4. Енергія в Ель Серітто, Каліфорнія
• Електрика та газ від
регульованої
енергетичної компанії,
спрямованої на
отримання прибутку
PG&E лінії електропередач в Ель
Серітто
4
5. Клімат та Програми сталого
розвитку
• Планування дій на
захист клімату
– Семінари для громадян та
зацікавлених сторін з
розробки цілей щодо
скорочення викидів
парникових газів та стратегії
– Прийняття міською радою
Плану дій на захист клімату
та досягнення цілей щодо
скорочення викидів
парникових газів .
5
6. Клімат та Програми сталого
розвитку
• Муніципальне
енергетичне управління
– Моніторинг
використання енергії
– Розробка проектів
– Послуги будівництва
– Управління проектами
6
Зверху: Замінено металогалогенні лампи з
світлодіодних світильників для 30% економії
Знизу: Установлено сонячні батареї для 75%
заміщення електроенергії
7. Клімат та Програми сталого
розвитку
• Співтовариство з питань
енергоефективності
– Долучити громадян до
ресурсів
енергоефективності
– Провести навчання
мешканців та
підприємств на тему
енергоефективності та
джерел сонячної енергії
Зверху: Інфільтрація повітря у звичайному
американському будинку
Знизу: Семінар з енергоефективності у будинку 7
8. Клімат та Програми сталого
розвитку
• Проекти щодо
нешкідливих
транспортних засобів
– Розробка інфраструктури
електричних заправок для
електричних транспортних
засобів
– Сприяння використанню
програм спільного
використання транспортних
засобів
– Створення безпечної
пішохідної та велосипедної
інфраструктури
8
10. Комунальні енергоресурси
Каліфорнії
• Каліфорнійська комісія з питань
діяльності комунальних служб регулює
приватні електрику, природний газ,
телекомунікації, водопостачання,
залізницю, залізничні перевезення, а
також компанії пасажирських
перевезень для того, щоб споживачі
мали безпечне, надійне комунальне
обслуговування за розумними цінами,
захист від шахрайства, і зміцнення
здоров'я економіки Каліфорнії.
10
• Приватні комерційні компанії
забезпечують енергією 29
мільйонів каліфорнійців
11. Каліфорнійський пік попиту на
електроенергію
Прогнози у порівнянні з фактичним зростанням
11
Source: Peter Asmus. Introduction to Energy in California
14. Енергетична криза 2000
14
• Дерегулювання створює маніпулювання
цінами на електроенергію
• Брак енергії в період пікового попиту
15. Великий удар по малому бізнесу
15
• Малі комерційні тарифи на електроенергію
збільшилися на 41% з 2000 по 2001
• Найменша енергоефективність з усіх
секторів
• У старіших будівлях
• Короткострокові оренди
• Інвестування невеличкого капіталу
• Відсутність персоналу та часу, щоб стати
експертом у сфері енергетики
16. Програма розумного освітлення
16
• Маркетинг від дверей до
дверей
• Безкоштовні та не обов'язкові
перевірки енергоефективності
• Миттєві знижки, щоб
допомогти знизити витрати за
свій рахунок, а також паперову
роботу
• Визначення цін на договірній
основі з кваліфікованими
підрядниками з установки
• Безкоштовне управління від
початку до кінця та контроль
якості
17. Висновки
• Роки лобіювання можуть привести до
хорошої державної політики
• Важлива роль місцевих органів влади та
неурядових організацій
• Криза породжує можливості
17
Editor's Notes
Hello, thank you for this opportunity to be with you at this important exchange.I am an analyst at the City of El Cerrito and during this conference I will provide you with 2 stories about how determined individuals, non-governmental organizations, and local governments worked together to create positive environmental benefits in California, making it one of the solar and energy efficiency capitals of the world. These are events that unfolded over the past 40 years. These efforts all started out as small individual acts, but incrementally turned into lasting institutions.
But first, the Center for Safe Energy has asked me to say a little bit about my city, my job experience, and my role as a local government employee. Here are a couple photos from our downtown.
El Cerrito is a small city of 24,000 residents in the San Francisco Bay metropolitan region. As El Cerrito is primarily a residential community, this translates into 11,000 households living in 7.5 square miles. We are close to Berkeley and San Francisco and collaborate with the counties and cities of the Bay Area on a variety of issues, including those issues relating to energy and climate protection. In California, local governments (cities and counties) have powers to regulate and enforce land use and building codes, providing they don’t fall below minimum standards set by the State of California, or – visa-versa - exceed the powers granted to them by the State’s Constitution -- or for that matter, the U.S. Constitution. In practice, there is a constantly evolving body of laws that refines where the lines are drawn between the rights and responsibilities at each level of government.
We get our energy – as does most of Northern California – from Pacific, Gas, and Electric – which is a for-profit electricity and gas company that is regulated by a State agency called the California Public Utilities Commission.
I run the City’s Climate and Sustainability Programs. I am responsible for developing and implementing city policies, programs and projects that will help the City and its citizens cut greenhouse gases. This means I wear many hats. I am a planner: I developed and brought our City’s Climate Action Plan through our public approval process -- which was the culmination of 2 years of working with city residents, citizen advisory boards, and government officials to create the plan and then bring it to our governing board for approval. The goal of the plan is to cut GHGs by 30% by 2035.
In order to implement that goal, I must also be an energy manager. I monitor the City’s energy use, find energy waste, and plan cost-effective energy projects. This means I need to raise the money and gain approval to do the projects and then procure to services to install these projects. Whenever we hire a contractor, we must do so through a transparent and competitive public process, which is codified in California state law. Here are a couple lighting retrofits and solar projects that I’ve worked on over the past 4 years. I will be talking more in depth about this topic in my presentations on Wednesday.
Since about 44% of our greenhouse gas emissions come from residential and business Energy Use, I also promote regional energy efficiency and solar programs in our community. Since our city has limited funds, my work in this area is usually funded by grants and other outside funding. Develop education programs to link citizens with regional energy efficiency resourcesHere, we’re providing a workshop to educate residents about ways to weatherize their homes
I also am working on clean transportation projects – such as installation of new Electric Vehicle charging stations, and promoting a better, safer environment for residents to walk and bicycle in our car dominated city.
But today, I’d like to talk about work I did in a previous job when I was at a nongovernmental organization called Community Energy Services Corporation. Back in 2000, I worked with the Cities of Berkeley and San Francisco to develop a commercial energy efficiency program that would cut electricity use by about 20% in 1,400 small businesses over 2 years. Back then this was a very ambitious goal and was not something that local governments or NGO’s normally did.
In order to understand why this was new back then, I need to tell you a little bit about how California delivers electricity and energy efficiency. Most of California is served by 3 private utilities. These are regulated by the California Public Utilities Commission. As a state institution in our democracy, it is required to protect consumers from fraud and rate manipulation, and to create rules governing utility-related laws that are passed by our legislators.PG&E: 15 million people; 5 million accountsSCE: 14 million people; 4.5 million account
California grew extremely fast during and after World War II. From the 1940s through the 1970s, the utilities were growing at 5% per year and were planning on doubling energy production every decade. The development of nuclear power plants figured largely into these development plans. Backed by anti-nuclear advocates, including one notable U.C. Berkeley physics professor, one California legislator was quite concerned by the projection of the development of dozens of nuclear power plants and realized that California could not continue with this model of simply accommodating demand. While initial attempts to pass legislation failed, the 1973 oil embargo and the US energy crisis soon followed. This prompting the legislature to form the California Energy Commission to regulate the environmental impacts of energy production and to develop a conservation strategy.
They developed the nation’s first building efficiency standards and appliance efficiency standards, leading the way for the rest of the nation. And the Energy Commission (along with the Public Utilities Commission) also developed a model for providing energy efficiency rebates through the utilities. This curve is a depiction of how California’s refrigerator standards -- first passed in 1978 and slowly ratcheted down throughout the decades -- has driven down the energy use of refrigerators.
Many expert estimate that this efficiency strategy has saved Californians over $65 billion and avoided the development of at least 30 power plants.This graph here is commonly called the Rosenfeld curve – named after Art Rosenfeld, who was one of the first Commissioners on the newly created California Energy Commission. He was the Berkeley professor I mentioned earlier who advocated for a conservation—rather than a growth- strategy to meet California’s energy demand.
Fast forward to 2000, when the legislature tried to introduce competition into the electricity market by allowing other energy generators to sell electricity in California. This was called deregulation, and the public policy behind it was set up badly. It allowed Enron and other energy companies to manipulate supply, especially when energy demand was high, causing prices to go sky high. This caused energy shortages and California’s second energy crisis.The California Governor and Legislature needed to quickly get Californians to decrease their energy use during peak periods in order to help solve this crisis. So among many other things, they allocated money to run emergency demand response programs. Since they needed to do this fast, they bypassed the utilities for some programs – especially for certain types of customers that the utilities were bad at reaching, such as small business.
Even though 80% of all businesses in California are small, the utilities designed their rebate programs to serve large business because it’s easier to get lots of savings with one transaction. However, small businesses saw their energy bills go up 41% during the energy crisis, and the politicians realized they needed to help them lower these costs.And small businesses were also in some of the least energy efficient building stock in the State: Retail sector often in older business districts In rented property with short term leases – like 3- 5 years So they are reluctant to make tenant improvements with high pay-backs No extra capital to make investments in new equipment Usually run by a sole proprietor or small staff experts in running their business, not energy efficiency experts
For several years before the energy crisis even began, the City of Berkeley had partnered with Community Energy Services to operate a small program that provided energy audits to Berkeley businesses and a small rebate to help them install the measures. We used about $10,000 of city funds and served about 10 businesses a year. However, we were some of the only cities in California doing this when the energy crisis hit. So the California Public Utilities Commission contracted with us and the City of San Francisco for $12 million and asked us to prove that programs to make small businesses more energy efficiency could be scaled up to make an impact. In order to remove the barriers I identified, the program we developed – called the Smart Lights Program -- offered: Went door-to-door to bring the services directly to the customerProvided a free, no obligation energy-efficiency auditProvided instant rebates to help lower out-of-pocket expenses and paperworkNegotiated volume pricing with qualified installation contractorsProvided free start-to-finish project management and quality controlWe worked in commercial districts and went door to door conducting free lighting audits for small businesses, for instance the local restaurant, grocery store, or pharmacy. We’d then put together a customized report to retrofit the lighting, combined that with subsidized discounts on the project costs, and then -- if the customer wished to complete the job --dispatched contractors to do the work. We did make our goals and proved our worth to the utilities and the Public Utilities Commission. And I’m happy to report that this program is still going strong 13 years later, having retrofitted over 9,000 businesses. It has been replicated by other non-profit organizations throughout PG&E territory.
I’d be happy to talk more in detail about the program for anyone who is interested. But I think for purposes of this exchange, the lesson we learned that may be of value to Ukraine is: As the California energy efficiency story shows, years of advocacy can result in good public policyLocal governments have an inherent interest in helping their constituents to be resilient to energy price shocks and shortages. Energy efficiency programs and education is the most relevant way to do that. Non-profit organizations can be valuable partners in that task, as they can specialize in providing targeted services in a community in a way that is hard to do in a government bureaucracy. Crisis begets opportunities. By being prepared with established relationships and maybe a pilot program or model policies, local governments and NGO’s can be ready to respond to the crises and create changes needed in public policy.
