Wellness and Health Tourism in a Biosphere Reserve – Itaipu Lakeside Natural Therapeutic Factors (Parana/Brazil)

1. Wellness and Health Tourism in a Biosphere Reserve –
Itaipu Lakeside Natural Therapeutic Factors (Parana/Brazil)
F. T. Lazzerini, Postdoc.
OMTh (World Hydrothermal Organization), Levico Terme, Italy.
alath2014@gmail.com
III Simposio Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida (SCTV-2019)/ III International Symposium
on Thermalism and Quality of Life. Campus da Auga, Ourense, Spain, 2019.
“FACTORES NATURALES TERAPEUTICOS PARA EL BIEN ESTAR Y TURISMO DE SALUD
EN LA RESERVA DE BIOSFERA DEL LAGO DE ITAIPU (PARANA/BRA)”

2. Keywords: biosphere reserve (BR), hydropower dam reservoir, Atlantic forest,
waterfront, bioclimate, blue/green space, Itaipu lake, wellness/health tourism, blue
health, natural therapeutic factors (NTF), wetland, forest bath medicine, negative air
ions (NAI), forest bath medicine, therapeutic landscapes, climate therapy, SPA
experience.
Abstract
This study demonstrates the potential occurrence of NTF at the Itaipu lakeside new
BR, to the wellness and health tourism possible sustainable applications; specially
indicated to the SPA climatotherapy in the blue/green spaces of lake beachs nearby
preserved vegetation.

3. The Atlantic Forest is an UNESCO recognized Biosphere Reserve (BR)
since 1991, and the Itaipu reservoir region, was included in this same
concept as a Paraguayan BR, since 2017. Recently, last July 2019, by
agreement between MAB Programme/UNESCO and RBMA network; it
was decided to classify as BR core zones the Brazilian Itaipu dam
margins, with Atlantic Forest ciliary preserved, already, by the
hydroelectric power plant.

4. BR ZONATION (UNESCO-MAB, 2015)
. Core zone
The role of the core area is to protect biological diversity, monitoring minimally disturbed ecosystems, and
undertaking non-destructive research and other low-impact uses (such as education). In addition to its
conservation function, the core area contributes to a range of ecosystem services. Employment opportunities
can also complement conservation goals (e.g. environmental education, research, environmental rehabilitation
and conservation measures, recreation and eco-tourism).
. Buffer zone
The buffer zone surrounds or adjoins the core areas, and is used for cooperative activities compatible with
sound ecological practices, including environmental education, recreation, ecotourism, and applied and basic
research. They also have an important connectivity function in a larger spatial context as they connect
biodiversity components within core areas with those in transition areas.
. Transitional Zone
Transition area with a central function in sustainable development which may contain a variety of agricultural
activities, settlements and other uses and in which local communities, management agencies, scientists, non-
governmental organizations, cultural groups, economic interests and other stakeholders work together to
manage and sustainably develop the area's resources.

6. (Ribeiro Filho, 2006).

7. O reservatório da Itaipu, com 1.350 km² de área inundada, é o sétimo maior do Brasil, mas dispõe do melhor índice de
aproveitamento da água para produzir energia entre os grandes reservatórios brasileiros. Na Itaipu, o índice de produção é de
10,4 MW por km² (ou seja, a cada 0,1 km² de área alagada pode gerar 1 MW).

8. (Ribeiro Filho, 2006).

9. The artificial dam lakes are proper to touristic attractions because their uses for leisure, boating, fishing, swimming,
bathing, nautic sports, walking around the water shore or through vegetation nearby, and others aquatic
entertainment.
They have a favorable location in an area that has morphological, environmental, aesthetic and a variety of landforms.

10. Análises areias praias Lindeiras (mg/kg)
(Belo et al., 2010)
1 Marechal Cândido Rondon (Praia de Porto Mendes)
2 Entre Rios do Oeste
3 Santa Helena (Balneário)
4 Santa Helena (Porto Internacional)
5 Foz do Iguaçu (Praia Três Lagoas)
6 Santa Terezinha de Itaipu
7 São Miguel do Iguaçu (Balneário Ipiranga)
8 Itaipulândia (Praia Jacutinga)
9 Missal.

12. O aproveitamento turístico sustentável e a melhora da qualidade de vida regional costumam ser objetivos almejados
em projetos de usinas hidrelétricas (Branche, 2015). Dentre os diversos serviços, muitos estão relacionados com
aproveitamentos de seus reservatórios, como lagos artificiais e entornos (Naithani & Saha, 2019).
Demonstration projects concerning the sustainable development of lake and wetland areas, considering the
important role tourism plays in many of them, are key activities. Living Lakes offers constant exchange of
experience and information and fosters the international co-operation in sustainable lake tourism development and
promoting the value of lakes and wetlands. Living Lakes Network is a worldwide lake partnership created and co-
ordinated by the Global Nature Fund (GNF). GNF is a non-profit, private, independent international foundation for
the protection of environment and nature.
Inland fresh waters (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, ponds, rivers) compose a large portion of the land surface.
These water bodies have unique characteristics in albedo, heat capacity, and roughness; and they behave differently
from surrounding lands in terms of exchanges of radiation, energy, water vapour, and trace gases between the
surface and the overlying atmosphere. Previous studies suggest that inland water bodies can exert significant
influences on climate in regions where they are abundant and important (Zhang, 2012).

13. This potential Transboundary BR, has similar occurrences, where lakes and surrounding
lands are used to recreation, tourism, wellness and health sustainable applications; e.g.,
Indawgyi Lake/MYA (BR), Spreewald Wetland/GER (BR), Techirghiol Lake/ROM
(natural heritage), Ourmieh Lake/IRA (BR), Lake Balaton/HUN (transboundary tourism
region), Pearl River Delta reservoirs area/CHI (blue-green infrastructures), Tehri
dam/IND (tourism natural landscape region to therapeutic dimensions), Neouvielle and
Encantats hydroelectric power dams/Pyrenees (transboundary natural heritage), Lake
Elton/RUS (BR), Colibița Lake Resort/ROM.

14. (Dodds, 2010)
In order to keep and maintain happy visitors, a healthy and
safe beach and swimming experience is of key importance.
Beach visitors were asked to rate their level of satisfaction with
the water clarity/cleanliness, water quality (referring to the
level of algae), cleanliness of the beach, lifeguards and beach
patrols.
There are statistically significant relationships between
visitors satisfaction ratings for all of beach amenities and
health and safety characteristics and their overall
satisfaction ratings, however, the extent of those
relationships is strongest for beach cleanliness, water
clarity, water quality, washrooms/change rooms,
designated swimming areas and boardwalks.

16. The SHARE concept also gives
guidance (Branche, 2017).

17. (Ho & Goethals, 2019).
The summary of the contributions of lakes and reservoirs to support the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

18. SDG 1: No poverty = Lakes and reservoirs can generate income via goods (drinking water, fisheries and food
production) and services (tourism) and help to avoid costs via flood control.
SDG 3: Good health and well-being = Lakes offer many recreational activities such as swimming, angling, boat
trips and surfing.
SDG 4: Quality education = Clean water access via lakes and reservoirs increases the chance for better
education of children.
SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation = Lakes and reservoirs are key freshwater resources for high quality drinking
and irrigation water.
SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth = Lakes and reservoirs offer directly (fisheries, energy sector) and
indirectly (agriculture, tourism success of several cities) a diversity of jobs.
SDG 10: Reduced inequalities = Lakes and reservoirs can be a source of drinking water, food and income for the
poorest citizens.
SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities = Many cities depend on lakes and reservoirs for drinking water,
food and attractive tourism.
SDG 13: Climate action = Lakes and reservoirs can act as balancing components to deal with extreme
temperature and precipitation peaks.

19. Tipos de atrações turísticas
naturais nas regiões
brasileiras (em percentuais)
de acordo com a Embratur,
1997.

20. Being also, elements that diversify the physiognomy of the landscape and reveal a
complex margin effect, capitalized by means of recreational tourism. Some wellness lake
features: natural sense experience, feel relaxation and comfort; these components are
activities to spirit, mind, and self-development; healthy promoting facilities; quality
cuisine and accommodation; advanced treatments to the external beauty; and tailormade
movement/fitness services.

21. (Racasan et al., 2016)

22. Escala Restaurativa, Preferencia e Familiaridade para cada tipo de
Paisagem (Berto, 2001)

24. Correlations between Satisfaction with Amenities and Overall Beach Satisfaction
If used responsibly and maintained in a sustainable manner, tourism
based around beach areas can be a force for positive growth and
economic success. Tourism has great importance and economic
impact for people and areas near lakes. Lake tourism is defined as a
recreational activity (or activities) that involve travel away from
one's place of residence and which have as their host or focus the
water environment (Miller, 1990). Lake areas are one of the most
valuable tourism attractions because of their vivid natural
landscape, high quality environment and cultural features (Zhou &
Lin, 2003; Bahar & Kozak, 2008). Boating, swimming, relaxation
or sunbathing have been identified as the main purposes of visits to
beaches. Tourism may become a more important component of
local economic development strategies in areas where other sectors
such as manufacturing or agriculture have seen an employment. For
example, in some areas of the Great Lakes, recreation and tourism
are becoming an increasingly important part of the economy,
surpassing manufacturing and other activities (The Great Lakes: An
Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, 1995).

25. Concept of lake tourism (Tuohino, 2015)

26. The fundamental pillars of the Lake Wellness concept, can include various elements:
_ Spirit, mind and self development: relaxing excursions in the forest and lacustrine environment.
_ Health: Nordic walking around the water shores or through forests, traditional and preventative
Treatments.
_ Healthy cuisine: local raw materials and clear water fish.
_ Inner and external beauty: Finnish sauna, peat sauna treatment.
_ Relaxation and comfort: swimming in the lake, Finnish sauna experience, baths in hot water barrel, relaxation
near open fire.
_ Tailor-made, movement/fitness: guided tours in and on the lake, kick sledding or trip skating on the ice of the
lake.
Nordic Wellbeing is typically oriented towards nature and outdoor recreation combined with
healthy gastronomy and cleanliness of air, landscape and water (Tuohino 2008). Northern seas are usually too cold to
be used extensively in health tourism, although the concept of Lake Wellness is currently being developed in Finland
(Tuohino and Kangas 2009).
Approaches to Health and Wellness
Northern Europe
Landscape-based tourism (e.g., fjords, lakes, forests)
Active outdoor recreation (e.g., Nordic walking)
Healthy gastronomy based on fresh fish, berries, rye and oats
Saunas
Cold water treatments (e.g., Lake Wellness)
Geothermal hydrotherapy
Protestant simplicity

27. Functional-Psychological and Attribute-Holistic Components with potential influence
on the formation of Lake-Destinations Areas (Rodrigues et al., 2015)

28. BlueHealth conceptual framework: an influence diagram describing the causal chain between drivers and impacts under
investigation in the BlueHealth project (Grellier et al., 2017).

29. The blue health and lakeside health resort concepts can be analyzed using
a set of distinguish dimensions:
(i) object of strong emotions, memories or images;
(ii) direct physical sensations, perceptions or preferences;
(iii) therapeutic landscape perspectives through experienced, symbolic, social and activity
space. These effects include enhanced contemplation, emotional bonding, participation, and
physical activity; and
(iv) SPA complementary alternative integrative medicine (CAIM), substantiated at natural
therapeutic factors (NTF), like resources - waters, groundwaters, sand bath, mud, plants,
algae, microorganisms, gases, negative air ions (NAI); or like environments - climate
atmosphere, wetland geomorphology, sun bath, air bath, green/blue spaces.
To the human uses, microclimate with peculiar properties such as large lake surrounding
area, where some bioclimate have unique characteristics in albedo, heat capacity, and
roughness. They behave differently from proximal lands in terms of exchanges of radiation,
energy, water vapor, and trace gases between the surface and the overlying atmosphere;
specially at the forest edge near to the water reservoir landscape.

30. The water bodies have unique characteristics in albedo, heat capacity, and roughness; and they
behave differently from surrounding lands in terms of exchanges of radiation, energy, water vapour,
and trace gases between the surface and the overlying atmosphere.
A lake can be a landscape, an object of strong emotions, memories or images, a holiday experience
construed through the company of tourists, or a functional environment for various activities. By the
Lake Wellness model, the following four images were found:
(i) cognitive and affective images of lakes created through beliefs and feelings,
(ii) beliefs about the lake as a destination and about the products offered,
(iii)familiarity with a lake as a destination, and
(iv)a lake as a source of products.

31. Preferences for waterscapes were studied as a function of content categories, viewing time and six
predictor variables: spaciousness, texture, coherence, complexity, mystery, and identifiability.
Benefits for health and well-being clearly related to blue space can be identified with regard to:
perception and preference, landscape design, emotions, restoration and recreation.
Although we found many similarities, some health-enhancing effects for users turned out to be
prominent for urban blue in the four conceptual therapeutic landscape dimensions: experienced,
symbolic, social and activity space.
These effects include enhanced contemplation, emotional bonding, participation, and physical
activity.

32. NTF
• 1. Therapeutic Landscape (Blue/Green Space)
• 2. Climate Therapy
• 3. Sand Bath (Psammotherapy)
• 4. Hydrotherapy
• 5. Forest Bath Medicine
• 6. Negative Air Ions (NAI)
• 7. Mudtherapy
• 8. Lake Wellness

35. Summary of the effects of green and blue spaces on the physical, mental, and social
wellbeing of older adults (Finlay et al., 2015).

36. Climate therapy is one of the of curative and prophylactic procedures. It utilise specific
features of atmosphere that stimulate various systems of an organism (thermoregulatory, circulatory,
respiratory, immune etc.). Four types of procedures can be applied (Kozlowska-Szczesna et al.
2004):
(a) Heliotherapy named also sun baths – it uses solar radiation as treatment factor.
(b) Aerotherapy (air baths) uses thermal, hygric and mechanical features of climate to stimulate
physiological processes in an organism.
(c) Kinesitherapy (moving therapy) uses various forms of physical activity indoors for stimulation
of physiological processes.
(d) Thalassotherapy uses combine effect of climatic factors, sea aerosols and sea sands in
therapeutic procedures.
The aim of the present paper is to discuss principles of research dealing with evaluation of
bioclimatic potential of health resorts from the point of view of health tourism and spa therapy.

37. The lowest number of cold, very cold, hot and sultry days
were noted at the forest edge with the close proximity of
water reservoir than to the open terrain surrounding, which
was linked to higher actual pressure of water vapour and its
mitigating effect on thermal extremes (Draganska et al.,
2016).

38. (Németh, 2013)
Lake Balaton as a bathing place, despite of the fact that the region offers more and more tourism
products. The beach tourism and other lakeside activities are highly dependent on weather and
climate.
The meteorological station is located right at the lakeside, thus it is ideal for tourism climatology.
The frequency of sunny days (according to the criteria) is favourable in terms of waterside tourism.
The CTIS diagrams confirm the empirical fact that the climate of Lake Balaton is appropriate for
lakeside tourism and other outdoor activities in the warmer half of the year.
The Mieczkowski's TCI index shows that the Lake Balaton Region's climate potential is favourable.
The region has a positive climate for the lakeside tourism and other outdoor activities, especially in
summer.

39. Conclusions
These observations and field bioclimate measures, at 4 Itaipu Lake
beachs (Fig. 1), agress with literature review about positive
bioactivities on the regional NTF occurences in similar others
green/blues spaces; to the wellness/health tourism synergy nearby a
BR.

40. Missal
NAI:500/cm3
NAIgreen:900cm3
RH:62%
T:24oC
NAI:200/cm3
NAIgreen:400cm3
RH:69%
T:21oC
NAI:300/cm3
NAIgreen:1100cm3
RH:42%
T:31oC
NAI:400/cm3
NAIgreen:1000cm3
RH:51%
T:28oC
NAI: -air ions beach
NAIgreen:-air ions forest
RH:relative humidity
T:air temperature
LEGEND
Itaipu Lake

44. PLACE NAI/cm3 NAI/cm3 REF.
Resort-Tourist Complex of Bazaleti Lake/GEO
3345 (beach lake) 2405 (300m lake)
(Bliadze et al., 2015)
Coast Lake Inder/KAZ 1340
(Efimenko et al., 2018)
Yansai Lake/CHI 3000-10000 (Li et al., 2010)
Greenbelts of Guangzhou/CHI 426-3367 (Zeng et al., 2007)
Beijing/CHI 200-8000 (Wang et al., 2004)
Sovata Lake Resort/ROM (summer) 530
(Teodoreanu & Bunescu, 2009)
Water bodies at green belts, Fourth Ring Road, Beijing/CHI 510 (Zhu et al., 2017)
Urban woodlands, near water body, Camberra/AUS 424 (Ling, 2010)
Ganapatipule/Ramanandnagar, Maharashtra/IND 380 (coast) 620 (rural wetland) (Pawar et al., 2012)
Near shore River Khobistskali, Mukhuri/GEO
1160
(Amiranashvili et al., 2015)
Itaipu Lake Beach, Santa Helena/BRA 500 900 (near forest)
Itaipu Lake Beach, MIssal/BRA 200 400 (near forest)
Itaipu Lake Beach, Itaipulandia/BRA 300 1100 (near forest)
Itaipu Lake Beach, Sanata Therezinha de Itaipu/BRA 400 1000 (near forest)

45. https://weather-and-climate.com

47. Las reservas de biosfera (RB) son zonas compuestas por ecosistemas terrestres, marinos y costeros donde se
combinan la diversidad biológica con la riqueza cultural. Además, prestan importantes servicios ecosistémicos
tales como de provisión (agrodiversidad, agua, etc), de regulación (clima, calidad del agua, control de erosión),
culturales (turismo y recreación) y de soporte (suelos, producción primaria).

48. Faria et al., 2016
The normal temperatures in the areas surrounding of the Itaipu reservoir are between 25 and 27 °C
(Iapar 1994),
Wagner-Riddle et al. (2015) found that there was no difference in the air temperature with
increasing distance from the shoreline of the Itaipu reservoir.

49. Reports in the scientific literature on large water bodies (Sanderson 2004 and Awange and
Osienala, 2006) or even small artificially created reservoirs (Klaić and Kvakić 2014) indicated that
these water bodies can affect the microclimate of adjacent areas, thus altering the weather conditions
throughout the day. The different thermodynamic characteristics between land and water results in a
thermal gradient that promotes circulation of air masses by lake breezes, which mainly alter air
temperature and humidity (Crosman and Horel 2010) and affect crop growth at the neighboring sites
(Sanderson 2004).

50. The Itaipu reservoir was artificially formed in 1982 and has a total area of 1350 km2, storage volume
of 29 × 109 m3, length of 170 km, and mean width of 7 km. The area 10 km around the lake border is
147,676 ha, in which 96,967 ha are occupied by agricultural crops, mostly soybean cultivated during
the Brazilian spring-summer in succession with the winter corn crop. The reservoir is located in the
Western region in Paraná State.

51. Hydropower is currently the largest renewable power generation source in the world (1085
GW installed, 3200 TWh/year). It accounts for 16% of the total electricity generated
worldwide [2], or 76% of all electricity renewables.
Multipurpose hydropower reservoirs are designed and/or operated to provide services beyond electricity
generation, such as water supply, flood and drought management, irrigation, navigation, fisheries,
environmental services, and recreational activities, etc. While these objectives (renewable and power services,
water quantity management, ecosystem services, economic growth and local livelihoods) can conflict at times,
they are also often complementary. Only 25% of large dams in the world have hydropower as one of their
purposes (single or multipurpose reservoirs).

52. Previous analyses performed with a mesoscale climate simulation model called NH-TVM indicated
that the Itaipu reservoir is capable of inducing and maintaining lake breeze circulation (Stivari et
al. 2003) and causing reduced amplitudes of the air temperature up to 5 km away from the shoreline
(Stivari et al. 2005). In another study that tested if the spatial behavior of the air temperature is
affected by distance from the Itaipu reservoir, Wagner-Riddle et al. (2015) analyzed a data series of
air temperature and wind speed and direction measured in seven transects in a 10-km-wide area for
3 years. The results obtained by Wagner-Riddle et al. (2015) are inconsistent with the conclusions of
Stivari et al. (2003, 2005) because differences in temperature along with distance from the reservoir
were not observed, and these authors also observed a weak or nonexistent lake breeze that has a low
potential to alter the daily thermal amplitude. They suggested that intensive latent heat flux
associated with soybean evapotranspiration would induce lower sensible heat fluxes than required
for strong lake breeze development. In addition, Wagner-Riddle et al. (2015) argued also that the
small width (∼7 km) of the water body, together with the presence of the 200-m vegetative strip with
a tall canopy of large aerodynamic roughness length, would also be detrimental for lake breeze
development as the frictional drag works to diminish the development of horizontal pressure
gradients associated with lake breezes.

53. Earth has over 117 million lakes with a surface larger than 2000 m2(Verpoorter et al., 2014). These lakes are of
major importance for ecosystem services like drinking water, food and human health (Paerl and Otten, 2013).
Environmental pressures such as eutrophication, global warming, land use change and overexploitation affect
lake ecosystems and endanger the provision of these ecosystem services (Raworth, 2017; Rockström et al.,
2009). As a consequence of these pressures, algal blooms are becoming increasingly frequent and severe (Paerl
and Huisman, 2009).

56. Natural lakes and artificial reservoirs cover only approximately five million km2 of the earth’s
surface; hence, 3.7% of the Earth’s non-glaciated land surface has long been considered as a
minor component of the biosphere. Moreover, recent studies proved the crucial roles of lakes in
global biogeochemical cycles as well as the sustainability of human society as a main source of
freshwater for human consumption [18]. A recente lake inventory by Verpoorter, Kutser, Seekell
and Tranvik [16] showed that there are approximately 117 million lakes and reservoirs on
Earth, larger than 0.002 km2. These lakes and reservoirs serve as a water resource for irrigation,
industrial applications, fisheries, and hydroelectricity generation.
A rapid increase in the number of hydropower reservoirs has gone up to 50,000 large dams
which can
store up to 8300 km3, approximately 10% of total natural water lakes on Earth [19,20]. Apart
from
these supporting, provisioning, and regulating services, lakes, and reservoirs also provide
high values
of cultural ecosystem services, i.e., recreational, cultural, educational services (Ho &
Goethals, 2019).

57. (Ho & Goethals, 2019).
The 5Ps concept in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The
5Ps concept includes People (Goals 1–5), Planet (Goals 6, 12–15),
Prosperity (Goals 7–11), Peace (Goal 16), and Partnership(Goals 17)

58. Global Reservoir and Dam database (GRanD). As of early 2011, GRanD contains
information regarding 6862 dams and their associated reservoirs, with a total storage
capacity of 6197 km3. On the basis of these records, we estimate that about 16.7 million
reservoirs larger than 0.01 ha – with a combined storage capacity of approximately 8070
km3 – may exist worldwide, increasing Earth's terrestrial surface water area by more
than 305 000 km2. (Lehner et al., 2011)
with the globally estimated 50 000 large reservoirs.
Brazil = #Dams 179. Total storage capacity (Km3): 530.3
(Shi et al., 2019).
Number of large dams (2010) = 32,473
624 in Brazil

60. Lakes and other inland water bodies occupy approximately 4.6 × 106 km2, or 4%,
of the land surface of the earth (Downing et al. 2006). Owing to their high heat
capacity and low albedo, lakes as heat buffers have significant impacts on local and
regional weather and climate (Hostetler et al. 1994; Bonan 1995; Lofgren
1997; Krinner 2003; Long et al. 2007; Samuelsson et al. 2010; Subin et al. 2012a).
During early winter and late spring, storm formations are frequently enhanced in the
areas downwind of midlatitude lakes under conditions of high surface evaporation
and strong air instability (Zhao et al. 2012). Lakes are aerodynamically much
smoother than land surfaces; this water–land discontinuity contributes to variations
of the atmospheric flow over the landscape (Samuelsson and Tjernström
2001; Törnblom et al. 2007). In addition, lakes play an important role in the global
carbon cycle, acting as sources of greenhouse gases through biogeochemical
processes of carbon redistribution and mineralization (Cole et al. 2007; Battin et al.
2009; Downing et al. 2008; Tranvik et al. 2009).

61. Short-term seasonal forecasting is also critical for the tourism sector as holidaymakers are mainly
choosing their destination, time of travel and activities according to expected weather patterns and
climate variables.
The Copernicus Climate Change Service commissioned Marseille-based TEC Conseil to develop by
March 2019 an operational user-driven climate information system for intermediaries, tourism
companies, policy makers and other users, based on information from the Climate Data Store. It will
provide various critical indicators and indexes such as the Holiday Climate Index (HCI) combining
temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover and wind, or the Lake Water Surface
Temperature (LSWT), to help the tourism industry shape marketing strategies, plan future investments
in the context of a changing climate and inform the selection and planning of events.
In addition to the Lake Surface Temperature Index, the Holiday Climate Index (HCI) is a more
complete meteorologically based index of climatic suitability for tourism activities combining
temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover and wind. The Holiday Climate Index can
help shape long-term marketing strategies and plan future investments under a changing climate. In
combination with seasonal forecasts, the index can also help shape short-term marketing strategies
and inform about the appropriateness of future conditions for a range of activities, and consequently
to assist with forward planning, for example, of start and finish of season, promotional campaigns,
event scheduling, staffing levels, etc.

62. Lakes are important to the human survival and socio-economic well-being, specially trought tourism
development. Characteristics of de shores and the bottom, accessible beachs with white sand, located among
forest (green space) or natural beautiful landscape. Blue flag. Solinskie/POL and Tisza/HUN artificial reservoirs
lake tourism. In France, these kind areas are called “rural poles of development” and regarded as a symbol of
progress (Duda-Gromada et al., 2010) .

64. Norms of various climate components in Polish health resorts (due to Polish legislation acts)
Blazejczyk, 2009

65. (Draganska et al., 2016)
The range of the stimulatory effect on human well-being by temperature was determined based on
changes in the average night temperature and the amplitude of the daily air temperature.
Stimulating humidity conditions were determined by comparing the relative humidity to a reference
value associated with a moist feeling and calculating the number of humid days (s ≥18.8 mbar).
The largest number of sultry days was observed at the measurement point located at the
forest edge in the close proximity of the lake, which was linked to higher actual
pressure of water vapour in the area surrounding water reservoir.
The lowest number of cold, very cold, hot and sultry days were noted at the forest
edge with the close proximity of water reservoir, whilst the highest number of such
days was observed at the open terrain. Sultry days were more commonly noticed in
the close proximity of the lake and less often in the forest.

66. Spas can be classified according to hypsometry lowland (located on the territory with an average
absolute altitude up to 200 m above sea level)(Przybylka, 2014).

67. Conceptual model outlining hypothesised pathways between natural environmental type and
quality and general health. Area socioeconomic and urban/rural status are considered both as
potential confounders and effect modifiers. Adapted from Hartig et al. (2014)

68. Sovata's fame comes from its salt lakes, particularly the sun heated Lake Ursu/ROM. Lakes
sorrounded by forests, a pleasant atmosphere and climate, along with clean mountain air make
Sovata a perfect destination for health and leisure tourism. The sun heated waters and mud from
the lakes are used to treat rheumatic, peripheral, gynecological, and nervous system disorders, as
well as for patient recovery.”
Lake Ursu, whose waters are heated by the sun, is the only one of its kind in Europe.

70. A microrregião está na zona climática subtropical úmida quente, como denominada por
Maack esta é característica por ter um verão quente, onde as temperaturas são superiores
a 22ºC no verão e com mais de 30 mm de chuva no mês mais seco.
Esta “lei complementar” que estabelece os critérios para a classificação de um município
em Estância foi publicada apenas em 1971 (nº. 10.426 de 08/12/1971, regulamentada pelo
decreto nº. 20 de 13/07/1972).
- Estância Climática: Constitui requisito mínimo para a criação de Estância Climática, a
existência, no município, de posto meteorológico em funcionamento ininterrupto durante
pelo menos três anos, cujos resultados médios se enquadrem dentro das seguintes
características:
I - temperatura média das mínimas no verão, até 20ºC; 19 A 21 (18,6)
II - temperatura média das máximas no verão, até 25ºC; 24 A 25 (superior a 22)
III - temperatura média das mínimas, no inverno, até 18ºC; 14 A 16 (inferior a 18)
IV - umidade relativa média, anual, até 60%, admitida a variação para menos de 10% do
resultado obtido no local; =75 a 80%
V - número anual de horas de insolação superior a duas mil. = 5,5 x 365 = 2007,5

71. The Lake Balaton’s potential brand values in the five-stage brand pyramid model
(Sulyok & Michalkó, 2015)

72. Hungarian waterside destinations’ (Lake Balaton’s) consumer-based brand
equity (number of responses) (Sulyok & Michalkó, 2015)

74. Global distribution (by country) of large reservoirs in GRanD database

75. Global distribution (by country) of large reservoirs in GRanD database

77. 1. Terminal Turístico Três Lagoas, Foz do Iguaçu
2. Terminal Turístico Alvorada de Itaipu, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu
3. Balneário de Ipiranga, São Miguel do Iguaçu
4. Terminal Turístico Vila Natal, Missal
5. Terminal Turístico Jacutinga, Itaipulândia
6. Parque de Lazer e Turismo Nei Braga, Santa Helena
7. Parque de Lazer Entre Rios do Oeste, Entre Rios do Oeste
8. Parque de Lazer Annita Wanderer, Marechal Cândido Rondon

78. praias de Foz do Iguaçu, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu, São
Miguel do Iguaçu, Itaipulândia, Missal, Santa Helena,
Entre Rios do Oeste e Marechal Cândido Rondon

79. Corredores turísticos, caminho das águas da costa oeste paranaense
The average water volume and depth of the reservoir are 20 billion m3 and 21.5 m, respectively. The
water
residence time is approximately 40 days with an average velocity surface of 0.6 m s-1. The climate is
subtropical with an average annual temperature of 21 _C (range 4–40 _C). In the study area, reservoir
banks exhibit riparian vegetation, i.e., the fruit of reforestation formed by groups of rapidly growing native
trees. The main environmental impacts observed in Itaipu Lake are the result of agricultural activities,
such as erosion and consequent sediment concentrations in river water; contamination of soil, water,
and people by pesticides; accumulation of wastewater from livestock rivers causing eutrophication;
deforestation for pastures and crops, including riverbanks; and discharge of plumbing, urban, and
industrial sewage into rivers without proper pretreatment (Itaipu Binacional 2012). Sediment samples
were collected from nine points along Itaipu Lake (Fig. 1; Table 2). These spots are tourist areas known
as the ‘‘artificial beaches’’ of Lake Itaipu. These beaches were built to provide sun-bathing to thousands
of tourists that frequent Lake Itaipu.

80. Volume no nível máximo normal (m³) 29 x 109
Volume útil (m³) 19 x 109
Extensão (km) 170
Largura Máxima (km) 12
Largura Média (km) 7
Superfície (km²)
Nível normal 1.350
Nível máximo de cheia 1.561
Nível mínimo excepcional 459
Nível de jusante (m)
Normal 104,00
Máximo 142,15
Mínimo 92,00
Profundidade maxima (m) 170
Profundidade media (m) 22
Nível de montante (m)
Normal 220,30
Máximo de cheias 223,10
Mínimo excepcional 197,00
Queda bruta (m)
Máxima 128,00
Mínima 84,00
Queda nominal (m) 118,40