dcn5013

2. UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITARUNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAMJABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6
SOURCES OF NOISESOURCES OF NOISE
POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
2

3. Upon completion of this course
, student should be able to :
 Explain the sources of noise pollution
 Identify noise pollution in industry and construction
area
 Relate the effects of traffic and transportation to
noise pollution
 Explain domestic noise pollution
 Identify outdoor activities that can create noise
pollution

4. WHAT IS NOISE
POLLUTION?Any unwanted sound that
penetrates the environment is noise
pollution.
In general noise pollution refers to
any noise irritating to one's ear
which comes from an external
source.

5. Sources of noise pollution.
 Industrial
 Commercial
 Social
 Cultural
 Transportation

6. Sources of noise pollution
 Street traffic
 Rail roads
 Airplanes
 Constructions
 Industry
 Domestic noise
 Outdoor activities

7. SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL NOISE
 Aerodynamic from air movement, such as
compressed air release or fan noise.
 Impact, such as from hammering, components
falling into bins or gear noise.
 Stick – slip friction such as from lathe tools
cutting or brake noise
 Vibration and associated radiation from
surfaces.

9. Industrial Noise refers to noise that is
created in the factories which is jarring
and unbearable. Sound becomes noise
only it becomes unwanted and when it
becomes more than that it is referred to
as "noise pollution". Heavy industries
like shipbuilding and iron and steel have
long been associated with Noise
Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).
Industrial NoiseIndustrial Noise

10. Industrial and commercial
noise pollution.
 This is posing to be a big challenge with very passing
day and is a threat to safety and health of the people
who are working in the industry and common people as
well. It has been scientifically proved that noise more
than 85 decibels can cause hearing impairment and
does not meet the standards set for healthy working
environment.
 Industrial Noise resulting to noise pollution has many
reasons such as industries being close to human
habitats which prevents the noise from decaying before
it reaches human ear.

11. OSHA’S PERMISSITIE NOISE EXPOSURE
LIMITS

12. Traffic noise

13. TRAFFIC NOISE
(ROAD)
 When all transportation noise is considered,
more than half of all European Union citizens
is estimated to live in zones that do not ensure
acoustical comfort to residents.
 At night, more than 30% are exposed to
equivalent sound pressure levels exceeding
55 dB(A), which are disturbing to sleep.

14. TRAFFIC NOISE SOURCES AND
PROPAGATION
 The following list provides information on the types of
transportation noise sources that will be part of a
roadway project, and describes the type of noise each
produces.
 Passenger Vehicles (cars):
 Noise emitted from 0 to 2 feet above roadway, primarily from
tire-roadway interface.
 This category includes normal passenger vehicles, small and
regular pickup trucks, small to mid-size sport utility vehicles,
mini- and full-size passenger vans.
 Typical noise levels for passenger vehicles are 72 to 74 dBA
at 55 mph at a distance of 50 feet.

15. • Medium Trucks (MT):
 Noise emitted from 2 to 5 feet above roadway, combined noise
from tire-roadway interface and engine exhaust noise.
 This category includes delivery vans, large sport utility vehicles
with knobby tires, large diesel engine trucks, some tow-trucks,
small to medium recreational motor homes and other larger
trucks with the exhaust located under the vehicle.
 Typical noise levels for medium trucks are 80 to 82 dBA at 55
mph at 50 feet.
• Heavy Trucks (HT):
 Noise emitted from 6 to 8 feet above the roadway surface,
combined noise sources includes tire-roadway interface, engine
noise, and exhaust stack noise.
 This category includes all log-haul tractor-trailers, dump trucks,
cement mixers, large transit buses, motor homes with exhaust
located at top of vehicle, and other vehicles with the exhaust
located above the vehicle.
 Typical noise levels for heavy trucks are 84 to 86 dBA at 55 mph
at 50 feet 2.

16. HINGAR LALU LINTAS
 Permukaan jalan
 Jenis jalan
 Kelembapan jalan
 Halaju kenderaan
 Nisbah laluan lori
 Kecerunan dan
persimpangan jalan
 Pembalikan pada
bangunan
FAKTORYANG
MEMPENGARUHI
KEBISINGAN
LALULINTAS

17. HINGAR LALU LINTAS
 Hingar yang paling teruk di jalan raya
adalah datang dari lori dan trak
besar.Kebiasaanya hingar trak
merangkumi semua jenis hingar lalu
lintas.
 Merekacipta kenderaan yang lebih
senyap
 Lalulintas dibina jauh dari tumpuan
penduduk dan kawasan perumahan.
 Membina dinding atau sawar yang
boleh menyerap bunyi.
HINGARLALU LINTAS
CARA UNTUKMENGURANGKAN
HINGARLALU LINTAS

18. a) PERMUKAAN JALAN DAN JENIS
JALAN
 JALAN YANG DIBUAT DARI KONKRIT
ADALAH LEBIH BISING DARI ASPAL.
 JALAN YANG BASAH LEBIH BISING
BERBANDING JALAN YANG KERING.

19. b) KELAJUAN KENDERAAN
 KENDERAAN YANG LAJU MENGHASILKAN
BUNYI YANG SEMAKIN MENINGKAT.
 KENDERAAN YANG ENJIN LAMA AKAN
MENGHASILKAN BUNYI YANG TINGGI.
 KAJIAN MENDAPATI BAHAWA SEMAKIN
LAJU KENDERAAN SEMAKIN KUAT BUNYI
BISING YANG DIHASILKAN DAN
BERTAMBAH DARJAH KEBISINGAN.

20. c) NISBAH LALUAN LORI
 JIKA TERDAPAT BANYAK LORI MAKA AKAN
BERTAMBAH BUNYI KEBISINGAN YANG
TERHASIL.
 INI KERANA LORI YANG MEMBAWA BEBAN
YANG BERAT AKAN MENEKAN MINYAK
UNTUK MENGGERAKKAN KENDERAAN DAN
IA AKAN MENJADIKAN BUNYI KUAT
TERHASIL.CONTOH SEPERTI LORI BALAK
DAN LORI AIS.
 LORI MEMPUNYAI SISI YANG TINGGI.

21. d) KECERUNAN DAN
PERSIMPANGAN JALAN
 KECERUNAN YANG TINGGI AKAN
AKIBATKAN BUNYI YANG KUAT TERHASIL.
 SEMAKIN TINGGI CERUN AKAN BERLAKU
SEMAKIN KUAT BUNYI BISING TERHASIL.
 PERSIMPANGAN JALAN YANG PUNYAI
LAMPU ISYARAT AKAN HASILKAN BUNYI
YANG KUAT KERANA KENDERAAN BERADA
DALAM STATIK.

22. e) PEMBALIKAN PADA BANGUNAN
 BUNYI YANG TERKENA PADA PERMUKAAN YANG
PADAT,IA AKAN TERMAMPAT KE PERMUKAAN
TERSEBUT.
 SEBABNYA SEMUA PERMUKAAN TIDAK MAMPU
MENYERAP SEMUA GELOMBANG BUNYI.
 OLEH ITU,PEMBALIKAN BERTENTANGAN KAN
BERLAKU.
 BANGUNAN YANG DIBINA DI KAWASAN LALULINTAS
AKAN TERDEDAH DENGAN PENGHASILAN BUNYI
YANG TINGGI.
 SELAIN ITU,ENJIN,KUASA ENJIN,TAYAR,SISTEM
PENYEJUKAN DAN EKZOS JUGA PENGARUHI BUNYI
BISING LALU LINTAS YANG TERHASIL DARIPADA
KENDERAAN.

23. HINGAR KAPAL TERBANG
 Kapal terbang yang berlepas dari
kawasan lapangan akan mengeluarkan
hingar yang teruk berpunca dari enjin
kapal terbang.
 Kawasan di sekitar lapangan terbang
akan mendapat kesan hingar yang teruk.
 Contoh keadaan ini di Malaysia adalah di
kawasan Lapangan Antarabangsa
Subang Jaya.
 Penduduk di sekitar kawasan lapangan
terbang akan mengalami kehilangan
pendengaran sementara akibat dari
aktiviti pelepasan kapal terbang.
P
E
N
G
E
N
A
L
A
N

24. HINGAR KAPAL TERBANG
 kekerapan pesawat berlepas.
 kelajuan enjin pesawat
 ketinggian pesawat terbang.
 waktu penerbangan.
FAKTOR
MEMPENG
ARUHI
HINGAR
KAPAL
TERBANG

25. AirTransportation Noise
• Airtransportation accounts for20% of total noise
emissions by transportation. As air transportation took a
growing importance in inter-city transportation and that
jet engines were predominantly used, noise emissions
have increased significantly to the point of becoming a
major concern near airports.

26.  Noise comes from the jet engine, the aerodynamic
friction and ground craft operations. Even if the turbofan
is the least noisy jet propulsion technology available,
aircrafts are an acute source of noise in several urban
areas. Noise from aircraft operation is known to have direct
impact on property values around airports. This effect
is distributed along major approach and take off lanes.
 The establishment of heavily used flight paths between
major cities creates noise corridors where ambient noise is
almost prevalent. This is particularly noted when those
corridors are over densely populated areas.

27. AIRTRAFFIC NOISE
(AEROPLANE)
GARPH FORGARPH FOR
AN AEROPLANEAN AEROPLANE
NOISENOISE

28. DIAGRAMAN AEROPLANENOISE

29. Rail Transportation Noise
• Rail accounts for 10% of total noise emissions by
transportation. Noise comes from the engine (mostly
diesel), the friction of wheels over the rails, and whistle
blowing. Furthermore, when trains are moving at high
speed, aeroacoustic (a branch of acoustics that studies
noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion
or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces)
noise becomes more important than other sources.
Depending of the train aerodynamics, noise emissions
are from 50 to 80 times the logarithm of train speed and
become significant at speeds higher than 200 km/hr.

30.  When rail / truck transshipment is involved, the
convergence of trucks towards rail yards provides an
additional source of noise related to rail transportation
activities.
 Around 3% of the population may be exposed to high noise
levels from rail transportation in OECD countries. The level
of exposure is obviously related to the importance
and location of rail transportation infrastructure. The most
important noise impacts of rail operations are in urban
areas where the majority transshipment functions are
performed. Furthermore, rail terminals are often located in
the central and high density areas of cities.

31. DOMESTIC NOISE
 Noise from neighbors is often one of the main
causes of noise complaints. These complaints
are largely due to the inconsiderate or
thoughtless use of powered domestic
appliances (vacuum cleaners, washing
machines, lawn mowers, etc.), systems for
music reproduction, TV sets, or hobby
activities. Substantial societal problems, more
infrequent but nonetheless important, are
caused by disturbing noise emanating from
neighbors and their social activities.

34. JIRAN

36. MUZIK

38. DIY (UBAHSUAI)

39. ALAT PENGGERA

40. HAIWAN PELIHARAAN
(ANJING)

41. BUNGA API

43. NOISE FROM LEISURE
ACTIVITIES
 The possibilities of using powered machines in
leisure activities are increasing all the time.
 For example, motor racing, off-road vehicles,
motorboats, water skiing, snowmobile

44.  Shooting activities not only have considerable
potential for disturbing nearby residents, but can
also damage the hearing of those taking part.
 Discotheques and rock concerts may exceed
hearing damage risk criteria for the musicians,
employees and the audience.

45. HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT
 The household equipments are amongst the
minor contributors to noise pollution.
 These machines include mixers, vacuum
cleaners and other noise creating equipments.
 The effects of noise pollution caused by these
machines shouldn't be neglected.
 This is because one has to work in close contact
with the equipments and the magnitude of
sound that one need to bear is high.

46. Ceremonies, Festivals and
Entertainment Events
 In many countries, there are regular ceremonies,
festivals and entertainment events to celebrate life
periods. Such events typically produce loud sounds,
including music and impulsive sounds.
 There is widespread concern about the effect of
loud music and impulsive sounds on young people
who frequently attend concerts, discotheques, video
arcades, cinemas, amusement parks and spectator
events.
 At these events, the sound level typically exceeds
100 dB. Such noise exposure could lead to
significant hearing impairment after frequent
attendances

47. OTHERS CAUSE
 The boilers, plumbing equipment, air
conditioners, generators and fans contribute
to noise pollution to some extent.
 Noise created by people in public places too
is a major contributor amongst different
sources.
 Loudspeakers used in public places are
responsible for creating noise of a high
degree/amplitude.