Its a ppts of Business research methid course how to design a research

1. Research Design
“(methods portion in a research
article shows the research design)”

2. Research design:
• Definition
• It is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis
of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy (ease) in procedure. Hence,
• ✓ Relevance of purpose ✓ Economy in procedure

3. Functions of research Design:
1. It identifies and develops a plan of procedure and tasks related to
logical arrangements required to complete the study e.g., logical
arrangements- permission from the company where you want to collect
your data. All procedures needed to collect data is logical arrangement
2. To ensure that these procedures are enough to get valid objective and
accurate answers to research questions

4. 1) Time horizon 2) Reference period 3) Additional study design
Cross sectional study design Retrospective study design Action research
Longitudinal design prospective study design case study
Time lagged study design Retrospective-prospective study design Trend analysis
Cohert studies
Panel study design
Blind study
Double blind study
4) Researcher interference 5)Contrieved vs non contrieved 6) Unit of analysis
Minimal interference Individual
Moderate interference Dyad
Extensive interference Group

5. Time horizon
• (Number of contacts with respondents)
1. Cross-sectional study design
• A study can be done in which data is gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days, or weeks or months in order to
answer a research question
• These are also called one-shot or status studies
• Advantages: ✓ Only one contact with the study population, so they are cheap to undertake and easy to analyze •
Disadvantage: ✓ They cannot measure change
2. Longitudinal study design • Sometimes the researcher wants to study people or phenomenon at more than one point
in time in order to answer the research question • Example: if we want to study employee behavior before and after a
change in top management in order to know the effects of change • In longitudinal study all study variables are measured
at multiple points in time • The time interval between the time-waves is not fixed, so their length may vary from study to
study
• Advantage: ✓ It allows to measure pattern of change
• Disadvantage ✓ The respondent who is contacted frequently, they begin to know what is expected of them and may
respond without thought or they may lose interest in the inquiry
3. Time-lagged design • Time period for different variables at different times in a temporal manner • All the variables are
not tapped at all time waves
• Example ✓ IV and moderators at first stage are measured at time1
✓ The mediator and moderator at second stage are tapped at time2
✓ And the DV are measured at time3
✓ The demographic variables are also usually measured at time1
IV-------------------mediator------------------DV
mod1 mod 2

6. 4-RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE
• • It means either the study is conducted in natural environment with minimum interference by the
researcher or the researcher tries to manipulate certain variables in order to see the effect of
manipulation on the dependent variable of interest
• a. Minimal Interference
• When the researcher collects data, for instance, through a questionnaire to get information about a
variable, the researcher didn’t interfere with the normal activities of the organization • In this case,
researcher interference is minimal
• b. Moderate interference
• When measuring the effect of a certain variable on a DV, we manipulate that specific variable deliberately
for some time and then at the end of that period measure the level of DV. In this case the interference is
moderate
• • Example: if there are two groups and the effect of emotional support on stress is measured, group1 gets
more emotional support deliberately and group2 gets less emotional support and a 3rd group gets no
emotional support. It indicates moderate interference.
• c. Excessive interference
• • Sometimes there are other external factors which influence the relationship between two variables and
the researcher wants to control such factor/variables
• • Example: there are three groups of nurses with same stressful tasks. One is getting no support; one is
getting less support and one is getting more support. All of these groups are put into separate wards, they
are taken away from their normal environment and put in a different setting. Hence, interference is
maximum with normal setting and their duties.

7. Additional study design
1. Action research
• It is not a study design in itself, but it is done to identify the areas of concerns; and it develops and test
alternatives, experiments with new approaches with the main goal of improvement and changes
2. Case Study
All of the data relevant to case is gathered and organized which allows for deep analysis of some specific
deals often overlooked by other methods
3. Trend Analysis
Mapping a change over a period • It enables to find out what has happened in the past, what is
happening now in the current situation, and what is likely to happen in the future • It is used in
forecasting
4. Cohort Studies • It is based on the existence of the common characteristics in the sub-group of a
population • Example: year of birth; year of graduation • It can be longitudinal or cross-sectional • It is
not important for the required information is collected from the same respondent • But it is important for
the respondent to belong to the same cohort.
5. Panel Study Design • Trend, cohort and panel are similar except that the panel study are longitudinal;
prospective information is collected from the same respondent; whereas in trend and cohort study,
information can be collected retrospectively and cross-sectional • Example: we collect data of house-hold
expenditure. It will keep collecting the same information from the family over a period of time
6. Blind Study • The study population does not know whether it is taking a real or fake treatment • It is a
kind of an experimental design to study effectiveness of drugs
7. Double-blind Study • It eliminates the researchers bias, neither the researcher nor the study
participant knows who is receiving real or who is receiving fake treatment

8. 2-REFERENCE PERIOD:
• It refers to the time-frame in which a study is exploring a phenomenon, problem, issue, events.
Types of Reference Period:
1. Retrospective Study Design
It investigates the phenomenon, problem, issue, situation that has happened in the past • It is usually
conducted on the basis of data available for the period or respondents recall of the situation .
2. Prospective Study Design
It refers to the likely occurrence of the phenomenon, problem, situation attitude, and outcome in the
future
Example: the effect of parental involvement on the level of academic achievement of students
3. Retrospective-Prospective Study Design
It studies the past trend in a phenomenon and study it into the future
A part of data is collected retrospectively form existing records before some intervention is introduced
and
Then we study the population to see the effect of intervention

9. Contrieved Vs non contrieved
When research is done in normal environment, there the work proceeds
normally. It is non-contrived setting
On the other hand, the research when done in artificial setting, it is called
contrived

10. -UNIT OF ANALYSIS
a. Individual
When the researcher in interested in individual employees in the
organization, then the unit of analysis is individual
b. Dyad
If he is interested in studying two-person interactions in several 2-person
groups, it is called dyads
c. Group
If the individuals are aggregated into few groups to see the group
effectiveness or do comparisons between groups, then the unit of analysis is
groups