epherites II :horis Kmt. c Dynasty XXX: Ca. 378—341 B.C.E. itive Kemetic Dynasty :ctanebo I capital at Tjebnutjer (Sebennytos). Os er of Macedon defeats the Persian Army at ti wasion and occupation of Kmt under Alexa XX)I: 323—30 B.C.I. Ic Dy’ asty I (S4r) ia beqomes the Kemetic administrative capit: (Famius African Scholar-Priest) writes a Hist he di.’ides the Kemetic royal families into d 11 (Phladelphus) opens ports at Arsinoe, My ‘ian Tvuseum and Library founded. nes (Celebrated African Scholar and the First y charts the earth’s circjmference and writes III (Euergetes) [V (Phulopator) tta Stone (A bilingual V (Epiphanes) VI (Philometor) VII (Neos Philopator) Viii (Euergetes II) LX (Soter II) (Alexander I) U (Alexander II) ‘set and Na-nefer-ka-ptah and Khaemwaset a (11 (Neos Dionysos) VII commits suicide. Caesar claims Kmt as a province of the Rom e Battle of Issus. der of Macedon in ry ofEg)’pt (Aegvptia ‘nasties. s Hormos and Bereni Librarian at Alexandi e Canon of the Kings ctanebo II defeated by Persians under Ataxerxes Ill in 343 B.C.E. Egypt Rev lied 22 a) e. a) of E. d his son Si-Osiri wiit rn Empire in 30 B.C.L I. decree of Ptolemy IV)Iinscribed in 196 B.C OF GODS AND MEN: EGYPT’S OLD KINGDOM Wayne B. Chandler And, I say unto you, that through the inspirational writings of him who is my word unto the nations, shot! tlte land of Khem be caused to give forth those secrets to mankind which 1 shall cause to be hidden there . . Osiris, The Book of Truth In this chapter! hope to demonstrate that the origin of the civilization ofEgypt (Khem) was black African, specifically Ethiopian or Anti. In order to understand the progression of events which I hope wilt lead us to the revision of Egypt’s history, I wilt give an overview of archaeology in Egypt. In orderfor the reader to fully appreciate the achievements of Egyptian civilization, I will summarize the notable accomplishments of the early Egyptians. For centuries, countries too numerous to mention have competed for the right to lay c)aim to Egypt, the birthplace of science, philosophy, art, and yes, the very genesis of civilization as we know it. Those origins which have become most popular over the centuries are India, Sumeria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. Ironically, with the advent of the archaeologist, the historical perspectives be came even more confusing. For this pioneering school, trying to solve the ar chaic mysteries of this culture became more a cause of frustration than a source of adventure. Too often were archaeologists confronted with pieces of a puzzle that did not seem to fit. In what finally became an historical frenzy to make sense of data accumulated from temple, tomb, and terrain, archaeologists committed the cardinal sin of sanding square pegs so they might fit into round holes. Personal bias and racial prejudice prevented most of these scientists, many of whom were great scholars, from seeing the obvious—that Egypt was born a ...

1. epherites II
:horis
Kmt.
c Dynasty XXX: Ca. 378—341 B.C.E.
itive Kemetic Dynasty
:ctanebo I
capital at Tjebnutjer (Sebennytos).
Os
er of Macedon defeats the Persian Army at ti
wasion and occupation of Kmt under Alexa
XX)I: 323—30 B.C.I.
Ic Dy’ asty
I (S4r)
ia beqomes the Kemetic administrative capit:
(Famius African Scholar-Priest) writes a Hist
he di.’ides the Kemetic royal families into d
11 (Phladelphus) opens ports at Arsinoe, My
‘ian Tvuseum and Library founded.
nes (Celebrated African Scholar and the First
y charts the earth’s circjmference and writes
III (Euergetes)
[V (Phulopator)
tta Stone (A bilingual
V (Epiphanes)
VI (Philometor)
VII (Neos Philopator)

2. Viii (Euergetes II)
LX (Soter II)
(Alexander I)
U (Alexander II)
‘set and Na-nefer-ka-ptah and Khaemwaset a
(11 (Neos Dionysos)
VII commits suicide.
Caesar claims Kmt as a province of the Rom
e Battle of Issus.
der of Macedon in
ry ofEg)’pt (Aegvptia
‘nasties.
s Hormos and Bereni
Librarian at Alexandi
e Canon of the Kings
ctanebo II defeated by Persians under Ataxerxes Ill in 343
B.C.E.
Egypt Rev lied
22
a)
e.
a)
of
E.

3. d his son Si-Osiri wiit
rn Empire in 30 B.C.L
I.
decree of Ptolemy IV)Iinscribed in 196 B.C
OF GODS AND MEN:
EGYPT’S OLD KINGDOM
Wayne B. Chandler
And, I say unto you, that through the inspirational writings
of him who is my word unto the nations, shot! tlte land of
Khem be caused to give forth those secrets to mankind
which 1 shall cause to be hidden there . .
Osiris, The Book of Truth
In this chapter! hope to demonstrate that the origin of the
civilization ofEgypt
(Khem) was black African, specifically Ethiopian or Anti. In
order to understand
the progression of events which I hope wilt lead us to the
revision of Egypt’s
history, I wilt give an overview of archaeology in Egypt. In
orderfor the reader
to fully appreciate the achievements of Egyptian civilization, I
will summarize
the notable accomplishments of the early Egyptians.

4. For centuries, countries too numerous to mention have
competed for the right
to lay c)aim to Egypt, the birthplace of science, philosophy, art,
and yes, the
very genesis of civilization as we know it. Those origins which
have become
most popular over the centuries are India, Sumeria,
Mesopotamia, and Arabia.
Ironically, with the advent of the archaeologist, the historical
perspectives be
came even more confusing. For this pioneering school, trying to
solve the ar
chaic mysteries of this culture became more a cause of
frustration than a source
of adventure. Too often were archaeologists confronted with
pieces of a puzzle
that did not seem to fit. In what finally became an historical
frenzy to make sense
of data accumulated from temple, tomb, and terrain,
archaeologists committed
the cardinal sin of sanding square pegs so they might fit into
round holes.
Personal bias and racial prejudice prevented most of these
scientists, many of

5. whom were great scholars, from seeing the obvious—that Egypt
was born and
culturally nurtured from the very womb of Africa herself! In the
words of Chiekh
Anta Diop, “. . . The history of Black Africa will remain
suspended in air and
cannot be written correctly until African historians dare to
connect it with the
history of Egypt.”2
The 1900’s ushered in a new era of archaeological exploration,
for the first
time since the inception of Egyptology several historians began
to paint a more
117I
an
d
hi
st
or
ia
n,
w
ro
te
of
th
es

6. e
ta
bl
et
s:
“U
nt
il
w
e
ha
ve
m
or
e
ev
id
en
ce
of
a
de
fin
ite
ch
ar
ac
te
ro
n
th
e
ge
ne
ra

7. lf
ac
ts
of
Eg
yp
tia
n
hi
st
or
y,
an
d
a
m
or
e
ac
cu
ra
te
m
ea
ns
fo
r
fin
di
ng
th
e
da
te
of

8. th
e
st
ar
tin
g
po
in
to
fE
gy
pt
ia
n
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n,
w
e
sh
al
lh
av
e
to
be
co
nt
en
tw
ith

9. a
sy
st
em
of
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
w
hi
ch
co
nt
ai
ns
se
ve
ra
l
ga
ps
an
d
a
se
rie
s
of
m
in
im

10. um
da
te
s
fo
r
th
e
gr
ea
te
r
nu
m
be
r
of
th
e
re
ig
ns
of
th
e
ki
ng
s,
fo
r
th
e
be
gi
n-

11. fli
ng
of
w
hi
ch
an
ex
ac
t
da
te
ca
nn
ot
be
as
si
gn
ed
.”
3
Eg
yp
io
lo
gi
st
R
og
er
M
oo

12. re
y
po
in
ts
ou
th
is
di
ff
ic
ul
ty
in
de
vi
sin
g
Eg
yp
t’s
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
.
“E
ls
ew
he
re
in
W

13. es
te
rn
A
sia
pr
eh
is
to
ric
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
is
la
rg
el
y
ba
se
d
on
th
e
an
al
ys
is
of
th

14. e
la
ye
rs
of
de
br
is
fro
m
su
cc
es
si
ve
se
ttl
em
en
ts
in
on
e
pl
ac
e
(s
tra
tig
ra
ph
y)
w
hi

15. ch
ha
ve
fo
rm
ed
a
m
ou
nd
or
te
ll.
Th
es
e
ar
e
vi
rtu
al
ly
ab
se
nt
in
Eg
yp
t.”
4
H
en
ce

16. th
e
em
ph
as
is
on
ta
bl
et
s
an
d
ru
le
r
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
.
Tr
ad
iti
on
al
ly
,
th
e
ke
y
to
es

17. ta
bl
is
hi
ng
th
e
ap
pr
ox
im
at
e
ag
e
of
Eg
yp
t
ha
s
be
en
to
re
co
ns
tru
ct
th
e
ch
ro

18. no
lo
gy
of
he
r
ki
ng
s.
H
ow
ev
er
,
th
is
ha
s
pr
ov
ed
to
be
a
fr
us
tra
tin
g
an
d
im

19. po
ss
ib
le
ta
sk
.
Th
e
m
os
t
co
m
pl
et
e
lis
t
of
ki
ng
s
kn
ow
n
ap
pe
ar
ed
in
th
e
Ro
ya

20. l
Pa
py
ru
s
of
Tu
rin
,
w
hi
ch
as
si
gn
ed
in
or
de
r
of
dy
na
st
y
th
e
na
m
es
of
ov
er

21. 13
0
ki
ng
s.
U
nf
or
tu
na
te
ly
,
w
he
n
it
w
as
sh
ip
pe
d
to
Tu
rin
in
th
e
ea
rly
ni

22. ne
te
en
th
ce
nt
ur
y,
it
di
si
nt
eg
ra
te
d
in
to
th
ou
sa
nd
s
of
tin
y
pi
ec
es
.
A
re
co
ns

23. tru
ct
io
n
w
as
at
te
m
pt
ed
in
18
26
by
a
lin
gu
is
t
na
m
ed
Se
yf
fa
rth
,
bu
t
hi
s
kn

24. ow
le
dg
e
of
hi
er
at
ic
ch
ar
ac
te
rs
w
as
ve
ry
lim
ite
d
an
d
hi
s
ef
fo
rts
ha
ve
be
en
de
em
ed

25. w
or
th
le
ss
.C
ur
re
nt
op
in
io
n
m
ai
nt
ai
ns
th
at
th
e
m
os
ti
m
po
rta
nt
sin
gl
e
do
cu
m

26. en
to
fa
ll
ha
s
be
en
gi
ve
n
to
us
by
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
n
Pr
ie
st
M
an
et
ho
,
w
hi
ch
en
co
m
pa

27. ss
es
bo
th
pr
eh
is
to
ry
an
d
th
e
dy
na
st
ic
pe
rio
d.
In
it,
M
an
et
ho
na
m
ed
ov
er
a
hu
nd
re

28. d
ki
ng
s
an
d
di
vi
de
d
th
em
in
to
th
irt
y
dy
na
st
ie
s;
th
is
sy
st
em
is
sti
ll
em
pl
oy
ed

29. to
th
is
da
y.
Th
e
m
ai
n
dr
aw
ba
ck
of
th
is
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
is
th
at
it
ha
s
co
m
e
do
w
n

30. to
us
by
w
or
d
of
m
ou
th
.
Th
e
tw
o
m
os
t
co
m
pl
et
e
ve
rs
io
ns
of
hi
s
lis
t
ar
e

31. th
os
e
qu
ot
ed
by
Ju
liu
s
A
fr
ic
an
us
an
d
by
Eu
se
bi
us
.
M
uc
h
to
ou
r
de
sp
ai
r
th

32. es
e
tw
o
lis
ts
di
ff
er
in
th
e
ar
ra
ng
em
en
t
of
th
e
dy
na
sti
es
,
th
e
le
ng
th
s
of
th

33. e
re
ig
ns
of
th
e
ki
ng
s
an
d
in
th
e
nu
m
be
r
of
ki
ng
s
as
sig
ne
d
to
th
e
di
ff
er
en

34. t
dy
na
st
ie
s.
A
cc
or
di
ng
to
Ju
liu
s
A
fr
ic
an
us
,
56
1
ki
ng
s
re
ig
ne
d
fo
r
ap
pr

35. ox
im
at
el
y
5,
52
4
ye
ar
s
in
to
ta
l.
Eu
se
bi
us
,
on
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd
,
sta
te
s
36
1

36. ki
ng
s
ru
le
d
in
4,
78
0
ye
ar
s.
B
ud
ge
sta
te
s
th
at
of
th
e
tw
o
ve
rs
io
ns
Ju
liu
s
A
fri

37. ca
nu
s
is
“c
le
ar
ly
th
e
m
or
e
ac
cu
ra
te
of
th
e
tw
o”
.T
he
bi
tin
g
iro
ny
in
all
of
th
is

38. is
th
at
m
an
y
of
ou
r
to
p
sc
ho
la
rs
in
th
e
fie
ld
fe
el
th
at
M
an
et
ho
’s
w
or
k
as
ha
nd
ed

39. do
wn
to
us
is
sh
or
t
of
us
el
es
s,
ye
tM
an
et
ho
‘s
sc
he
m
e
of
th
irt
y
dy
na
sti
es

40. is
sti
ll
e,n
pl
oy
ed
!
Th
is
pr
ob
le
m
of
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
is
fu
rth
er
co
m
po
un
de
d
by

41. th
e
pr
es
en
ce
of
tw
o
i
m
aj
or
er
as
kn
ow
n
as
Eg
yp
t’s
‘‘d
ar
k
er
as
”.
Th
es
e
pe
rio
ds

42. ex
ist
ed
on
ei
th
er
sid
e
of
th
e
M
id
dl
e
K
in
gd
om
an
d
ar
e
tra
di
tio
na
lly
ca
lle
d
th

43. e
fir
st
an
d
se
co
nd
In
te
rm
e
di
at
e
Pe
rio
ds
.
Ja
m
es
H
en
ry
B
re
as
te
d,
fa
m
ed
Eg
yp

44. tio
gi
st
an
d
hi
st
or
ia
n,
sa
ys
of
th
es
e
pe
rio
ds
:
“t
t
w
as
a
pe
rio
d
of
su
ch
w
ea
kn
es

45. s
an
d
di
so
rg
an
iz
at
io
n
th
at
ne
ith
er
ki
ng
no
r
no
bl
e
w
as
ab
le
to
er
ec
t
m
on
um
en

46. ta
l
w
or
ks
w
hi
ch
m
ig
ht
ha
ve
su
rv
iv
ed
to
tel
l
us
so
m
et
hi
ng
of
th
e
tim
e.
H
ow
lo

47. ng
th
is
un
ha
pp
y
co
nd
iti
on
m
ay
ha
ve
co
nt
in
ue
d
it
is
no
w
qu
ite
im
po
ss
ib
le
to
de

48. te
rm
in
e.
”5
Th
es
e
re
m
ar
ks
by
Br
ea
ste
d
C
ha
nd
le
r
1]
9
cc
ur
at
e
ac
co
un
t
of

49. Eg
yp
t’s
hi
st
or
ic
al
re
co
r
ai
nt
ed
pe
rc
ep
tio
ns
w
hi
ch
w
er
e
ch
ar
ac
te
ris
tic
rs
w
ith

50. st
oo
d
a
ba
rr
ag
e
of
ve
he
m
en
t
cr
iti
ci
,
vi
th
bl
ac
k
A
fr
ic
a.
Th
e
de
ba
te
s
th
at

51. w
er
e
w
ag
w
o
fa
ct
io
ns
at
tra
ct
ed
th
e
at
te
nt
io
n
of
th
e
fe
es
id
in
g
in
th
e

52. U
.S
.
W
ith
fre
sh
hi
st
or
ic
al
pe
rs
j
).
I-
ou
st
on
,
W
.E
.3
.
D
uB
oi
s,
an
d
J.A
.
R
of

53. at
is
tn
),
in
iti
at
ed
a
vi
itu
al
re
vi
si
on
of
bl
ac
k
As
1 E
gy
pt
ol
og
y
fo
rg
ed
ah
ea
d

54. in
to
th
e
m
id
-I
ie
ld
’
le
ad
in
g
sc
ho
la
rs
w
as
th
at
Eg
yp
t’s
or
ig
i
n
ab
un
da
nc
e

55. of
ne
w
in
fo
rm
at
io
n
w
hi
ch
re
io
ns
,
th
ei
r
m
in
ds
re
m
ai
ne
d
he
rm
et
ic
al
ly
se
al

56. te
s
t4
th
e
pr
es
en
t
da
y.
To
da
y,
as
on
e
ex
am
in
m
e
ci
an
no
t
he
lp
bu
t
se
e
th
e

57. fu
nd
am
en
ta
l
ii
vh
ic
lj
ab
ou
nd
in
th
is
fie
ld
.
It
is
un
fo
rtu
na
te
io
n
rg
ar
di
ng

58. Eg
yp
t
is
lb
ia
se
d,
ve
ry
co
ns
er
va
4a
ga
in
e
pr
in
te
d
a
re
ve
al
in
g
ar
tic
le
on
th
e

59. va
s
as
ke
d
ab
ou
t
th
e
th
ou
sa
nd
s
of
ar
tif
ac
ts
ho
na
tte
r-
of
-f
ac
tly
no
te
d
th
at

60. th
ey
ha
d
co
lle
ct
ed
ite
ra
lly
re
w
rit
e
hi
st
or
y.
A
s
st
ud
en
ts
of
Eg
yp
ti
;ta
nd
in
g

61. at
a
hi
st
or
ic
al
cr
os
s-
ro
ad
:
on
e
ro
ad
‘o
lu
te
d,
a
ro
ad
tu
rn
ed
in
to
a
de
ad

62. -e
nd
by
a
)r
es
en
t
or
ou
r
fu
tu
re
;
th
e
ot
he
r
ro
ad
w
id
e
op
e
ie
w
pe
rs
pe
ct

63. iv
es
an
d
di
sc
ov
er
ie
s.
ta
te
m
en
t
of
Pu
rp
os
e
In
th
e
ne
xt
se
ve
ra
l
pa
ge
s
w
e

64. w
ill
ex
am
in
e
ew
pe
rs
pe
ct
iv
es
.
W
e
w
il]
co
ns
id
er
th
e
co
rr
e
)r
ig
in
of
Eg
yp
t,

65. an
d
th
e
id
en
tit
y
of
th
e
fir
st
E
ne
n
w
ho
liv
ed
be
fo
re
th
e
fir
st
dy
na
st
y,
w
ho
h

66. vh
o
be
ca
m
e
le
ge
nd
s.
Th
ei
r
ac
hi
ev
em
en
ts
in
oi
nt
s
of
di
sc
us
si
on
.
Fi
na
lly
,
w

67. e
w
ill
ex
pl
or
e
[.
T
he
C
hr
on
ol
og
y
of
Eg
yp
t
Th
e
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
of
th
ei
“O
ld
K

68. in
gd
om
”
is
by
‘e
ri
od
s
of
Eg
yp
t.
H
ow
ol
d
is
it
re
al
ly
?
Th
e
ci
is
po
sa
al
l
ha

69. ve
ce
rta
in
an
d
de
fin
ite
lim
ita
tio
n:
a
vi
ab
le
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
.
Th
e
m
os
t
im
po
rta
nt
of
K

70. ar
na
kl
th
e
Ta
bl
et
of
A
by
do
s,
th
e
Ta
bl
e
of
Sa
q
:h
ro
no
lg
y
of
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
n
Pr
ie

71. st
,
M
an
et
ho
.
g
y
p
Re
vi
sit
ed
Le
av
in
g
be
hi
nd
th
e;
th
e
ra
ci
al
ly
of

72. th
e
l8
00
’s
,
th
es
e
e
id
ite
ex
pl
or
m
as
th
ey
da
re
d
to
c
nn
ec
t
Eg
yp
t
‘U
in
th
e

73. ea
rly
19
00
’s
ët
w
ee
n
th
es
e
/
ou
ts
ta
nd
in
g
bl
ac
k
h
st
or
ia
ns
th
en
ec
tiv

74. es
, i
nd
iv
id
ua
ls
su
h
as
D
n;
sjl
ja
er
s
(th
e
fa
th
er
of
an
t
op
ho
to
jo
ur
hi
st
or
y

75. th
e
w
or
ld
ov
e
90
0’
s,
th
e
ge
ne
ra
l
co
n
en
su
s
of
the
w
as
sti
ll
Eu
ro
-A
sj
at
j

76. .E
ve
n
wi
th
ea
te
dl
y
co
nt
ra
di
ct
ed
he
ir
C
O
fl
V
iC
d.
Th
is
sta
te
of
co
nf
ts
io
n

77. co
nt
in
s
th
e
cu
rr
en
t
sta
te
of
Eg
yp
to
lo
gy
zo
ns
is
te
nc
ie
s
an
d
pr
co
un
d
vo
id
s

78. ta
t
m
os
t
of
th
e
av
ai
la
le
in
fo
rm
a
iv
e,
an
d
in
su
ff
ic
ie
nt
.
19
84
Ge
o
rit

79. is
h
M
us
eu
m
.
W
he
ti
th
e
cu
ra
to
r
se
d
in
th
e
m
us
eu
m
’s
as
em
en
t
he
en
ou
gh

80. m
at
er
ia
l
ov
er
th
e
ye
ar
s
to
fl
hi
st
or
y,
w
e
no
w
fii
td
ou
rs
el
ve
s
ie
ll
tra
ve
le

81. d,
a1
th
ou
g
ve
ry
co
n
in
d-
se
t
th
at
ha
s
no
pl
ac
e
in
ou
r
w
ith
th
e
ex
hi
la
ra
tjn

82. pr
om
is
e
of
rit
ic
al
is
su
es
in
th
e
Ii
h
t
of
th
es
e
:t
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
of
E
gy
t,

83. th
e
tru
e
yp
tia
ns
.
W
e
w
ill
al
so
]o
ok
at
th
e
te
r
be
ca
m
e
go
ds
,
an
d
m
en
af

84. te
r,
he
ar
ts
an
d
sc
ie
nc
es
vi
ll
all
be
he
cr
ea
tio
n
of
th
e
py
im
id
s.
fa
rt
he
m
os
t p

85. er
pl
ex
i
g
of
all
th
e
)c
um
en
ts
w
hi
ch
w
e
la
ve
at
ou
r
w
hi
ch
ha
m
pe
r
th

86. e
es
tib
]is
hm
en
t
he
se
do
cu
m
en
ts
ar
e
tIe
Ta
bl
et
of
ar
a,
th
e
Pa
py
ru
s
of
T
ui
n

87. an
d
th
e
al
lis
B
ud
ge
,
no
te
d
E
yp
to
lo
gj
st
12
0
Eg
yp
t R
ev
isi
ted
Ch
an
dl

88. er
12
1
in
di
ca
te
th
e
po
ss
ib
ili
ty
th
at
th
es
e
pe
rio
ds
m
ay
ha
ve
sp
an
ne
d
se
ve
ra
l

89. ce
nt
ur
ie
s.
If
th
is
is
in
de
ed
th
e
ca
se
it
w
ou
ld
pu
sh
th
e
Py
ra
m
id
A
ge
an
d
th
e
ag

90. e
of
Eg
yp
tp
ro
pe
r
in
to
a
m
or
e
re
m
ot
e
an
tiq
ui
ty
.
C
he
ik
h
A
nt
a
D
io
p,
eg

91. yp
to
lo
gi
st
,
lin
gu
is
t,
ph
ys
ic
is
t,
an
d
hi
st
or
ia
n,
al
lo
w
s
10
,0
00
ye
ar
s
fo
r
th

92. e
cy
cl
e
of
Eg
yp
tia
n
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n.
H
is
lo
gi
c
is
pu
re
an
d
si
m
pl
e
an
d
ha
rd
to
re

93. fu
te
.
Th
e
Eg
yp
tia
n
ca
le
nd
ar
w
as
ba
se
d
on
th
e
cy
cl
e
of
th
e
st
at
Si
riu
s
w
ho

94. se
ris
e
co
in
ci
de
s
w
ith
th
e
su
n
ev
er
y
1,
46
1
ye
ar
s.
N
ow
an
y
as
tro
no
m
er
Jw
ill

95. ve
rif
y
th
e
fa
ct
th
at
it
ta
ke
s
th
ou
sa
nd
s
of
ye
ar
s
to
stu
dy
th
e
st
el
la
r
m
ov
em
en
t

96. J
of
ce
le
st
ia
l
bo
di
es
be
fo
re
on
e
m
ay
ac
qu
ire
in
fo
rm
at
io
n
ac
cu
ra
te
en
ou
gh

97. to
de
ve
lo
pe
a
ca
le
nd
ar
.
D
r.
D
io
p
sa
ys
,
an
d
Iq
uo
te
:
“T
hi
s
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n

98. ca
lle
d
Eg
yp
tia
n
in
ou
r
pe
rio
d
de
ve
lo
pe
d
fo
r
a
lo
ng
tim
e
in
its
ea
rly
cr
ad
le

99. .
.
.
Th
is
cy
cl
e
of
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n,
th
e
lo
ng
es
t
in
hi
st
or
y,
pr
es
um
ab
ly
la
ste
d

100. 10
,0
00
ye
ar
s.
Th
is
is
a
re
as
on
ab
le
co
m
pr
om
is
e
be
tw
ee
n
th
e
lo
ng
ch
ro
no
lo
gy

101. (b
as
ed
on
da
ta
pr
ov
id
ed
by
M
an
et
ho
[w
hi
ch
]
pl
ac
es
th
e
be
gi
nn
in
g
at
17
,0

102. 00
B
.C
.)
an
d
th
e
sh
or
t
‘N
hr
on
o1
og
y
[3
10
0
B
.C
.]
of
th
e
m
od
er
ns
—
fo
r
th
e

103. ta
tte
r
ar
e
ob
lig
ed
to
ad
m
it
th
at
,
ly
42
45
B
.C
. t
he
Eg
yp
tia
ns
ha
d
al
re
ad
y
in
ve
nt

104. ed
th
e
ca
le
nd
ar
(w
hi
ch
ne
ce
ss
ar
ily
Je
qu
ir
es
th
e
pa
ss
ag
es
of
th
ou
sa
nd
s
of
ye
ar
s)

105. .”
6
Th
us
,
if
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
ha
d
th
e
ca
le
nd
ar
in
42
45
B
.C
.
an
d
it
to
ok
th
e
pa

106. ss
ag
e
of
se
ve
ra
l
th
ou
sa
nd
ye
ar
s
to
am
as
s
en
ou
gh
da
ta
to
cr
ea
te
it,
th
en
it
is

107. on
ly
ra
tio
na
l
th
at
w
e
ad
he
re
to
th
e
lo
gi
c
of
Pr
of
es
so
r
D
io
p.
D
io
p
go
es
on

108. to
sa
y,
“T
he
of
fic
ia
l
da
te
,
ad
op
te
d
un
til
no
w
fo
r
no
sp
ec
ia
l
re
as
on
w
av
er
s
be

109. tw
ee
n
31
00
B
.C
.
an
d
30
00
B
.C
.
In
ac
tu
al
fa
ct
,
th
e
ch
oi
ce
of
31
00
B
.C
.
re
su

110. lts
fro
m
no
ne
ce
ss
ity
bu
t t
ha
to
f s
yn
ch
ro
ni
zi
ng
Eg
yp
tia
n
a
nd
M
es
op
ot
am
ia
n
ch

111. ro
no
lo
gy
.”
7
C
on
tin
ui
ng
,
D
io
p
go
es
on
to
po
in
to
ut
,
“T
he
Z)
m
ot
iv
at
in
g
id

112. ea
is
to
su
cc
ee
d
in
ex
pl
ai
ni
ng
Eg
yp
t
by
M
es
op
ot
am
ia
,
th
at
is,
by
W
es
te
rn
A

113. si
a,
th
e
or
ig
in
al
ha
bi
ta
to
fI
nd
o-
Eu
ro
pe
an
s.
Th
e
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
of
V
ik
to
r
bh
ri
st

114. ia
n,
w
ho
re
lie
s
on
K
ug
le
r’
s
as
tro
no
m
ic
al
ca
lc
ul
at
io
ns
,d
at
es
th
e
st
ar
to
ft
he

115. fir
st
U
r
dy
na
st
y
be
tw
ee
n
26
00
an
d
25
80
,
[B
.C
]
w
hi
ch
w
ou
ld
th
us
al
so
be
th

116. e
pe
rio
d
of
th
e
so
-c
al
le
d
‘ro
ya
l’
to
m
bs
”.
8
Th
er
ef
or
e
th
e
fix
ed
da
te
of
M
es
op

117. ot
a
m
ia
n
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n
at
31
00
B
.C
.
is
in
co
rr
ec
ta
nd
pu
rp
os
el
y
m
is
le
ad
in
g.

118. In
es
se
nc
e
w
ha
ti
s
be
in
g
st
at
ed
he
re
is
th
at
th
is
in
fo
rm
at
io
n
im
pl
ie
s
a
m
uc

119. h
gr
ea
te
ra
nt
iq
ui
ty
th
an
th
e
po
or
fe
w
th
ou
sa
nd
ye
ar
s
ac
co
rd
ed
Eg
yp
t
by
th
e
w

120. or
ld
’s
Eg
yp
to
lo
gi
st
s.
W
ha
t
of
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
th
em
se
lv
es
?
H
ow
di
d
th
ey
pe
rc

121. ei
ve
th
ei
r
ow
n
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
?
W
he
n
H
er
od
ot
us
w
as
in
Eg
yp
t
in
th
e
fif
th
ce

122. nt
ur
y
B
.C
.,
he
w
as
in
fo
rm
ed
of
Eg
yp
t’s
gr
ea
ta
nt
iq
ui
ty
.T
he
“f
at
he
r
of
H
is
to
ry

123. ”
w
as
to
ld
th
at
th
e
fir
st
m
an
to
ru
le
Eg
yp
t
w
as
M
m
,
w
ho
liv
ed
so
to
ng
ag

124. o
th
at
Eg
yp
t
w
as
sti
ll
un
de
r
w
at
er
:
“i
n
(M
m
’s
)
tim
e
th
e
w
ho
le
co
un
try
,
ex

125. ce
pt
th
e
di
st
ric
t
ar
ou
nd
Th
eb
es
,
w
as
m
ar
sh
,n
on
e
of
th
e
La
nd
be
lo
w
La
ke
M
oe

126. ris
,w
as
th
en
sh
ow
in
g
ab
ov
e
w
at
er
.
To
th
is
pl
ac
e
fro
m
th
e
se
a
[N
ow
]
is
se
ve
n

127. da
ys
pa
ss
ag
e
up
th
e
riv
er
La
te
r
So
lo
n,
en
ro
ut
e
fro
m
G
re
ec
e,
ha
pp
en
ed
up
on

128. an
Eg
yp
tia
n
pr
ie
st
of
Sa
is.
Tr
yi
ng
to
en
ga
ge
hi
m
in
an
hi
st
or
ic
al
de
ba
te
th
e
pr
ie
st

129. an
sw
er
ed
th
us
,
“Y
ou
G
re
ek
s
ar
e
no
vi
ce
s
in
al
l
kn
ow
le
dg
e
of
an
tiq
ui
ty
.
Yo
u

130. ar
e
ig
no
ra
nt
of
w
ha
t
pa
ss
ed
he
re
or
am
on
g
yo
ur
se
lv
es
in
th
e
da
ys
of
ol
d.

131. Th
e
hi
st
or
y
of
ei
gh
t-t
ho
us
an
d
ye
ar
s
is
de
po
si
te
d
in
ou
sa
cr
ed
bo
ok
s,
bu
t
wc

132. te
ll
yo
u
w
ha
to
tr
fa
th
er
s
ha
ve
do
ne
f
tu
tio
ns
,
th
ei
r
i4
vs
,
an
d
th
ei
r
br
ill

133. ia
n
od
or
us
’
so
ur
ce
s.1
w
hi
ch
co
rr
ob
or
at
e
th
m
ig
ra
te
in
to
Eg
yp
tw
hi
le
so
m
e

134. of
it
w
th
is
co
un
try
w
a
or
ig
in
al
ly
un
de
r
w
at
as
it
flo
w
ed
fr
m
Et
hi
op
ia
,
ha

135. d
fin
a
co
nt
in
en
t.”
Ti
je
re
is
am
pl
e
ev
id
en
ce
w
hi
le
th
e
re
st
jf
th
e
co
nt
in
en

136. t
w
as
Eg
yp
tia
ns
be
ga
to
bu
ild
as
th
e
w
at
el
H
er
od
ot
us
,
a
w
e
ha
ve
al
re
ad

137. y
sa
id
th
is
tim
e,
an
d
rc
or
de
d
hi
s
ow
n
co
nc
l
ga
ve
m
e
th
is
aC
ou
nt
of
Eg
yp
t,

138. bu
t
IT
th
ey
sa
id
.
.
.
N
w
it
is
m
y
be
lie
ft
ha
t
In
su
pp
or
t
he
nt
ed
“I

139. ha
ve
ob
se
rv
e
pr
oj
ec
ts
in
to
th
9
se
a
be
yo
nd
th
e
co
as
t
hi
lls
an
d
no
tic
e
ho
w

140. sa
lt
ex
ud
es
fro
r
ev
en
th
e
py
ra
m
i
hi
ll
ab
ov
e
M
em
ne
ig
hb
or
in
g
co
u
w
ou

141. ld
ex
pe
ct
of
Th
ot
h
(H
er
m
es
).
“t
he
w
av
es
of
v
M
od
er
n
sc
ie
n
G
et
zi
ng
er

142. pr
od
u
.sh
el
ls
at
a
ce
rta
in
le
ve
l
qu
ite
ab
ov
e
th
e
e.
Dr
.
R.
Re
nn
et
an
A
m
er
ic

143. an
ge
ol
og
is
t
ur
at
io
n
an
d
co
m
po
si
tio
n
of
th
e
lo
w
la
nd
s
e
se
a
on
ce
w
as
he

144. d
th
e
ba
se
of
th
e
ro
ck
s
pr
es
en
t
ba
se
of
w
hi
ch
is
re
ac
he
d
by
tle
io
n
se
ve
nt

145. y
or
ei
gh
ty
fe
et
ab
ov
e
th
e
ca
n
as
ce
nd
to
m
uc
h
hi
gh
er
an
tiq
ui
ty
an
d
it
ni

146. ne
-th
ou
sa
nd
ye
ar
s
I
m
ea
n
th
ei
r
in
si
A
cc
or
di
ng
to
d
i
se
of
H
er
od
ot
us
,

147. th
e
Et
hi
op
ia
ns
be
ga
n
o
is
sti
ll
un
de
rw
at
er
:
“T
he
y
ev
en
al
le
ge
th
t
r,
bu
t
th

148. at
th
e
N
ile
,
dr
ag
gi
ng
m
uc
h
m
td
ly
fil
le
d
it
in
an
d
m
ad
e
it
a
pa
rt
of
th
e

149. th
at
th
e
M
ed
ite
rr
an
ea
n
sti
ll
co
ve
re
d
Eg
yp
t
Ire
ad
y
dr
y,
an
d
th
at
th
e
fir
st
of
th

150. e
n&
w
s
re
ce
de
d.
w
as
to
ld
th
at
th
e
fir
st
ru
le
r
Mm
liv
ed
at
isi
on
:
“1
no
to
nl

151. y
be
lie
ve
th
e
pe
op
le
w
lo
y
ow
n
co
nc
lu
si
on
s
st
ro
ng
ly
su
pp
or
t
w
ha
t
gy
pt

152. w
as
or
ig
in
al
ly
an
ar
m
of
th
e
t2
I f
or
m
ys
el
f
th
at
Eg
yp
t
at
th
e
N
ile
D
el
ta

153. in
ei
th
er
sid
e;
Ih
av
e
se
en
se
a
sh
el
ls
on
th
e
th
e
so
il
to
su
ch
an
ex
te
nt
th
at

154. it
af
fe
ct
s
ha
t
th
e
on
ly
hi
lt
w
he
re
th
er
e
is
sa
nd
is
th
e
of
Eg
yp
t
do
es
no

155. t
re
se
m
bl
e
th
at
of
th
e
a,
or
ev
en
of
Sy
ria
.
.
.
bu
ti
sb
la
ck
as
on
e
M
or
e

156. ev
id
en
ce
co
m
es
fro
m
th
e
bo
ok
s
of
py
ra
m
id
s
as
st
an
di
ng
up
on
th
e
se
a-
sh
or
e,

157. le
ss
fu
ry
ag
ai
ns
t
its
ba
se
.”
de
nt
w
rit
er
s.
A
n
ar
ch
ae
ol
og
is
t,
D
r.
H
.
hs
of
on

158. e
of
th
e
sid
es
of
th
e
G
re
at
P
yr
[s;
Ih
av
e
no
tic
ed
to
o,
hi
s,
an
d
th
at
th
e
so
i

159. Itr
y
of
A
ra
bi
a,
or
Li
bj
an
al
lu
vi
al
so
il
It
de
sc
rib
es
on
e
of
thi
hi
ch
da
sh
ed
in

160. po
w
el
Li
sts
co
nf
irm
th
es
e
a
:e
d
st
ar
tli
ng
ph
ot
og
r
am
id
re
ve
al
in
g
he
in

161. cr
us
ta
tio
n
of
se
a
pr
es
en
t
le
ve
l
of
he
ba
se
of
th
e
str
uc
tu
su
bs
ta
nt
ia
te
s
th

162. i
of
Eg
yp
t
le
av
e
n
on
w
hi
ch
th
e
p
in
un
da
tio
ns
of
M
ed
ite
rr
an
ea
n.
”

163. II
.
O
rig
in
of
E
yp
t
by
sa
yi
ng
“T
he
co
nf
i,
ro
om
to
do
ub
t
th
at
ra
m
id
s
.

164. .
.
st
an
d;
th
e
th
e
N
ile
at
an
et
ev
a
5
qu
es
tio
n
of
Eg
yp
t’s
ho
w
er
e

165. th
e
Eg
yp
tia
n
‘s
be
gi
nn
in
gs
,
w
e
fin
i
D
yn
as
ty
.
Th
is
fa
ct
h
en
se
di
ct
at
es

166. th
at
if
I
or
ig
in
at
ed
el
se
w
he
re
fi
rs
t
D
yn
as
ty
,
un
de
r
A
pa
rt
fro
m
th

167. qu
es
tio
n
as
to
‘4
re
vi
ew
in
g
Eg
yp
t
fro
m
th
e
ea
rli
es
k
ag
es
.
C
om
m
on
za
tio

168. n
m
us
t
h
a
w
ha
t
w
e
ca
ll
th
e
ch
ro
no
lo
gy
,
th
er
e
re
m
ai
ns
th
e
in
tr
ig

169. ui
n
an
d
fro
m
w
he
re
di
d
th
ey
or
ig
in
at
e?
Ip
I a
n
ad
va
nc
ed
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n
al
re
ad

170. y
in
ta
jt
.s
pe
rp
le
xe
d
hi
st
or
ia
ns
do
w
n
th
ro
ug
h
th
•g
yp
t
be
ga
n
fu
lly
m
at

171. ur
e,
th
en
its
ci
vi
l,
“W
e
fin
d
w
he
n
w
e
di
sc
ov
er
Eg
yp
t
ii
M
en
es
,
th
at
it
is

172. at
its
ab
so
lu
te
ze
ni
th
df
12
2
Eg
yp
tR
ev
isi
ted
I
C
ha
nd
le
r
12
3
cu
ltu
re

173. in
pa
in
tin
g,
sc
ul
pt
ur
e,
ar
ch
ite
ct
ur
e.
Fr
om
th
is
pe
ak
pe
rio
d,
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
n
cu
ltu
re

174. st
ea
di
ly
de
cl
in
es
.
It
is
ve
ry
m
uc
h
as
if
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
fo
un
d
th
em
se
lv
es
th
e
in

175. he
rit
or
s
of
a
gr
ea
t
re
ad
y-
m
ad
e
cu
ltu
re
of
w
hi
ch
th
ey
co
ul
d
ta
ke
ad
va
nt
ag
e,

176. w
hi
ch
th
ey
co
ul
d
ut
ili
ze
an
d
ev
en
to
so
m
e
de
gr
ee
em
ul
at
e,
bu
t
w
hi
ch

177. th
ey
th
em
se
lv
es
di
d
no
tc
re
at
e
.
.
.
Th
is
ve
ry
st
ro
ng
ly
su
gg
es
ts
th
at
it

178. dr
ew
its
gr
ea
t
ne
ss
fro
m
a
so
ur
ce
hi
gh
er
th
an
its
el
f
.
“
Jn
19
62
a
ne
w

179. di
sc
ov
er
y
oc
cu
rr
ed
w
hi
ch
sh
ed
so
m
e
lig
ht
on
th
is
pu
zz
le
.
A
n
ex
ca
va
tio
n
te

180. am
he
ad
ed
by
K
ei
th
C.
Se
el
e,
th
en
D
ire
ct
or
of
th
e
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
of
C
hi
ca
go
’s
O

181. rie
nt
al
In
st
itu
te
,
ha
d
se
t
ou
t
to
sa
lv
ag
e
an
ci
en
t
re
m
ai
ns
in
N
ub
ia
w
hi
ch

182. w
er
e
in
da
ng
er
of
ris
in
g
flo
od
w
at
er
s.
Th
er
e
th
ey
fo
un
d
th
e
bi
rth
pl
ac
e
of
a
ph

183. ar
ao
ni
c-
ce
nt
er
ed
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n
se
ve
ra
l
ge
ne
ra
tio
ns
ol
de
r
th
an
th
e
fir
st
hi
st
or
ic

184. Eg
yp
tia
n
dy
na
st
y.
Th
er
e
in
Q
us
tu
l,
N
ub
ia
,
pr
eh
is
to
ry
w
as
tra
ns
fo
rm
ed
in

185. to
hi
st
or
y,
fo
r
it
ha
d
pr
ev
io
us
ly
be
en
be
lie
ve
d
th
at
ad
va
nc
ed
po
lit
ic
al
or
ga
ni
za

186. tio
n
di
d
no
t
en
te
r
N
ub
ia
or
an
yw
he
re
so
ut
h
of
Eg
yp
t
fo
r
an
ot
he
r
2,
50
0
ye
ar

187. s.
Th
is
di
sc
ov
er
y,
al
on
g
w
ith
in
fo
rm
at
io
n
ex
ca
va
te
d
fro
m
to
m
bs
,
pr
ov
ed
th

188. at
Eg
yp
tia
n
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n
an
d
cu
ltu
re
ha
d
no
t
on
ly
or
ig
in
at
ed
in
th
e
so
ut
h,
bu

189. t
th
at
in
so
m
e
re
m
ot
e
pe
rio
d
of
an
tiq
ui
ty
th
e
in
ha
bi
ta
nt
s
of
Eg
yp
t
an
d
N

190. ub
ia
w
er
e
on
e
an
d
th
e
sa
m
e. D
io
do
ru
s
of
Si
ci
ly
in
fo
rm
s
us
th
at
“t
he
Et
hi
op
ia

191. ns
sa
y
th
at
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
ar
e
on
e
of
th
ei
r
co
lo
ni
es
w
hi
ch
w
as
br
ou
gh
t
in
to
Eg

192. yp
tb
y
O
si
ris
.
.
.
Th
ey
ad
d
th
at
fro
m
th
em
,
as
fro
m
th
ei
r
au
th
or
s
an
d
an

193. ce
st
or
s,
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
ge
t
m
os
t
of
th
ei
r
la
w
s.
It
is
fro
m
th
em
th
at
th
e
Eg
yp

194. tia
ns
ha
ve
le
ar
ne
d
to
ho
no
rk
in
gs
an
d
go
ds
an
d
bu
ry
th
em
w
ith
su
ch
po
m
p;
sc
ul

195. pt
ur
e
an
d
w
rit
in
g
w
er
e
in
ve
nt
ed
by
th
e
E
th
io
pi
an
s.
Th
e
Et
hi
op
ia
ns
ci
te

196. ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
m
or
e
an
ci
en
tt
ha
t t
he
Eg
yp
tia
ns
,
bu
t
it
is
us
el
es
s
to
re

197. po
rt
th
at
he
re
.”
‘
A
t
th
is
ju
nc
tu
re
,
w
e
sh
ou
ld
ex
pl
or
e
m
or
e
de
ep
ly
in
to

198. th
e
na
tu
re
of
th
e
E
th
i
op
ia
ns
w
ho
em
ig
ra
te
d
to
Eg
yp
t.
Fi
rs
t
w
e
m
us
t
cl

199. ar
ify
so
m
e
te
rm
in
ol
og
y.
Th
e
w
or
d
“E
th
io
pi
an
”
is
G
re
ek
,
st
em
m
in
g
fro
m

200. th
e
w
or
ds
“a
ith
ei
n”
w
hi
ch
m
ea
ns
to
bu
rn
,
an
d
“o
ps
”
w
hi
ch
m
ea
ns
fa
ce
.
Th
er

201. ef
or
e
th
e
te
rm
bu
rn
t
fa
ce
or
Et
hi
op
ia
n
w
as
ap
pl
ie
d
ve
ry
br
oa
dl
y
to
al
l
bl

202. ac
k
pe
op
le
s
w
ho
in
ha
bi
te
d
A
fr
ic
a
an
d
A
sia
.
Th
e
bl
ac
ks
of
an
ci
en
t
Et
hi

203. op
ia
re
fe
rr
ed
to
th
em
se
lv
es
as
th
e
A
nu
.
W
he
n
O
sir
is
br
ou
gh
t
fo
rth
th
is
ex

204. od
us
ou
to
f
E
th
io
pi
a
in
to
E
gy
pt
w
e
m
us
ts
ur
et
y
re
m
em
be
r
th
at
th
e
te
rm

205. Eg
yp
t
di
d
no
t
ex
is
t,
fo
r
it
to
o
is
G
re
ek
.
Th
ou
gh
th
e
an
ci
en
t
Eg
yp
tia
ns
ca

206. lle
d
th
ei
r
la
nd
K
he
m
,
K
em
it,
or
K
m
t,
(w
hi
ch
m
ea
ns
bl
ac
k
in
th
ei
r
la
ng
ua

207. ge
or
la
nd
of
th
e
bl
ac
ks
)
ne
ve
r d
id
th
os
e
bl
ac
ks
of
th
e
O
ld
K
in
gd
om
re
fr
ai
n

208. fr
om
id
en
tif
yi
ng
th
em
se
lv
es
w
ith
th
e
A
nu
.
‘
.
A
bb
e
Em
ile
A
m
el
in
ea
u

209. (1
85
0-
19
16
)
is
cr
ed
ite
d
w
ith
th
e
di
sc
ov
er
y
of
th
e
A
nu
;9
àç
d
th
ei
r
co
nt
rib

210. ut
io
n
to
Eg
yp
tia
n
ci
vi
liz
at
io
n.
18
It
w
as
A
m
el
in
ea
u
w
ho
de
si
g
n
e
d
th
e

211. fir
st
bl
ac
k
ra
ce
to
oc
cu
py
Eg
yp
t
as
th
e
A
nu
.
H
e
fo
llo
w
ed
th
ei
r
pa
th
al
6n

212. g
th
e
N
ile
,
an
d
re
ve
al
ed
th
at
th
ey
bu
ilt
th
e
ci
tie
s
of
Es
ne
h,
Er
m
en
t,
Q
ou
ch
,

213. an
d
H
el
io
po
lis
.
A
cc
or
di
ng
to
A
m
el
in
ea
u,
“A
ll
th
os
e
ci
tie
s
ha
ve
th
e
ch
ar
ac

214. te
ris
tic
sy
m
bo
l
w
hi
ch
se
rv
es
to
de
no
te
th
e
na
m
e
A
nu
.”
9
C
iti
ng
ev
id
en
ce

215. un
co
ve
re
d
in
B
as
al
t
st
at
ue
of
pr
e-
dy
na
st
ic
fig
ur
e
ad
or
ne
d
w
ith
a
fa
sc

216. be
ar
d,
w
hi
ch
la
te
r
be
ca
m
e
a
ph
ar
ao
n
sy
m
bo
l,
an
d
a
pe
ni
s
sh
ea
th
.
C
ou

217. rte
sy
o
W
ay
ne
C
ha
nd
le
r
an
d
G
ay
ne
!!
C
at
he
rin
e
12
4
Eg
yp
tR
ev
isi
te

218. d
i
C
ha
nd
le
r
12
5
Pr
e-
dy
na
st
ic
st
at
ue
tte
of
a
w
om
an
fr
om
th
e
Te
m
pl

219. e
at
H
ie
ra
ko
np
ol
is
.
Co
ur
te
sy
of
W
ay
ne
C
ha
nd
le
r
an
d
G
ay
ne
ll
C
at
he
r
in

220. e.
hi
s
ex
ca
va
tio
ç
he
co
nt
in
ue
s:
“T
he
s
on
a
la
rg
e
s
le
al
on
g
th
e
N
ile
,
s

221. de
fe
ns
iv
e
pu
ro
se
s.
To
th
is
pe
op
le
m
os
t
an
ci
en
t
gy
pt
ia
n
bo
ok
s,
Th
e
am

222. id
s,
co
ns
eq
1u
en
tly
,
all
th
e
m
yt
hs
th
e
ph
ilo
so
ph
al
sy
st
em
s
th
en
kn
ox
kn
ew

223. th
e
cr
at
s
ne
ce
ss
ar
y
fo
r
an
y
th
os
e
tra
de
s
rq
ui
re
d.
Th
ey
kn
ew
h
at
te
m
pt
s

224. at
w
ti
ng
,
fo
r
th
e
w
ho
le
E
th
e
gr
ea
t
H
er
rie
s,
an
A
nu
lik
e
O
si
r
Th
e
Bo

225. ok
of
(i
e
D
ea
d
an
d
in
th
e
al
re
ad
y
kn
ew
th
e
pr
in
ci
pa
l
ar
ts
;
it
to
m
bs
at

226. A
by
os
,
es
pe
ci
al
ly
th
e
to
ha
ve
be
en
fo
d
be
ar
in
g
th
e
un
m
is
t
iv
or
y,
or
th
e

227. l1
ttl
e
he
ad
of
a
N
ub
ia
n
th
e
sm
al
l
w
oo
en
or
iv
or
y
re
ce
pt
ac
l1
O
fc
ou
rs

228. e,
if
th
e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
w
er
e
al
so
be
bl
ac
k.
A
nc
ie
nt
w
rit
er
s
as
w
co
nf
irm
th
is.
Th

229. e
an
ci
en
t
te
st
im
on
i
w
ith
th
e
dy
na
ic
Eg
yp
tia
ns
an
d
re
pr
hi
st
or
ia
ns
,
an
4

230. Eg
yp
to
lo
gi
st
s
of
th
e
19
16
)
su
m
m
ai
liz
es
ho
w
th
e
w
rit
er
s
“B
y
th
e
al
m
ot

231. un
an
im
ou
s
te
st
im
on
N
eg
ro
ra
ce
w
hi
ch
fir
st
se
ttl
ed
in
Et
co
ur
se
of
th
e
riv

232. er
,
th
ey
gr
ad
ua
lly
Co
un
t
C
on
st
a
tin
de
V
ol
ne
y
w
as
in
w
er
e
ch
ar
ac
te
ist

233. ic
du
rin
g
hi
s
tim
e.
ye
ar
17
83
(th
sla
ve
tra
de
w
as
at
i
A
fri
ca
n
ra
ce
l
at

234. w
ou
ld
fo
re
ve
r
ch
a
ha
ve
a
bl
oa
te
d
fa
ce
,
pu
ff
ed
up
ey
es
,
at
tri
bu
te
it

235. to
th
e
cl
im
at
e,
bu
t
w
he
n
I
th
e
ke
y
to
th
e
id
dl
e.
O
n
se
ei
ng
th
at
re
m
em

236. be
re
d
t
e
re
m
ar
ka
bl
e
pa
ss
ag
e
‘A
s
fo
r
m
e,
I j
Ug
e
th
e
C
oi
ch
ia
ns
to

237. th
em
,
th
ey
ar
e
bl
ac
k
w
ith
w
oo
le
y
h
tia
ns
w
er
e
tru
N
eg
ro
es
of
th
e
sa
m
e

238. th
in
k
th
at
th
is
ac
e
of
bl
ac
k
m
en
,
to
is
th
e
ve
ry
ra
c
to
w
hi
ch
w
e
ow

239. e
ou
i
Ju
st
im
ag
in
e.
in
al
ly
,
th
at
it
is
in
th
t
gr
ea
te
st
fr
ie
nd
of
lib
er
ty

240. an
d
hu
m
ai
ro
us
sl
av
er
y
ai
d
qu
es
tio
ne
d
w
he
th
e
w
hi
te
s!
”2
2
T
h:
pr
of
ou

241. nd
re
ve
la
tio
nA
nu
w
er
e
ag
ric
u1
tu
ra
pe
op
le
,r
ai
si
ng
c
til
e
Iu
tti
ng
th
em
se
lv

242. es
up
in
w
al
le
d
cit
ies
1
fo
r
w
e
ca
n
at
tri
bu
te
w
ith
ou
t f
ea
r
of
er
ro
ri
th
e
oo

243. k
of
Th
e
D
ea
d
an
d
th
e
Te
xt
of
th
e
P
yr
rr
el
ig
io
us
te
ac
hi
ng
s.
Iw
ou
ld
ad
d
al

244. m
ot
al
l
‘n
an
d
sti
ll
ca
lle
d
Eg
yp
tia
n.
Th
ey
ev
id
en
tly
iv
ili
za
tio
n
an
d
w
er
e
fa
m

245. ili
ar
w
ith
th
e
t
ol
s
w
to
us
e
m
et
al
s
.
.
.
Th
ey
m
ad
e
th
e
ea
r
le
st

246. yp
tia
n
tra
di
tio
n
at
tri
bu
te
s
th
is
ar
t
to
Th
th
,
j
s,
w
ho
is
ca
lle
d
O
ni
an
in

247. ch
ap
te
r
fif
te
e
of
‘x
ts
of
th
e
P
ra
m
id
s.
C
er
ta
in
ly
th
e
pe
op
le
ef
t
pr
oo
f
of

248. th
is
in
th
e
ar
ch
ite
ct
ur
e
of1
th
e
b
of
O
si
ris
,
an
d
in
th
os
e
se
pu
lc
he
rs
ob
jc
ts

249. ka
bl
e
st
am
p
of
th
ei
ro
ig
in
—
su
ch
as
ca
rv
ed
gi
rl
fo
un
d
in
a
to
m
b
ne
ar
th
at

250. of
O
si
ris
,
or
es
in
th
e
fo
rm
of
a
fe
lin
e
he
ad
20
n
u
pe
op
le
,
lik
e
th
e
Et
hi

251. op
ia
ns
,
th
ey
w
ou
ld
ll
as
m
od
er
n
on
es
,
led
of
co
ur
se
by
D
io
p,
in
cl
ud
e
w
rit

252. er
s
w
ho
w
er
e
co
nt
em
po
ra
ry
bs
en
t
so
m
e
of
th
e
m
os
t
re
sp
ec
te
d
ex
p]
or
er

253. s,
la
st
2,
00
0
ye
ar
s.
G
as
to
n
M
as
pe
ro
(1
84
6-
f
an
tiq
ui
ty
vi
ew
ed
th
e
an
ci
en

254. t
Eg
yp
tia
ns
.
y
of
an
ci
en
t
hi
st
or
ia
ns
,
th
ey
be
lo
ng
ed
to
a
hi
op
ia
,
on
th

255. e
M
id
dl
e
N
ile
:
fo
llo
w
in
g
th
e
re
ac
he
d
th
e
se
a
21
A
no
th
er
sc
ho
la
r,
th

256. ue
d
w
ith
all
th
e
ra
ci
al
pr
ej
ud
ic
es
w
hi
ch
Em
ba
rk
in
g
up
on
a
so
jo
ur
n
to
Eg
yp

257. t
in
th
e
ts
ze
ni
th
)
he
m
ad
e
a
di
sc
ov
er
y
ab
ou
t
th
e
ig
e
hi
s
ou
tlo
ok
:
“

258. .
.
.
all
[th
e
in
ha
bi
ta
nt
s]
fla
t
no
se
,
th
ic
k
lip
s;
.
.
I
w
as
te
m
pt
e
to

259. vi
si
te
d
th
e
Sp
hi
nx
,
its
ap
pe
ar
an
ce
ga
ve
m
e
he
ad
,
ty
pi
ca
lly
N
eg
ro
in
all

260. its
fe
at
ur
e.
I
w
he
re
H
er
od
ot
us
[5
th
ce
nt
ur
y
B
.C
.]
sy
s:
be
a
co
lo
ny
of
th

261. e
Eg
yp
tia
ns
be
ca
us
e,
lik
e
ir.
.
.
.‘
In
ot
he
r
w
or
ds
,
th
e
an
ci
en
t
E
gy
p
ty

262. pe
as
all
na
tiv
e-
bo
rn
A
fr
ic
an
s
.
.
.
Ju
st
lay
ou
r
sla
ve
s
an
d
th
e
ob
je
ct
of

263. ou
r
sc
cr
n,
ar
ts
,
sc
ie
nc
es
an
d
ev
en
th
e
us
e
of
sp
ee
h!
m
id
st
of
pe
op
le
s
w
ho

264. ca
ll
th
em
se
lv
es
he
1i
ty
th
at
on
e
ha
s
ap
pr
ov
ed
th
e
m
os
t
ba
rb
a
bl
ac
k
m

265. en
ha
ve
th
e
sa
m
e
in
te
lli
ge
nc
e
as
is
all
th
e
m
or
e
re
m
ar
ka
bl
e
fo
r
on
e

266. p
rv
i
_c
:’_
••_
_
12
6
Eg
yp
tR
ev
isi
ted
ou
sly
in
fli
ct
ed
w
ith
th
e
vi
ru
s

267. of
ra
ci
sm
.
Fi
na
tly
th
is
is
al
ls
ub
st
an
tia
te
d
in
th
e
tex
t
‘A
C
om
pa
ra
tiv
e
st
ud
y
of

268. R
ac
ia
lA
na
ly
si
s”
by
B
.K
.
C
ha
tte
rje
e
an
d
G
.D
.
K
um
ar
.
Th
ey
co
m
pa
re
d
th
e

269. m
ea
n
va
lu
es
of
di
ff
er
en
t
cr
an
ia
l,
fa
ci
al
,
na
sa
l,
an
d
or
bi
ta
l
m
ea
su
rm
en
ts

270. of
sk
ul
ls
re
la
te
d
to
va
rio
us
ar
ea
s
an
d
pe
rio
ds
of
Eg
yp
tia
n
ci
vi
liz
a
tio
n.
C
ra
ni
um

271. m
at
er
ia
l
w
as
an
al
yz
ed
fro
m
th
e
pr
e-
hi
st
or
ic
sit
es
of
Eg
yp
tN
aq
ad
a
II,
Eg
yp
tB

272. ad
ar
i,
pl
us
N
ub
ia
A
rib
a,
an
d
w
er
e
th
en
co
m
pa
re
d
w
ith
sk
ul
ls
fro
m
th
e
Tw
el
fth

273. an
d
Th
irt
ee
nt
h
D
yn
as
tie
s
an
d
Sa
qq
ar
a,
(O
ld
K
in
gd
om
).
Th
e
ar
ch
ae
ol
og
is
ts

274. fo
un
d
th
at
all
of
th
es
e
sk
ul
ls
in
re
sp
ec
t
to
“l
on
g
he
ad
,
br
oa
d
fa
ce
,
lo
w
or
bi

275. t,
an
d
br
oa
d
na
sa
l
ap
er
tu
re
ha
ve
th
e
ch
ar
ac
te
ris
tic
fe
at
ur
es
of
th
e
N
eg
ro
id

276. ty
pe
”.
23
II
I.
T
he
M
en
B
ef
or
e
th
e
Fi
rs
t
D
yn
as
ty
“M
yt
hs
ar
e
th
in
gs
w
hi

277. ch
ne
ve
r
ha
pp
en
bu
t
al
w
av
c
ar
e
—
Sa
lu
sti
us
In
Eg
yp
tia
n
hi
st
or
y
O
si
ris

278. w
as
en
sh
rin
ed
as
a
go
d,
a
le
ge
nd
or
m
yt
h.
if
yo
u
w
ill
.
Bu
ti
n
al
la
ct
ua
lit

279. y
he
ex
is
te
d
as
a
hi
st
or
ic
al
fig
ur
e
as
di
d
M
en
es
,
an
d
m
an
y
of
th
e
ot
he
r

280. ki
ng
s
of
th
e
O
ld
K
in
gd
om
,
w
ho
fo
un
d
th
ei
r
w
ay
to
im
m
or
ta
lit
y
th
ro
ug

281. h
de
ifi
ca
tio
n.
Eg
yp
to
lo
gi
st
H
ei
nr
ic
h
B
ru
gs
ch
no
te
s
“F
re
qu
en
t
m
en
tio
n
is
m

282. ad
e
in
th
e
ol
d
re
co
rd
s
of
ro
ya
l
go
ds
,
as
of
re
al
pe
rs
on
ag
es
.
B
es
id
es
th
e
na
m

283. e
of
th
ei
r
dy
na
st
y
th
ey
ha
ve
a
se
co
nd
na
m
e
of
ho
no
r,
an
d,
ju
st
lik
e
th
e
Ph

284. ar
ao
hs
,
th
ey
be
ar
re
sp
ec
tiv
el
y
th
e
au
th
en
tic
tit
le
un
de
r
w
hi
ch
th
e
go
d
Te
hu
ti

285. [T
ho
th
i,
th
e
sa
cr
ed
sc
rib
e
of
th
e
go
ds
,
re
gi
st
er
ed
ea
ch
of
th
em
in
th
e
‘B
oo
k

286. of
K
in
gs
,’
at
th
e
co
m
m
an
d
of
th
e
su
n
go
d,
Ra
.
Th
ey
ha
ve
th
ei
r
in
di
vi
du

287. al
hi
st
or
y,
w
hi
ch
th
e
sc
rib
es
w
ro
te
do
w
n
in
th
e
te
m
pl
e
bo
ok
s;
th
ey
m
ar
rie

288. d
ro
ya
l
br
id
es
,
an
d
be
ga
t
a
ve
ry
nu
m
er
ou
s
po
st
er
ity
”.
24
Th
e
pa
rt
O
si
ris

289. pl
ay
ed
in
Eg
yp
tia
n
hi
st
or
y
is
ob
sc
ur
e.
O
ut
si
de
of
w
ha
t
le
ge
nd
ha
s
be
qu

290. ea
th
ed
us
,
w
e
kn
ow
th
at
he
w
as
pa
rt
of
a
tri
ad
w
hi
ch
in
cl
ud
ed
hi
s
sp
ou
se

291. Is
is,
an
d
so
n
H
or
us
,
al
lo
f
w
ho
m
w
er
e
de
ifi
ed
du
rin
g
a
la
te
r
pe
rio
d.
A
no
th

292. er
em
in
en
t
fig
ur
e
w
ho
pl
ay
ed
a
pr
om
in
en
t
ro
le
du
rin
g
th
is
er
a
w
as
Th
ot
h,

293. or
H
er
m
es
as
he
w
as
kn
ow
n
to
th
e
G
re
ek
s.
Eg
yp
t’s
gr
ea
te
st
M
as
te
rs
,O
si
ris
,
H

294. er
m
es
,I
sis
,
an
d
H
or
us
all
be
lo
ng
ed
to
“t
he
ol
d
ra
ce
”,
th
e
bl
ac
k
A
nu
.I
tw
as

295. th
ro
ug
h
th
es
e
so
ve
re
ig
n
ru
le
rs
th
at
th
e
ve
ry
co
re
of
Eg
yp
tia
n
ph
ilo
so
ph
y
an
d

296. sc
ie
nc
e
(in
all
of
its
as
pe
ct
s)
w
as
cr
ea
te
d
an
d
m
ai
n
ta
in
ed
.
Ea
ch
of
th
es
e
gr

297. ea
ti
nd
iv
id
ua
ls
pl
ay
ed
a
pa
rti
cu
la
rr
ol
e
in
no
to
nl
y
Eg
yp
t’s
hi
st
or
y,
bu
tt
he
hi

298. st
or
ie
s
of
m
an
y
na
tio
ns
w
hi
ch
w
er
e
to
la
te
r
ar
is
e.
W
e
ha
ve
no
t
th
e
tim
e

299. or
sp
ac
e
to
in
cl
ud
e
th
e
hi
st
or
y
an
d
le
ge
nd
s
w
hi
ch
ac
co
m
pa
ny
th
es
e
de

300. iti
es
,
bu
t
a
br
ie
f
ov
er
vi
ew
is
ap
pr
op
ria
te
.
O
nc
e
ag
ai
n
w
e
m
us
tt
ur
n
to

301. A
m
el
in
ea
u
fo
r
it
w
as
he
th
at
di
sc
ov
er
ed
th
e
to
m
b
o
f
O
si
ris
at
A
by
do
s.

302. B
ec
au
se
of
th
is
di
sc
ov
er
y
O
si
ris
co
ul
d
no
lo
ng
er
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
yt
hi

303. ca
l
he
ro
.
Th
e
m
ag
ni
tu
de
of
th
is
di
sc
ov
er
y
ca
nn
ot
be
st
re
ss
ed
Pr
ot
o-
dy
na
sti

304. c
lif
e-
ze
d
fig
ur
e
of
O
sir
is,
fr
m
A
by
do
s.
C
ou
rte
sy
of
W
ay
ne
C
ha
nd
le
r
no
ug
h.
A

305. no
th
er
in
cr
ed
ib
le
fin
d
m
ay
al
so
be
at
tri
bu
te
d
to
A
m
el
in
ea
u,
th
e
di
s-
an
d
G
ay

306. ne
t!
C
at
he
ri
ze
.
C
B
I
C.
13
0
Eg
yp
t
R
ev
is
ite
d
C
ha
nd

307. le
r
13
1
co
ve
ry
of
th
e
ha
d
of
O
si
ris
.
Fo
un
d
A
m
el
in
ea
u
sa
ys
“I
m
ys

308. el
f
ha
ve
fo
ui
ex
ca
va
tio
ns
w
hi
h
cu
lm
in
at
ed
in
th
e
sh
rin
e
w
he
re
th
e
sk
ul

309. lo
ft
he
go
d
Ib
el
i
th
e
sc
ie
nt
is
tt
ha
ti
e
w
as
he
so
ug
ht
to
v
in
th
e
M
us
eu
m

310. pf
Le
id
en
,
he
fo
un
d
ft
w
as
pr
es
er
ve
d
all
A
by
do
s,
a
pl
ac
e
de
si
of
A
by
do
s”
.

311. A
m
el
in
ea
u
m
m
ay
ha
ve
fo
un
d
I
co
nf
irm
at
io
n.
TI
Eu
ge
ne
R
ev
ill
ou
Re
vi

312. lfo
ur
ve
rif
ie
he
ad
as
be
in
g
lo
la
nc
e.
In
br
ie
f,
an
d
im
m
or
ta
lit
y
cr
ea
tio
n,
be

313. ca
m
es
ta
bl
is
he
d
a
co
em
ba
rk
ed
on
jo
sp
ou
se
Is
is
ni
le
Se
th
,
as
he
w
as

314. O
sir
is.
H
av
in
g
l
W
he
n
is
is
le
ar
n
th
e
ro
ya
lc
h
il
d
r
fo
ug
ht
Se
th
se
ve

315. fa
th
er
,
m
ot
he
r,
kn
ow
n
of
th
em
Eg
yp
t.
so
n
of
Sá
an
d
pe
rs
on
ifi
ed
th
e
la
nd

316. of
K
he
t
M
ad
on
na
.
H
or
u
is
ca
lle
d
th
e
“l
o’
of
th
e
w
or
ld
,b
ei
of
hi
s
fa

317. th
er
,
th
tio
ns
.
By
hi
m
th
Th
ot
h,
Th
ot
,
pe
rs
on
ag
e
of
th
m
at
io
n
ab
ou
t

318. hi
s
of
Eg
yp
t
ha
ve
h
co
nc
is
e.
H
e
w
a
m
ea
ns
“t
he
th
rl
M
A
ST
ER
of
M

319. in
a
ja
r
in
th
e
ne
cr
op
ol
is
of
A
by
do
s,
id
ot
he
r
sh
rin
es
du
rin
g
th
e
pr
el
im
in
ar

320. y
ro
ya
l
ne
cr
op
ol
is
,
be
fo
re
un
ea
rth
in
g
th
e
ve
d
Ih
ad
fo
un
d
w
as
pr
es
er
ve
d.

321. ”2
5
B
ei
ng
rif
y
hi
s
fin
di
ng
.
R
ef
er
rin
g
to
th
e
pa
py
ru
s
at
it
ex
pr
es
sl
y
st
at

322. ed
th
at
th
e
go
d’
s
he
ad
na
te
d
on
th
e
pa
py
ru
s
as
“t
he
ne
cr
op
ot
is
lm
ed
w
ith

323. ex
ci
te
m
en
t.
Th
e
fa
ct
th
at
he
iu
m
bi
ng
.
St
ill
un
ce
rta
in
he
so
ug
ht
fu
rth
er
n
in
de

324. m
ot
ic
so
he
co
nf
er
re
d
w
ith
on
e
th
e
fie
ld
of
an
ci
en
tl
an
gu
ag
es
an
d
sc
ri
pt
.

325. cu
m
en
ta
nd
th
e
fa
ct
th
it
it
m
en
tio
ne
d
tik
pr
ov
ed
to
be
a
di
sc
ov
er
y
of
gr
ea

326. t
im
po
r
Le
st
ha
t
he
w
as
th
e
go
d
of
tra
ns
fo
rm
at
iU
n
or
id
(d
ea
th
).
In
lif
e
he

327. w
as
th
e
lo
rd
ug
ht
th
e
pe
op
le
sc
ie
nc
e,
hu
sb
an
dr
y,
an
d
ia
de
Eg
yp
t
pe
ac
ef
ul

328. an
d
pr
os
pe
ro
us
he
na
tio
ns
of
th
e
w
or
ld
.
In
hi
s
ab
se
nc
e
hi
s
28
th
ye
ar
of
hi

329. s
re
ig
n
Ty
ph
on
,
Se
t,
pr
A
so
,
th
e
Q
ue
en
of
Et
hi
op
ia
,
to
m
ur
de
r
ed
th
e
ki

330. ng
do
m
w
ou
ld
fa
ll
in
to
di
sa
rr
a’
.
la
m
en
ta
tio
ns
w
er
e
so
te
rr
ib
le
th
at
on
e
of

331. )s
iri
s
w
as
av
en
ge
d
by
hi
s
so
n
H
or
us
w
ho
mU
H
or
us
,
co
m
pr
is
e
th
e
di
vi
ne
Tr

332. in
ity
of
pu
re
ly
al
le
go
ric
al
an
d
sy
m
bo
lic
.
W
ha
t
Is
ve
ry
lit
tle
.
O
si
ris
w
as
th
e

333. gr
ea
te
st
go
d
of
ca
rn
at
io
n,
et
c.
Is
is
is
th
e
V
irg
in
M
ot
he
r,
d
as
th
e
w
om
an
cl

334. ot
he
d
w
ith
th
e
Su
n
of
H
or
us
fo
rm
th
e
fir
st
an
d
or
ig
in
al
B
la
ck
e
lin
e
of

335. di
vi
ne
so
ve
re
ig
ns
of
Eg
yp
t.
H
e
)e
lo
ve
d
of
th
e
Su
n”
.
Ke
is
th
e
su
bj
ug
at
or

336. )
of
th
e
w
or
ld
.H
or
us
is
al
so
th
e
su
bs
ta
nc
e
de
at
h
an
d
tim
e—
th
e
m
at
er
ia
l

337. m
an
if
es
ta
th
at
w
hi
ch
it
co
nt
ai
ns
.
kn
ow
n
to
th
e
G
re
ek
s
is
th
e
la
st
di
vi

338. ne
A
nu
.
M
uc
h
lik
e
O
si
ris
,
hi
st
or
ic
al
in
fo
r
el
y
sc
ar
ce
.
Bu
tw
ha
t
th
e
an

339. ci
en
t
te
m
pl
es
bo
ut
hi
m
fo
r
th
e
m
os
t
pa
rt
is
cl
ea
r
an
d
iri
us
Tr
is
m
eg
is
tu

340. s
by
th
e
G
re
ek
s
w
hi
ch
gr
ea
t”
;
“t
he
gr
ea
te
st
gr
ea
t”
an
d
e
m
ay
at
tri

341. bu
te
w
rit
in
g,
m
ed
ic
in
e,
ch
en
st
ha
ve
be
en
ov
er
w
h
he
he
ad
of
O
si
ris
w
as
e

342. pa
py
ru
s
w
as
W
rit
tf
w
ho
w
as
an
ex
pe
rt
in
I t
he
va
lid
ity
of
th
e
dc
:a
te
d
at
A

343. by
do
s.
Th
is
ie
le
ge
nd
of
O
si
ris
sta
K
in
g
of
th
e
ot
he
r
ki
ng
of
Eg
yp
t
an
d
t

344. le
of
ta
w
s.
H
av
in
g
r
rn
ey
s
to
in
st
ru
ct
ot
he
th
e
ki
ng
do
m
.
O
n
th
kn
ow
n,

345. pl
ot
te
d
w
ith
ne
th
is
th
ey
th
en
ho
U
of
O
sir
is’
de
at
h,
he
di
ed
of
fr
ig
ht
.
La
te
r

346. al
tim
es
,
O
si
ris
,i
si
s,
so
n.
Th
ei
r
st
or
y
is
is
to
ric
al
ly
am
ou
nt
s
to
ur
n,
ce

347. le
st
ia
lf
ire
,
re
i
at
ur
e.
Sh
e
is
de
sc
rib
ni
.
To
ge
th
er
Is
is
an
d
w
as
ne
xt
to
la

348. st
in
ti
ed
of
he
av
en
”
an
d
“I
g
bo
rn
fro
m
th
e
w
om
is,
be
in
g
re
la
te
d
to
w
or

349. ld
is
ju
dg
ed
by
r
H
er
m
es
as
he
w
a
an
ci
en
t
pr
e-
dy
na
st
ic
pe
rs
on
al
lif
e

350. is
ex
tre
r
ee
n
ab
le
to
di
vu
lg
e
ca
lle
d
H
er
m
es
M
ec
e
gr
ea
t”
“t
he
gr
ea
t

351. LS
TE
RS
”.
To
Th
ot
h
7
Is
is
an
d
H
or
us
,
Sa
ite
Pe
ri
od
.
C
ou
rte
sy
of
W
ay
ne
C
ha

352. nd
le
r
an
d
G
ay
ne
lt
C
at
he
rin
e.
1
,
“:
-‘
ç.
‘
-
.4
-
—
-
-
-

353. -
—
.
5
,
.
.
,
.
c
.
l
‘
%
‘
.4
%
,
.
.
5
.
4
‘
.
4
4
4-f

354. t
—
‘.4
.
‘f
t
%
:,
f
t
r
-
,
‘
.
4
,
-3
’
15
0
Eg
yp
t
Re
vi
sit

355. ed
9
-
‘.
4
S
.
•
4
$
4
,
‘
1
‘
-
5
-
-
c’
t.
.
5
;.4
’
.4

356. ,
,
f
t
.
4
ft
.
t.
‘
‘
‘
.
4
a
,
,
’
•
.
5
.
.
.5
.4
.
5,
‘
,

357. ,
9
1
‘
1
’
,
“
4
-
’
‘
‘
-
.
—
‘
‘
:
‘
—
—
-
.
•
,
:
‘

358. ‘4
-
*
:
‘
4
’
‘
—
-
.
4
’
‘1
.
3
5
*
4*
‘
%
,
“
,
“

359. ‘
‘
l
5
4
;
“
:
“
t
5%
.
S
,..
r-
-
,
—
.5
I
.3
.4
,,
.4
.4
.

360. .3
,,
4
-
4
-
b
.—
‘
f
t5
.-
:
.5
,,
.
-s
’
-
‘
“
4
.
-.
4
-

361. ‘5
.4
‘
5
t1
_
‘
.
.
.
‘
S
:
’
,
5
.
,
.4
.
4
-
-
—
-
—
.
4
.4

362. ’
.4
.4
“
1
‘
‘
‘
‘
.4
.4
“
ft
.
4
-
%
;
4
.
‘
‘.
4%
:
.:
‘

363. ,
,
.“
-
‘
%
,-
*
..
4
-
.4
.
ft
.
7’
.,,
5
,
.4
5
,
.
4
,
,
,,

364. ,,
-,
,1
’
1
’
‘S
’
•
4%
z,
‘
5
5
I
‘4
;f’
4%
-
r’V
%
7
¶
1
..
,.
*

365. %
.
,
_
.
4
,
‘N
’..
‘
-
.
4
.
-
sH
.’
-
,
2
’
,
‘
‘
I
--
t
4
%

366. •
’
’
’
.
4
•
.
1:.
‘
3
.
-
‘
.4
.4
.
4
.
’
-
.
.
,
4
.
,
.4

367. 5
.4
‘
‘k
‘L
.r
‘
4-
.
‘
.
5
,
-
.4
“
‘
‘
:
“4
-
:
,
‘
.4
.4

368. Ph
ot
og
ra
ph
sh
ow
in
g
th
e
op
tic
ia
n’
s
se
am
of
tw
o
ad
jo
in
in
g
ca
si
ng
bl
oc
ks
;
co

369. in
w
hi
ch
st
ra
dd
le
s
th
e
se
am
is
eq
ui
va
le
nt
in
siz
e
to
a
U
S
qu
ar
te
r.
C
ou
rte
sy

370. of
W
ay
ne
C
ha
nd
le
r
an
d
G
ay
ne
ll
C
at
he
rin
e.
id
of
K
ha
fr
e
w
hi
cl
in
di
ca
te
s

371. th
e
im
m
en
se
nu
m
be
r
of
st
on
e
ne
ce
s
.
C
ou
rte
sy
o
W
ay
ne
C
ha
nd
le
r
an
d
G

372. ay
ne
ll
C
at
he
rin
e.
—
0)0)
z -e
0) = C
C)
— U
. C
= CO C)
j— EC
LI,
15
4
Eg
yp
tR

373. ev
isi
ted
m
ou
nt
ai
ns
of
st
on
e
w
er
e
ra
is
ed
.
Th
e
le
ge
nd
st
at
es
th
at
af
te
r
th
e

374. st
on
es
w
er
e
qu
ar
rie
d
th
ey
w
er
e
la
id
on
sh
ee
ts
of
m
et
al
in
sc
rib
ed
w
ith

375. sy
m
bo
ls
an
d
flo
at
ed
al
on
g
ro
ad
s
al
so
in
sc
rib
ed
w
ith
sy
m
bo
ls
.T
he
hi
gh
pr
ie
st

376. s
w
ho
al
on
e
he
ld
th
e
ke
y
to
th
is
sc
ie
nc
e,
w
ou
ld
st
rik
e
ea
ch
sh
ee
t o
f
m
et
al
w

377. ith
a
vi
br
at
in
g
ro
d
of
sp
ec
ifi
c
le
ng
th
.
Th
is
in
tu
rn
w
ou
ld
ca
us
e
th
e
sh
ee

378. ts
to
vi
br
at
e
an
d
w
ou
ld
th
en
lif
t
th
e
st
on
es
in
to
th
e
ai
r
by
th
ei
r
ow
n

379. po
w
er
an
d
tra
ns
po
rt
th
em
do
w
n
th
e
ro
ad
a
di
st
an
ce
w
hi
ch
w
as
eq
ui
va
le

380. nt
to
on
e
bo
w
sh
ot
of
an
ar
ro
w
.
O
f
co
ur
se
w
ha
t
is
be
in
g
de
sc
rib
ed
he
re
is
th
e

381. te
ch
ni
qu
e
of
le
vi
ta
tio
n
an
d
of
co
ur
se
w
e
kn
ow
th
is
is
to
ta
lly
ab
su
rd
,
or
do

382. w
e?
W
ith
th
es
e
pe
rp
le
xi
ng
iss
ue
s
se
ttl
ed
,
le
t
us
re
tu
rn
to
th
e
dy
na
st

383. ic
su
cc
es
si
on
.
Th
e
ad
ve
nt
of
th
e
Th
ird
D
yn
as
ty
br
ou
gh
t c
ha
ng
es
to
th
e
O
ld
K

384. in
gd
om
ci
rc
a
26
39
B
.C
.
Th
e
ca
pi
to
l
w
as
sh
ift
ed
fro
m
Ti
ni
to
M
em
ph
is
co
nc
ur

385. re
nt
w
ith
th
e
fir
st
of
th
e
M
em
ph
ite
D
yn
as
tie
s.
M
on
um
en
ta
l
st
ru
ct
ur
es
w
er

386. e
bl
ue
pr
in
te
d
an
d
m
ad
e
re
ad
y
fo
r
co
ns
tru
ct
io
n:
it
w
as
th
e
er
a
of
th
e
py

387. ra
m
id
bu
ild
er
s,
it
w
as
th
e
tim
e
of
D
jo
se
r.
D
jo
se
r.
(p
ro
no
un
ce
d
Zo
se
r)
w
as
th

388. e
fir
st
gr
ea
t
ru
le
r
of
th
e
Th
ird
D
y
n
as
ty
.
D
jo
se
r,
or
N
et
er
ik
he
t a
s
he
w
as

389. kn
ow
n
in
hi
s
lif
et
im
e,
as
ce
nd
ed
th
e
th
ro
ne
un
de
r
th
e
au
sp
ic
es
of
hi
s
pa
re
nt
s

390. Q
ue
en
N
em
at
ha
p
an
d
K
in
g
K
ha
se
kh
em
ui
.
th
e
]la
st
ru
le
rs
of
th
e
Se
co
nd
D

391. yn
as
ty
.
H
e
ac
co
m
pl
is
he
d
m
uc
h
in
hi
s
ni
ne
te
en
ye
ar
s
as
ki
ng
.
H
e
fir
st

392. es
ta
bl
is
he
d
a
fir
m
M
em
ph
ite
su
pr
em
ac
y,
th
en
he
co
nt
in
ue
d
th
e
ex
pl
oi
ta
tio
n

393. of
th
e
co
pp
er
m
in
es
in
th
e
Si
na
i,
w
hi
le
in
th
e
so
ut
h
he
ex
te
nd
ed
hi
s
fr
on

394. tie
r
to
th
e
fir
st
ca
ta
ra
ct
.
D
jo
se
r’
s
re
ig
n
m
ar
ke
d
th
e
be
gi
nn
in
g
of
ex
te
ns
iv

395. e
bu
ild
in
g
in
sto
ne
an
d
it
is
he
re
th
at
hi
s
st
or
y
re
al
ly
be
gi
ns
.
It
is
kn
ow
n
all
to

396. o
w
el
l
th
at
D
jo
se
r’
s
su
cc
es
s
is
du
e
in
pa
rt
to
a
gr
ea
t
w
ise
m
an
w
ho
be

397. ca
m
e
D
jo
se
r’
s
ch
ie
f
ad
vi
so
r.
H
is
na
m
e
w
as
lrn
ho
te
p.
di
vi
ne
pr
ie
st
of
th
e

398. Th
ird
D
yn
as
ty
.
A
ke
y
fig
ur
e
in
Eg
yp
tia
n
hi
st
or
y,
Im
ho
te
p
w
as
G
od
of
m
ed

399. ic
in
e,
pr
in
ce
of
pe
ac
e.
an
d
th
e
fir
st
C
hr
is
t-f
ig
ur
e.
K
no
w
n
as
he
R
EA
L
Fa

400. th
er
of
M
ed
ic
in
e.
Im
ho
te
p
is
th
e
fir
st
ph
ys
ic
ia
n
to
sta
nd
ou
tc
te
ar
ly
in
th
e
an

401. na
ls
of
an
tiq
ui
ty
.
Li
ttl
e
is
kn
ow
n
ab
ou
t
hi
s
pe
rs
on
al
lif
e:
hi
s
fa
th
er
w
as
an
ar

402. ch
ite
ct
na
m
ed
K
an
of
er
:
hi
s
.n
o
th
e
r
w
as
K
hr
ed
uo
nk
h;
an
d
hi
s
w
ife
R
on
fr

403. en
of
er
t.
H
ow
ev
er
,
hi
s
pr
of
es
si
on
al
•
c
hi
ev
em
en
ts
be
ca
m
e
le
ge
nd
ar
y.
Im
ho

404. te
p
is
sa
id
to
ha
ve
tre
at
ed
m
or
e
th
an
20
0
4i
se
as
es
,
am
on
g
th
em
fif
te
en
di

405. se
as
es
of
th
e
ab
do
m
en
,e
le
ve
n
of
th
e
bl
ad
de
r,
te
n
of
th
e
re
ct
um
,
tw
en
ty
ni
ne

406. of
th
e
ey
es
,
an
d
ei
gh
te
en
of
th
e
sk
in
.
H
e.
as
w
el
l
as
ot
he
r
ph
ys
ic
ia
ns
in

407. Eg
yp
t,
w
er
e
le
ar
ne
d
in
th
e
sc
ie
nc
e
of
fa
ci
al
an
al
ys
is
,
w
hi
ch
al
lo
w
s
a
tra

408. in
ed
ph
ys
ic
ia
n
to
de
te
ct
a
m
al
ad
y
th
ro
ug
h
sh
ap
e.
co
nd
iti
on
,
an
d
co
m
pl

409. ex
io
n
of
th
e
pa
tie
nt
’s
fe
at
ur
es
.
Im
ho
te
p
kn
ew
of
th
e
ci
rc
ul
at
io
n
of
th
e
bl

410. oo
d
4,
00
0
ye
ar
s
be
fo
re
it
w
as
kn
ow
n
in
Eu
ro
pe
.
H
e
w
as
w
or
sh
ip
pe
d
as
a

411. go
d
fo
r
th
e
ne
xt
30
00
ye
ar
s;
fir
st
as
a
m
ed
ic
al
de
m
i-g
od
.
fro
m
26
50
B
.C

412. .
to
52
5
B
.C
.,
an
d
th
en
as
a
co
m
pl
et
e
de
ity
,
fro
m
52
5
B
.C
.-
55
0
A
.D
.
B

413. re
as
te
d
sa
id
of
lm
ho
te
p,
“I
n
pr
ie
st
ly
w
is
do
m
,
in
m
ag
ic
,
in
th
e
fo
rm
ul
at
io

414. n
of
w
ise
pr
ov
er
bs
:
in
m
ed
ic
in
e
an
d
ar
ch
ite
ct
ur
e;
th
is
re
m
ar
ka
bl
e
fi
ur
e

415. of
Zo
se
r’
s
re
ig
n
le
ft
so
no
ta
bl
e
D
io
se
r,
K
in
g
of
h
e
T
hi
rd
D
yn
as
ty
,
hi
lt

416. at
or
of
th
e
St
ep
Py
ra
m
id
,
ci
rc
a
26
35
B
.C
.
C
ou
rte
sy
of
W
av
e
e
C
ha
nd
le
r

417. an
d
G
ay
ne
IC
at
he
ri
ne
.
a
re
pu
ta
tio
n
th
at
hi
s
na
m
e
w
as
ne
ve
r
fo
rg
ot
te
n

418. 50
0
ye
ar
s
af
te
rh
is
de
at
h
he
ha
d
be
co
m
e
a
go
d
of
m
ed
ic
in
e
in
w
ho
m
th
e

419. G
re
ek
s.
w
ho
ca
lle
d
hi
m
Im
ou
th
es
.
18
0
Eg
yp
t
R
ev
is
ite
d
hi
st
or
y,
sc

420. ie
nc
e,
ph
ilo
so
ph
y,
la
w
, m
ys
tic
is
m
, a
nd
th
e
ea
rth
in
ge
ne
ra
l,
an
d
te
lli
ng
th
em

421. th
at
th
e
py
ra
m
id
s
w
er
e
bu
ilt
by
le
vi
ta
tio
n.
H
e
w
ou
ld
ha
ve
be
en
bu
rn
ed
in
th
e

422. sa
m
e
fa
sh
io
n
th
at
th
ey
bu
rn
ed
Py
th
ag
or
as
—
as
a
w
ar
lo
ck
!
I
do
no
t
w
ish

423. to
ta
ke
an
yt
hi
ng
aw
ay
fro
m
m
an
’s
m
or
e
re
ce
nt
ac
hi
ev
em
en
ts
.
W
ha
t w
e’
ve
ac

424. co
m
pl
is
he
d
is
as
to
un
di
ng
:
ab
un
da
nt
el
ec
tro
ni
c
ga
dg
et
ry
.
am
ph
ib
io
us
au
to
m

425. ob
ile
s,
la
se
r b
ea
m
su
rg
er
y,
co
m
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
vi
a
sa
te
lli
te
,
w
al
ks
on
th
e
m
oo

426. n,
fli
gh
ts
fa
st
er
th
an
th
e
sp
ee
d
of
so
un
d.
Bu
t
in
all
of
m
od
er
n
m
an
’s
cr
e
at
io

427. ns
,
he
ha
s
ye
t
to
bu
ild
a
sin
gl
e
py
ra
m
id
!!
Th
e
tru
th
of
th
e
m
at
te
r
is
th
at
w
e

428. do
no
t
po
ss
es
s
th
e
m
ac
hi
ne
ry
or
te
ch
ni
ca
l
sk
ill
at
pr
es
en
t
to
ac
co
m
pl
is
h
su

429. ch
a
fe
at
.
Th
us
I l
ea
ve
yo
u
w
ith
th
is
th
ou
gh
t:
th
e f
ar
th
er
ba
ck
yo
u
lo
ok

430. ,
th
ef
ur
th
er
fo
rs
va
rd
yo
u’
ll
be
ab
le
to
se
e
N
ot
es
I.
R
an
da
ll
St
ev
en
s,
O
sir

431. i.s
—
Th
e
Bo
ok
of
Tr
ut
h,
(L
on
do
n:
Th
e
C
am
el
ot
Pr
es
s
Lt
d.
.
19
76
).
pg
.
11
5
2.
C

432. he
ik
h
A
nt
a
D
io
p.
Th
e
A
fr
ic
an
O
rig
in
of
C
h’
ili
at
io
n
M
yt
h
or
R
ea
lit
y.
(W
es
tp

433. or
t:
La
w
re
nc
e
H
ill
&
C
om
pa
ny
.
19
74
),
p.
xi
v
3.
E.
A
.
B
ud
ge
,
H
is
to
ry
of

434. Eg
yp
t.
(N
ew
Y
or
k:
D
ov
er
Pu
bl
ic
at
io
ns
.
In
c.
19
12
)
pp
.
11
3-
11
4.
4.
P.
R
.S
.

435. M
oo
re
y,
A
nc
ie
nt
Eg
yp
t,
(O
xf
or
d:
A
sh
m
ol
ea
n
M
us
eu
m
Pu
bl
ic
at
io
ns
,
19
88
).
p.

436. 7
5.
W
al
lis
B
ud
ge
.
H
is
to
ry
of
Eg
yp
t,
(N
ew
Y
or
k:
D
ov
er
Pu
bl
ic
at
io
ns
.
In
c.

437. .
19
12
)
pg
.
12
5
6.
C
he
ik
h
A
nt
a
D
io
p,
Th
e
A
fr
ic
an
O
rig
in
cf
C
iv
ili
za
tio
n:

438. M
yt
h
or
R
ea
lit
y.
(W
es
tp
or
t:
La
w
re
nc
e
H
ill
an
d
C
om
pa
ny
,
19
55
).
p.
22
7.
D

439. io
p,
O
p
C
it.
,
p.
10
5
8.
C
he
ik
h
A
nt
a
D
io
p.
Th
e
A
fr
ic
an
O
rig
in
of
Ci
vi
Ii:

440. ci
rio
n
M
yt
h
or
R
ea
lit
y,
(W
es
tp
or
t:
La
w
re
nc
e
H
ill
&
C
om
pa
ny
,
19
74
),
p.

441. 10
5
9.
H
er
od
ot
us
.
Th
e
H
is
to
rie
s,
(H
ar
rn
on
ds
w
or
th
,
M
id
dl
es
ex
.
U
K.
Pe
ng

442. ui
n
B
oo
ks
.
98
3)
.
pg
.
13
1
10
.
D
ru
si
lla
D
un
je
e
H
ou
st
on
,
lV
on
de
rfi
il
Et

443. hi
op
ia
ns
of
th
e
A
nc
ie
nt
Cu
.sh
ite
Em
pi
re
.
(B
al
tim
or
e:
B
la
ck
C
la
ss
ic
Pr
es
s)
.
19

444. 85
,
pp
.
70
-7
1
II
.
Ib
id
..
p.
I
12
.
H
er
od
ot
us
,
Th
e
H
is
to
rie
s,
(H
ar
m
on
ds

445. w
or
th
,
M
id
dl
es
ex
,
U
.K
.
Pe
ng
ui
n
B
oo
ks
,
19
83
),
pg
.
13
1 1
3.
Ib
id
.,
p.
13

446. 3
14
.
Jo
hn
H.
Ev
er
ar
d.
Tr
an
sl
at
or
.
Th
e
D
iv
in
e
Py
m
an
de
r
(L
os
A
ng
el
es
.

447. C
al
ifo
rn
ia
:
W
iz
ar
d
B
oo
ks
)
19
68
p.
9
15
.
D
ru
si
lla
D
un
je
e
H
ou
st
on
.

448. W
on
de
rfu
l
Et
hi
op
ia
ns
of
th
e
A
nc
ie
nt
Cu
.v
hi
te
Em
pi
re
.
(B
al
tim
or
e.
B
la
ck
C
la

449. ss
ic
Pr
es
s,
19
85
),
p.
67
16
.
Ja
la
nd
ris
,
Th
e
H
al
l
of
R
ec
or
ds
:
Th
e
H
id
de
n
Se

450. cr
et
.s
/.t
he
Py
ra
m
id
is
,d
Sp
hi
n.
s,
(S
ar
i
Fr
an
ci
sc
o:
H
ol
is
tic
Li
fe
Tr
av
el
s,

451. p.
19
80
)
p.
4
17
.
D
io
p,
O
p
C
it.
,
pp
.
1-
2
18
.
A
m
el
in
ea
u
w
as
a
gr
ea

452. t
Eg
yp
to
lo
gi
st
an
d
ar
ch
ae
ol
og
is
t.
H
e
ex
ca
va
te
d
at
O
m
El
’G
aa
h.
ne
ar
A
by
do

453. s,
an
d
di
sc
ov
er
ed
a
ro
ya
l
ne
cr
op
ol
is
w
he
re
he
w
as
ab
le
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
na
m
es

454. of
si
xt
ee
n
ki
ng
s
m
or
e
an
ci
en
t
th
an
M
en
es
.
H
e
di
sc
ov
er
ed
fo
ur
ro
ya
l
to

455. m
bs
of
th
e
ki
ng
s
K
a.
D
en
,
th
e
Se
rp
en
t
K
in
g
D
je
t,
an
d
on
e
ki
ng
w
ho
re

456. m
ai
ns
un
id
en
tif
ie
d.
19
.
A
bb
e
Em
ile
A
m
el
in
ea
u,
N
ou
re
Ils
Fm
iii
Ie
s
d’
A
by
dc

457. ss
.
(P
ar
is
,
Pa
ris
Pr
es
s.
18
99
),
pp
.
24
8
20
.
Ib
id
..
p.
24
7
21
.
G
as
to
n
M
as

458. pe
ro
.
Th
e
D
un
n
of
C
irt
hz
ar
io
n.
(N
ew
Y
or
k,
Fr
ed
er
ic
k
1.J
ng
er
Pr
es
s.
19
68
),
p.

459. 15
22
.
D
io
p,
O
p
C
it.
,
p.
27
23
.
B
K
.
C
ha
tte
rje
e
an
d
G
.D
.
K
um
ar
,
C
om

460. pa
ra
tiv
e
St
ud
y
an
d
R
ac
ia
l
A
na
ly
si
s
of
th
e
H
um
an
13
0
r
B
ru
gs
ch
.
Eg

461. )p
t
un
de
r
th
e
B
ru
gs
ch
.
Eg
yp
t
un
de
r
th
e
D
un
je
e
H
ou
st
on
,
W
on
de
rf

462. 3r
es
s)
,
19
85
,
p.
85
ud
ge
,
O
si
ris
an
d
th
e
Eg
vg
[X u
dg
e,
O
si
ris
an
d
th
e
Eg
vj

463. R
em
ai
ns
of
m
d
s
V
al
le
y
C
iv
ili
za
tio
n.
(C
al
24
.
H
ei
nr
ic
l
B
ru
gs
ch
,
Eg
yp
t

464. un
de
r
th
e
25
.
Ib
id
.,
p4
15
8
26
.
C
yr
il
A
l
re
d,
Eg
yp
tia
n
A
rt,
(N
ew
27
.

465. L.
A.
W
rd
de
ll,
Eg
yp
tia
n
C
iv
ili
za
tio
r
C
al
ifo
rn
ia
:
C
hr
st
ia
n
B
oo
k
C
lu
b,
19
26

466. ),
p.
28
.
C
ol
lo
uc
B
at
ta
,
Th
e
H
is
to
ry
of
m
di
i
of
th
e
te
rm
s
us
:.
d
by
B

467. at
ta
is
in
or
de
r.
A
ry
a
na
m
e
of
C
ai
ro
i
29
.
H
ei
nr
ic
B
ru
gs
ch
-B
ey
,
Eg
yp
t

468. un
de
r
30
.
H
er
od
ot
js
.
Th
e
H
is
to
rie
s,
(H
ar
m
on
31
.
A
.
R
os
zl
ie
D
av
id
.

469. Ti
re
M
ak
in
g
of
.
E
is
ev
ie
r-
Ph
ai
dn
,
19
75
).
pp
.
13
-1
4
32
.
G
er
al
d
M
as
se

470. y.
Bo
ok
of
B
eg
in
nr
ng
33
.
A
le
xa
nr
e
M
or
et
,
Le
til
le
tl
en
ci
vi
lls
Th
e
A
fri
ca
n

471. O
ni
gi
tr
of
C
iri
liz
at
io
n:
M
vi
ii
or
p.
97 3
4.
C
he
ik
h
A
nt
a
D
io
p.
Th
e
A
fr
ic
an
O

472. n
H
ill
&
C
om
pa
ny
.
19
74
),
p.
78
35
.
H
er
od
o
us
.
Th
e
H
is
to
rie
s,
(H
ar
m
o

473. 36
.
H
ei
nr
ic
37
.
H
ei
nr
ic
38
.
D
ru
si
ll
B
la
ck
C
la
ss
ic
39
.
W
al
lis

474. 19
68
)
Pr
ef
ac
eh
40
.
W
al
li
s
19
68
)
Pr
ef
ac
e
IX
41
.
C.
P.
B
42
.
Jo
hn
H

475. 19
68
.
pg
.
63
43
.
H
ei
nr
ic
B
ru
gs
ch
.
Eg
yp
t
un
de
r
tb
44
.
H
ei
nr
i
B
ru
gs

476. ch
,
Eg
yp
t
un
de
r
th
45
.
Pr
of
es
or
H
.S
.
Sm
ith
an
d
M
is
s
Ro
Fo
re
st:
Th
e
K
ns

477. al
Pr
es
s)
19
83
,
p.
29
46
.
Fl
av
iu
E
Jo
se
ph
us
,
A
ga
in
st
A
pi
on
Jo
se
ph
us
w
as
bo

478. rn
in
Je
ru
sa
le
m
in
37
A
Es
se
ne
s.
Sa
dd
uc
ee
s,
an
d
th
e
Ph
ar
is
ee
s,
h
th
e
R

479. om
an
s
air
d
Je
sv
s
he
w
as
ap
po
in
te
d
g
w
as
lo
st.
tro
n1
ica
lly
,
he
w
on
fa
vo
r
w

480. ith
ti
47
.
W
ill
ia
ts
R.
Fi
x,
Py
ra
m
id
O
dy
ss
ey
48
.
Fl
in
de
s
Pe
tri
e
as
qu
ot
ed
by
C

481. ha
rle
A
.
St
ra
ha
m
ai
d
C
o.
).
18
74
,
p.
20
49
.
W
ill
ir
n
R.
Fi
x,
Py
ra
m
id
O
dy
ss

482. e
50
.
W
ill
ir
n
R.
Fi
x,
Py
ra
m
id
O
dv
ss
e3
51
.
Ja
m
es
B
re
as
te
d.
A
H
is
to
ry

483. of
E1
11
2-
11
3
52
.
H
ei
nr
ic
h
B
ru
gs
ch
.
Eg
yp
t
un
de
r
th
53
.
Ja
m
es
B
re
as

484. te
d,
A
H
is
to
ry
of
Eg
y
C
ha
nd
le
r
18
1
ut
ta
,
So
l
D
is
tri
bu
to
rs
.
W
.
N

485. eu
m
an
.
19
65
),
p.
17
‘h
ar
ao
hs
,
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y)
,
18
91
.
p.
14
or
k:
O

486. xf
or
d
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
Pr
es
s)
,
19
80
,
p.
93
1
Its
Su
tti
er
ia
n
O
rig
in
an
d
R
ea
lC
hr
on

487. ol
og
y
(H
aw
th
or
ne
,
ix (
C
al
cu
tta
:
C
al
cu
tta
Pr
es
s.
19
36
).
p.
27
A
n
ex
pa
na
tio
n

488. is
Ir
an
or
Pe
rs
ia
:
B
ar
ria
.
is
A
ra
bi
a.
an
d
M
as
ra
,
w
as
th
e
th
e
Pi
ra
ra
ah

489. .c
.
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y.
18
91
),
p.
19
is
w
or
th
:
Pe
ng
ui
n
C
la
ss
ic
s)
p.

490. 14
8
he
Pa
st
:
Ti
re
Eg
yp
tia
n
K
in
gd
om
s,
(T
ur
nh
ou
t,
B
el
gi
um
:
(V
ol
t
U
ni
ve
rs

491. ity
B
oo
ks
,
18
81
).
p.
27
11
10
0
eg
i’p
tie
flf
le
.
p.
12
2,
as
qu
ot
ed
in
C
hi
ek
h
A
at

492. a
D
ro
p.
R
ea
lit
y.
(W
es
tp
or
t:
La
sv
re
nc
e
H
ill
an
d
C
om
pa
ny
,
19
74
),
gin
of
C
iv

493. ili
za
tio
n
M
yt
h
or
R
ea
lit
y.
(W
es
tp
or
t:
La
w
re
nc
e
rd
sw
or
th
,
M
id
dl
es
ex
.
U
.K

494. .
Pe
ng
ui
n
B
oo
ks
.
19
83
).
pg
.
Pi
ra
ra
oh
s,
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y)
,
18
91
,
p.

495. 10
Pl
ra
ra
oh
s.
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y)
,
18
91
,
pp
.
24
-2
9
ii
Et
hi
op
ia
tis
of
tir
e
A

496. nc
ie
nt
C
us
hi
te
Em
pi
re
,
(B
al
tim
or
e:
ia
n
R
es
ur
re
ct
io
n.
(N
ew
Y
or
k:
D
ov
er
Pu

497. bl
ic
at
ro
n,
In
c.
,
lio
n
R
es
ur
re
ct
io
n,
(N
ew
Yo
tk
:
D
ov
er
Pu
bl
ic
at
io
nL
s.
In
c.

498. ,
,o
nd
on
:
Lo
nd
on
Pr
es
s)
.
19
30
.
Pl
at
e
I
vi
ne
Py
nr
on
de
r.
(L
os
A
ng
el
es
.C
al

499. ifo
rn
ia
:
W
iz
ar
d
oo
ks
).
Pl
ra
ro
oh
s,
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y)
,
18
91
,
pp
.
ll

500. Ph
ar
ao
hs
,
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y)
.
18
91
,
pp
.
10
-l
I
al
in
d
M
.
H
al
l,
Eg
yp
tia

501. n
C
en
te
rs
of
C
iv
ili
za
tio
n,
(W
in
ds
or
Bo
ok
O
ne
).
(N
ew
Y
or
k:
R
ei
nl
an
d
Pr
es

502. s)
.
l9
7
.
p.
25
D
.
A
fte
r
st
ud
yi
ng
th
e
te
ne
ts
of
th
e
se
ct
s
of
Ju
da
is
m
.

503. th
e
be
ca
m
e
a
Ph
ar
is
ee
.
A
t
th
e
be
gi
nn
in
g
of
th
e
w
ar
be
tw
ee
n
ve
rn
or
of

504. G
al
ile
e.
Th
ou
gh
he
fo
ug
ht
w
ith
va
lo
r
hi
s
ba
ttl
e
e
R
om
an
ge
ne
ra
l
an
d
w
as

505. gi
ve
n
th
e
na
m
e
fla
vr
us
.
(U
rb
an
na
,
V
irg
in
ia
.
M
er
cu
ry
M
ed
ia
),
19
84
,
p.
42

506. Sm
yt
h.
O
ur
In
ire
rit
an
ce
in
tir
e
G
re
at
Py
ra
m
id
.
(L
on
do
n:
(U
rb
an
na
,
V
irg
in

507. ia
:
M
er
cu
ry
M
ed
ia
),
19
84
,
p.
5
(U
rb
an
na
,
V
irg
in
ia
:
M
er
cu
ry
M
ed
ia
),
19
84

508. ,
pp
.
23
0-
22
yp
t,
(N
ew
Y
or
k:
C
ha
rle
s
Sc
rib
ne
r
&
So
ns
).
19
09
,
pp
.
Ph
ar
ao

509. hs
,
(L
on
do
n:
Jo
hn
M
ur
ra
y)
,
18
91
,
pp
.
32
,t
,
(N
ew
Y
or
k:
C
ha
rle
s
Sc
rib
ne
r

510. &
So
ns
),
19
09
,
p.
11
5
Ia
n,
Ti
re
Pa
py
ru
s
Eb
er
us
Ev
er
ar
d,
Tr
an
sl
at
or
.
Ti

511. re
D