Teaching manuel

1. aebmfw
]mTmkq{XWw
- 1 -
^mØnam XmPp±o≥

2. - 2 -
]mTmkq{XWw
A[ym]nIbpsS t]cv : ^mØnam XmPp±o≥
hnZymebØns‚ t]cv : Kh: F®v.Fkv. BcymSv.
hnjbw : aebmfw
GIIw : XpºΠqhv
D]GIIw : k‘ybv°pamØv...... XcnΠpXo¿Πq.
Ãm≥tU¿Uv : XI
kabw : 45 ann‰vkv
XobXn :
BapJw:
{]]©ans∂mcp XdhmSmbn hcºpIƒ ImWmXmbn.... F∂ bqWn‰n¬ DƒsΠ´ncn°p∂ ]mT`mKamWv D≈qcns‚
XpºΠq F∂ IhnX. amh ]ptcmKXn°v hn`mKobXbv°XoXamb Iq´mbva thWsa∂ ImgvNΠmSv hnIknΠn°m≥
klmbIbamb hn[ØnemWv D≈q¿ XpºΠq F∂ IhnX hn`mhw sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. Nßmt»cnbnemWv D≈q¿ Fkv.
]ctaizcø≥ Pn®Xv (1877˛1949). tIcfh¿Ω {]ÿmØns‚ {]apJ h‡mhv Ae¶mc]q¿Whpw ]WvUntXmNnXhpamb
Imhy ssienbpsS DSa. efnX ssienbnep≈ _meIhnXIfpw DamtIcfw F∂ almImhyhpw nch[n JWvUImhyßfpw
Ht´sd KthjW teJßfpw D≈q¿ cNn®n´p≠v. A©phmeyßfn¬ cNn® tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw {it≤bamWv.
I¿W`qjWw, ]nwKf, `‡n Zo]nI (JWvUImhy߃), IncWmhen, Xmclmcw, XcwKnWn, AarX[mc, Iev]imJn
(IhnXm kamlmc߃) XpSßnbh {][m IrXnIƒ.

3. - 3 -
]mTm]{KYw
`mjm]cw:
qX ]Z߃
sNSn®, ]pIƒ, DZ{K]mWn
Bib]cw :
amh]ptcmKXn°v hn`mKobXbv°XoXamb Iq´mbvathWsa∂ Imgv®ΠmSv hnIknΠn°m≥ klmbIamb
hn[ØnemWv D≈q¿ XpºΠqhv F∂ IhnX hn`mhw sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. kaXzw {]IrXn nbaamsW∂v ImWn°m≥
apjysc ]q°fmbn ncq]n°p∂ ]e IhnXIfpw aebmfØnep≠v. AØcØnsemcp IhnXbmWv D≈qcns‚ XpºΠqhpw.
{]tXyI coXnbn¬ am{Xw temIsØ ImWm≥ ioen®htcmSmWv Cu IhnXbn¬ Ihn kwkmcn°p∂Xv.
kmlnXy]cw: D≈qcns‚ XcwKnWn F∂ IhnXm kamlmcØn¬ ns∂SpØn´p≈XmWv Cu IhnX.
]mTy]≤Xn Dt±iy߃:
™ D≈qcnsbpw At±lØns‚ IrXnIsfbpw ]cnNbsΠSpI.
™ hn`mKobXbv°pw th¿XncnhpIƒ°pw AXoXambn kvtlw, klIcWw F∂o atm`mh߃ hf¿ØpI.
™ apjyXzamWv apjys‚ PmXnbpw aXhpsa∂v Xncn®dnbpI.
Ahiy]q¿Δ{]m]vXnIƒ
™ D≈qcns°pdn®v tI´n´p≠v.

4. ™ D≈qcns‚ Nn{Xw I≠n´p≠v.
™ CXc IrXnIƒ ap≥ ¢m pIfn¬ ]Tn®n´p≠v.
™ Xpºs®Snbpw ]qhpw I≠n´p≠v.
™ PmXob AkaXz߃s°Xnsc t]mcmSnb IhnIsfbpw AhcpsS IrXnIfpw Adnbmw.
]Ttm]IcW߃
™ D≈qcns‚ Nn{Xw
™ D≈qcnsbpw IrXnIsfbpw ]cnNbsΠSpØp∂ Nm¿´v.
™ ]Z]cnNbw FgpXnb Nm¿´v.
- 4 -
]TtmXv]∂߃
™ IpdnΠv

5. ]T {]h¿Ø߃ {]XnIcWw
{]mcw`w
]mT`mKØntebv°v IS°p∂Xnmbn A[ym]nI GXmpw tNmZy߃
tNmZn°p∂p.
™ n߃ HmWØnv AØΠq°fw CSmdpt≠m? (D≠v/C√)
™ GsXms° ]q°fmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv? (tdmkv, Acfn, Xpº, _¥n)
™ HmWΠq°fØnse G‰hpw {][msΠ´ ]qthXmWv? (XpºΠqhv)
™ ]q°f a’cßfn¬ t]mepw XpºΠqhnmWv {]m[myw.
™ F¥mbncn°pw XpºΠqhnv C{X {]m[myw e`n°mp≈ ImcWw?
™ A[ym]nI XpºΠqhns Ipdn®p≈ Hcp IY AhXcnΠn°pI.
- 5 -
amthenbpw XpºΠqhpw
HmWw h∂p. F√mΠq°fpw amthen a∂s hcth¬°m≥ Hcpßn n∂p.
Hmtcm ]qhpw Xs‚ alXzw h¿Æn®psIm≠v XmmWv tIas∂ `mhØn¬ n∂p.
amthen a∂s kzoIcn°m≥ ap∂n¬ n¬°mmbn Ah¿ Xn°nØnc°n. F∂m¬
]mhw XpºΠq am{Xw CXnsem∂pw s]SmsX HXpßn n∂p. amthen FØn.
F√m ]q°tfbpw nco£n® amthen XpºΠqhns FSpØv aq¿≤mhn¬ sh®p.

6. ™ Cu IYbn¬ n∂pw XpºΠqhns‚ {]m[myw F{XtØmfw Ds≠∂v a nembnt√?
™ Cu Xpºs®Snsb°pdn®mWv mw ]Tn°m≥ t]mIp∂Xv.
]mTØns‚ t]cv: XpºΠqhv (tNm°v t_m¿Uv)
™ XpºΠq F∂ IhnX FgpXnbXv D≈qcmWv.
™ A≤ym]nI kμ¿t`mNnXambn IhnbpsS Nn{Xw ImWn°p∂p.
- 6 -
Ihnsb°pdns®gpXnb Nm¿´v ImWn°p∂p.
D≈q¿ Fkv. ]ctaizcø¿ (1877˛1949)
Nßmt»cnbn¬ Pw. tIcf h¿Ω {]ÿmØns‚ {]apJ h‡mhv.
Ae¶mc]q¿Whpw ]WvUntXmNnXhpamb ImhyssienbpsS DSa. efnX
ssienbnep≈ _meIhnXIfpw DamtIcfw F∂ almImhyhpw nch[n JWvU
Imhyßfpw Ht´sd KthjW teJßfpw D≈q¿ cNn®n´p≠v. A©v hmeyßfn¬
cNn® tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw {it≤bamWv. IrXnIƒ : I¿Æ `qjWw, ]nwKf,
`‡nZo]nI (JWvUImhy߃), IncWmhen, Xmcmlmcw, XcwKnWn, AarX[mc,
Iev]imJn (IhnXm kamlmc߃.)
™ A[ym]nI Nm¿´v hmbn°p∂p. Ip´nIsfs°m≠v hmbnΠn°p∂p.
]mTmhXcWw (k‘ybv°v amØp.... XcnΠp Xo¿Πp).
™ A≤ym]nI amXrIm]cambn IhnX sNm√p∂p.
™ Ip´nIsfs°m≠v {KqΠmbn IhnX CuWØn¬ sNm√n°p∂p.

7. ™ A[ym]nI ]Zy`mKØns‚ Bibw Ip´nIƒ°v ]d™psImSp°p∂p.
{]tXyI coXnbn¬ am{Xw temIsØ tm°n°mWm≥ ioen®htcmSmWv
Cu IhnXbn¬ Ihn kwkmcn°p∂Xv. IhnXbnse hywKym¿∞w Db¿∂ PmXnbn¬
s]´hsc am{Xw kaqlØn¬ Db¿Øn°m´msX Xmgv∂ PmXnbnep≈hsc°qSn
]cnKWn°Ww F∂mWv. AXnep]cn Ahcnse t{ijvT almXvayw Is≠Øm≥
{ian°Ww. kam[mØns‚ Nnlvamb sh≈s°mSn Db¿Øn°m´p∂
Xpºs®Snsb ]dns®dnbpw t]mse Xmgv∂ PmXnsb Nhn´nsaXn°m≥ kaqlw
XømdmhcpXv F∂v Ihn ]dbp∂p. k‘ybv°v BImiØv hnScp∂ £{XΠq°ƒ
am{Xw I≠paSpØ IÆntmSv Ihn°v ]dbmp≈Xv H∂v Xmtgm´v
tm°Wsa∂mWv. Xmtgm´ptm°nbm¬ Ffnb kmlNcyØn¬ Pohn°p∂
XpºΠqhns ImWmw. Ah ]dºn¬ ]Is®mXpßn°gnbp∂p. taemfcpsS ho´n¬
Ibdm≥ AphmZan√msX ]dºn¬ `qscamdn n¬°p∂ A[:ÿnXcpsS
Nn{Xap≠nXn¬. XpºbpsS Io¿Øn°v ImcWw t∂ sNdpXpw £{X{]Imiap≈
AXnse ]q°fpsS shWvabmWv. kpK‘ans√-¶nepw hnip≤nbpsS Nnlvamb
shfpΠv AXnp≠v. Xpºsb ]cn]men®p hf¿Øp∂n√ F∂v am{Xa√ Ahsb
hens®dnbpIbpw sNøp∂p. kam[mw Imw£n°p∂ Xpºsb hen®v am‰pIbmWv
apjy≥. AØcw {IqcX ImWn°p∂XneqsS apjyn¬ c≠v X´p≠mhp∂p
F∂v ka¿∞n°pIbmWv XpºΠqhneqsS D≈q¿.
- 7 -

8. ]Z]cnNbw
A≤ym]nI Ip´nItfmSv ]mT`mKsØ qX ]ZßfpsS A¿∞w nL≠ptm°n
Is≠Øm≥ BhiysΠSp∂p.
- 8 -
sNSn® = aSpØ
]pIƒ = Io¿Øn
DZ{K]mWn = B{IaWImcn
{]h¿Øw ˛ 1
PmXn®ph´n¬÷etkItaIpw
PßfoΠqs®SnssIb°n
hf¿ØnSp∂n√Xpt]ms´; Zqsc
hen®pam‰p∂Xpap≠p! IjvSw.
PmXn®ph´n¬ PetkItaIpI F∂ {]tbmKØn¬ Fs¥√mw A¿∞ßfmWv
Is≠Øm≥ Ignbp∂Xv?

9. GsXmcp√ IhnXbpw hm°ns‚ A¿∞]cXIƒ ka¿∞ambn
{]tbmPsΠSpØpw. hmNym¿∞ØnΠpdtØ°v hmb°mcs bn°m≥ CXnv
Ignbpw. hcnIƒ°nSbneqsSbp≈ hmb Aßsbp≠mhp∂XmWv. PmXn F∂
]ZsaSp°mw. Fs¥√mw A¿∞Xehpw BibXehpw B hm°nps≠∂v
tm°mw.
PmXn F∂Xnv ]n®Iw (]n®n) F∂mWnhnsS A¿∞w. hoSntmSv tN¿∂v
hf¿Øp∂ kpK‘ap≈ shfpØ ]q°fp≈ sNSnbmWnXv. PmXn°v tX°v,
PmXn]{Xn F∂o A¿∞߃ D≠v. kpK‘{ZhyØnsem∂mWXv. PmXn°v
PmXnhyhÿ F∂ as‰mcp A¿∞hpw FSp°mw. PmXn, Ipew XpSßnb ]Z߃
tIheambn ]dbptºmƒ Db¿∂ PmXn, Ipew XpSßnb ]Z߃ s]mXpsh
hnh£n°mdv. kpK‘ap≈ ]n®IsØ sh≈samgn®v hf¿Øp∂h¿
kpK‘an√mØ XpºΠqhns ]cn]men°p∂n√. am{Xa√, hen®v am‰pIbpw
sNøp∂p. ]n®IØnpw Xpºbv°pw ]e ImcyØnepw kmayap≠v. ]q°ƒ
shfpΠmWv. CeIfpsS BIrXn Hcpt]msebmWv. Db¿∂ PmXnsb ]cn]men®v
hf¿Øp∂h¿ Xs∂bmWv A[:ÿnXsc kaqlØn¬ n∂pw C√mXm°p∂Xpw.
]gb ImesØ AbnØmNmcWØns‚ kqN IqSn CXnep≠v.
- 9 -

10. ]pchtemIw
= D≈qcns‚ GsX¶nepw c≠v IrXnIfpsS t]cv ]dbpI.
= XpºΠqhnse Ihn F¥ns‚ {]XoIambmWv AhXcnΠn°p∂Xv?
= GXv AmNmcsØ FXn¿ØpsIm≠mWv Ihn Cu IhnX FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv?
XpS¿ {]h¿Øw
XpºΠqhv F∂ IhnXbn¬ kmaqlnI {]m[myap≈ hensbmcmibamWv
Ihn apt∂m´v sh°p∂Xv. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ kqNIƒ IqSn ]cnKWn®v
IhnXbv°v HcmkzmZw Xømdm°pI.
= PmXn®ph´n¬ PetkItaIpI.
= Zqsc hen®pam‰pI.
= {LmtW{μnbmcma¿ apjy≥
- 10 -