ownership structure; (evidence for stewardship governance). This article purp ...

1. 1
Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
2
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Stephen Benoit
GEN499 General Education
Tony Kashani
April 10, 2017
Introduction: In United states of America, wealth or income
inequality is valuable because it sometimes gives people

2. incentives to work hard and try to adopt other business ideas.
However, in a reality perspective it harms the American society,
socially and economically. This is due to greater inequality
stifles upward movement between generations. Therefore, it is
harder for talented and hardworking Americans to get what they
deserve through toiling because the income is concentrated,
under the custody of a certain group of people, compromises the
ability of a democracy for equal distribution of resource and
equal political voice to all citizens regardless of race, ethnicity,
and working class. So, as we understand “wealth disparity”, in
the United States exhibits wider wealth distributing inequality,
majorly witnessed between rich and the poor. For that matter,
there is need to look deep into the matters attributing to wealth
inequality in States with a policy to review about wealth
distribution. This will define the wealth distribution imbalance.
Wealth disparity (inequality) is a threat to American
development among the poor majorly attributed by federal
minimum wage, culture, racial and gender discrimination. It can
therefore be reduced through democratic, equal distribution of
resources across all ethnic groups and race.
Annotation 1:
Kington and Smith (The Journals of Gerontology series:
Psychological sciences and social Sciences: Special issue, from
74). Racial disparities in Disability among older adults.
The articles in this journal tried to examine the association that
is seen between races in relation to assets allocation then
reported difficulties performing instrumental daily activities.
This is also associate with age; disparities in disability among
older adults. This journal has used the asset and health dynamic
among the oldest old (AHEAD) in its study to focus on persons
of 70 years and above. The study is supported by statistics,
giving clarifications that wealth disparity is in anyway
associated with age, in relation to income dispersion accounts
for today’s wealth disparities seen in older Americans (Smith,
1997).
Statistically, the distribution of the demographic and health-

3. related issues for women by race showed that African American
women were on average younger, which is less likely as
reported disability than white women. Therefore, it affirmed
that wealth disparity is majorly observed among older minority
households, who are blacks as compared to households of
whites. Other factors related to wealth disparity in the article
include income, health and inheritance.
Annotation 2:
CESifo Econ Study (2017) 63 (1): 97-118; Employment
Adjustment and Controlling Minority Ownership structure;
(evidence for stewardship governance).
This article purportedly tries to investigate the manner at which
the government is controlling the minority ownership structure
on the employment adjustment of firms in the United States of
America. The article further proposed the entrepreneur-operated
contend minority structure firms, depending on social and
psychological context of trust in management and their
employees, giving a directorate with condition of stable
employment.
Annotation 3:
Leipold, K. (2014). Spill over Effects of Minimum Wages in
Experimental Wage Negotiations. Cesifo Economic Studies, 60
(4), 780-804
It is always the portion or the amount of one to be paid after
doing a particular job. Who benefits more than the other, or in
the other hand who is to suffer or gain more in accordance with
the federal minimum wage limit raise. In the argument, it is
evident that many people are enjoying the high wage pay these
days. According to the article, it could be because of people
being illiterate so they cannot work for a high wage job.
Therefore, people are supposed to go to school, obtain degree
for high pay. Here, the societal issue is the federal reduced
wage will be shown in the background information. The solution
to the problem is the raising of the federal minimum wage limit,
benefiting majorly the low-class folks in the country. According
to M. Knabe, about the spill over effects of minimum wages in

4. experimental Wage Negotiations, there is a solution of
conducting a lab experiment about spill over effects of
minimum wage. This means that there will be a solution to wage
policy that majorly affect the low incomes even though they
work so hard to get money, only to be rewarded in a small way
(Leipold, 2014).
Annotation 4:
Rakesh Kochhar & Richard Fry, (PewResearchCenter); Wealth
inequality widened along racial, ethnic lines since the end of
Recession.
This article majorly focussed on the key contribute to the
decline in household economy of the people who are the
minority, and the origin of the wealth disparity. It outlined the
housing and financial markets as the major causes of recession,
which roughed up American families’ economy or net worth.
Not all households have benefited from the mended asset price,
but just a portion of these people majorly high income, or rich
Americans. This has showcased the widening of wealth
inequality along racial and ethnicity. Evidently, white
households are wealthier, was 13 times of the medina of black
American households back in 2013. This is an indication that
race has played a role in terms of wealth allocation among
American with white Americans being highly favoured (Fry,
2014).
According to their research, the wealth inequality has
significantly grown since the year 20007, with rationale/ median
wealth ratios indicates the higher increase in wealth inequality
in white-to-black than in white-to-Hispanic (any race).
Below is the sample of a graph showing the inequality trend.
Source: PEW RESEARCH CENTE
Annotation 5:
N. Gregory Mankiw, Harvard University, Cambridge- USA, The
department of Economics, (Eastern Economic journal, 2010, 36,
285-298), Spreading the wealth around: reflections Inspired by
Joe the plumber (Presidential Address).

5. This article majorly addressed the political overview of
wealth distribution in United States of America, discussing the
policy that concerns optimal taxation wealth distribution in the
Country’s income; the trade income and inequity. The key
issues addressed in the journal include income distribution,
utilitarianism, that is taxation(Mankiw, 2010). The writer of the
journal article used the political mileage and the engagement of
Joe Plumber with the former US president (the then presidential
candidate). Joe was concerned about the taxation to high income
household. He asked about the Senator, Barack Obama’s
proposal about the same. Therefore, the journal was more about
the income taxation and fairness imposition among both the rich
and poor household. So, the author of the journal tried to
analyse the possible reasons for the growing of wealth
inequality in the country, the facts about the tax burden, and the
optimal taxation of height. About optimal height of taxation,
Mankiw gives a show of utilitarianism is connected to policy
which has never gone with common Americans. He argued that
it is preferable for every citizen to have the same separable
preferences, whereby marginal utility needs a similar after-tax
income.
wealth inequality by race and ethnicity has growm since 2007
Series 1
10
8
2007, 2010,2013(white-to-black) 20072010 2013 (white-to-
Hispanic) 10.0 8.0 Series 2
8
9
2007, 2010,2013(white-to-black) 20072010 2013 (white-to-
Hispanic) 8.0 9.0 Series 3
13
10

6. 2007, 2010,2013(white-to-black) 20072010 2013 (white-to-
Hispanic) 13.0 10.0
Module 02 Written Assignment - Ethical Issues Related to
Managed Care
Throughout this week, you read about managed care and third-
party payers, the basic components of insurance.
Up until recent years the only options for the uninsured, if they
qualified for it, were Medicare and Medicaid. With the passage
of the Affordable Care Act, the landscape of insurance is
changing.
For this week's written assignment, read the following article:
Hamel, M.B., Blumenthal, D., Abrams, M., & Nuzum, R.
(2015). The Affordable Care Act at 5 years. The New England
Journal of Medicine, 372, 2451-2458. Retrieved from
http://www.nejm.org
After reading the article, answer the following questions:
1. What are your initial thoughts from the article?
2. How do you think the Affordable Care Act improves health
care for Americans?
3. Who do you think will benefit the most from the Affordable
Care Act? Why?
4. Why are some states slower to participate than others?
5. If you could create a healthcare plan for the United States,
what would it include, who would be covered?
https://content.learntoday.info/M230fw_Spring_15/site/Media/T

7. heAffordableCareActAt5Years.pdf
click on the website