Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (15)
Similar to Сандерс: Розвиток ринку сонячної енергетики
Similar to Сандерс: Розвиток ринку сонячної енергетики (20)
More from ecoclubrivne
More from ecoclubrivne (20)
Сандерс: Розвиток ринку сонячної енергетики
- 1. Розвиток ринків сонячної енергії Марія Сандерс – 23 вересня 2013
- 2. Чому сонячна енергія? 2 - 100 200 300 400 500 600 Муніципальний кадастр викидів ПГ 2005 року у Ель Церіто Тон CO2eкв у рік • Знижує викиди CO2 на 5% у місті • Демонструє екологічне лідерство
- 3. Чому сонячна енергія? • Вартість проекту оплачується за рахунок щорічної економії кВт-г • $ 200 000 як пільги від держави на сонячну енергію 3 Index Current Use System Size, kWdc Pre -Solar Rate Schedule Post-Solar Rate Schedule Annual Usage (kWh) Annual PV kWhs Year 1 Utility Savings System Price ELC01 All 356.01 E19SV A6 722,158 483,881 $99,888 $1,586,662 $119,529.64 2011 utility costs for all 6 facility System Degradation, %/yr 0.50% 84% renewable offset of utility electricity costs PG&E Rate Escalator 4.75% 67% Electricity production Percent Down Payment 0% Investment Snapshot Indicators Down Payment $0 Total Revenues: $5,852,472 $/kw $4,456.79 Loan Principle $1,595,300 Total Expenses ($2,028,880) $/kwh $3.28 Loan APR 2.75% Total Profit $3,823,592 tons CO2e 135.24 Loan Term, yrs 15 kWhs over 30 years 13,511,487 % of City GHGs 5% Total Rebate Amount $210,866 System Net Down Payment Annual PV Generated kWhs Federal Tax Credit + MACRS CSI PBI Payments, $0.088/kWh O&M Loan Principal Payments Loan Interest Payments Interest Tax Deduction Net System Expenses Utility Savings (After Tax) Total Annual Cash Flow Cumulative Cash Flow Year $0 0 $0 $0 0 483,881 $49,715 ($3,292) ($87,237) ($43,275) $0 ($84,089) $99,888 $15,799 $15,799 1 481,462 $40,591 ($3,415) ($89,652) ($40,860) $0 ($93,336) $104,110 $10,773 $26,573 2 479,054 $40,388 ($3,544) ($92,135) ($38,377) $0 ($93,667) $108,509 $14,842 $41,415 3 476,659 $40,186 ($3,676) ($94,686) ($35,826) $0 ($94,002) $113,095 $19,093 $60,508 4 474,276 $39,985 ($3,814) ($97,308) ($33,204) $0 ($94,341) $117,875 $23,534 $84,042 5
- 4. Мій проект системи сонячної енергії можливий • Зрілий ринок сонячної енергії забезпечує конкурентоспроможні ціни • Істотні знижки дають можливість купувати за ціною, що нижча, ніж передбачена проектом • Правила, що регулюють приєднання до електричних мереж • Відповідні місцеві будівельні норми 4
- 5. Розподіл приладів перетворення сонячної енергії у електроенергію Каліфорнія (1999) 5 • 40 встановлених систем • 175.7 кВт встановленої потужності
- 6. Розподіл приладів перетворення сонячної енергії у електроенергію Каліфорнія (2008) 6 • 30,258 встановлених систем • 32,687 кВт встановленої потужності
- 7. Розподіл сонячних батарей у Каліфорнії 7 Миттєве зростання 1999 – 2008 40 - 30,000 сонячних батарей, приєднаних до електромереж
- 8. Сонячна енергія комунального масштабу у Каліфорнії • Енергетична незахищеність США (1973-1980) • Закон про політику регулювання сфери комунального обслуговування та Закон про податок на енергію США (1978) • Каліфорнійські податкові стимули • Сонячна енергія комунального масштабу, вітер, геотермальне обладнання • Розвиток торговельних асоціацій та адвокатів на захист громадської політики щодо сонячної енергії 8
- 9. Розподіл приладів перетворення сонячної енергії у електроенергію у Каліфорнії • Перша сонячна батарея невеликого масшабу, приєднана до електромереж (1993) • Багато перешкод і необгрунтованих витрат на підключення до мережі • Тривале зростання професійних, торгових асоціацій, та адвокатів • Каліфорнійське Правило 21керувати угодами про приєднання (2000) 9
- 10. Роль адвокатів та асоціацій 10 • Визначати технічні та ринкові перешкоди • Будувати відносини • Розробляти моделі специфікації, законодавства, правил • Бути активними в політичних процесах • Демонструвати це за допомогою пілотних проектів
- 11. Який Ваш ринок сонячної енергії? А Ви хочете .... ? 11 • Подавати живлення ло людей, які не мають доступу до електроенергії або природного газу – Сільська місцевість, низький рівень доходу • Забезпечити бізнес чи галузі промисловості більш надійним електропостачанням – Мікропідприємства в сільських районах – Галузі промисловості в міських районах
- 12. Який Ваш ринок сонячної енергії? А Ви хочете .... ? 12 • Стати більш енергонезалежним – Заміщення імпортованих джерел енергії – Створення більшого розмаїття в джерелах палива • Стабілізувати ціни на електроенергію – Сонячна енергія «замикає» ціни на енергоносії протягом десятиліть • Зелені екологічні вигоди – Зниження викидів вуглецю – Поліпшити якість повітря навколо електрогенераторів
- 13. Що потрібно Вашому ринку сонячної енергії? 13 • Які перешкоди? • Що має статися для того, щоб ці перешкоди були усунені? • Хто може допомогти усунути ці перешкоди? • Хто вигодонабувач? • Чи існують інші зацікавлені сторони? • Які ще повідомлення кожна із зацікавлених сторін має почути?
Editor's Notes
- Just before I came here, the City of El Cerrito finished construction of several solar PV projects. These were the first solar projects the City has ever done.And I was the project manager to make sure the projects were completed to the City’s satisfaction.
- Our City Council - or governing body - approved the procurement of the services to install these systems in late 2012 for several reasons: First and foremost, all 5 Council Members are concerned about Climate Change, and as a body they adopted a goal to reduce GHGs by 30% by 2035. We recently completed our Climate Action Plan, which contained this inventory of our greenhouse gas emissions from municipal facilities. By installing these projects, we’ve cut this bar for “building electricity” in half and reduce our CO2 emissions by 5%. Second, they wanted the City to provide leadership on environmental issues by demonstrating positive environmental solutions that can also be utilized by residents and businesses in the community.
- And, finally, they approved the projects because they are supposed to pay for themselves from Year 1. The City’s budget has been very stretched since the financial crisis in 2008. Since we knew that we would need to take out a loan to pay for the project, one of our criteria for selecting a solar firm was that the project had to be cost neutral – meaning that energy savings from the systems would be equal to, or better than, the annual costs to pay back the loan. Well, almost: In order for these projects to be cost neutral, we also needed fairly substantial financial incentive of about $200,000 in solar rebates from the State of California.
- It’s simple for me to take credit for having put this project together, but many things had to have already happened in the United State and in California to allow any grid-connected solar projects to happen at all. And I was surprised to find out that as recently as 1993, these types of projects were not possible in California --- even though California has been a world leader in solar innovation since the 1970s. So what type of things needed to happen in order for me to build my solar project?The market for solar needed to be mature enough to offer me competitive project costsWe needed rebates to help buy down the initial project costs to make it pay for itself. Since we already had electricity, our system needed to be connected to the utility electricity grid.We needed rules to make sure the utilities honored their obligation to connect us to the grid.We needed rules to make sure that my local government would provide me a building permit to install this system.
- California has seen an explosive growth in the distributed solar industry. In my community alone --which, by no means, leads the state in solar -- the number of installed systems are growing 15% per year. Here’s a map of California, and these blue dots indicate the number of grid-tied solar projects installed in 1999. There were only 40 systems installed.
- Fast forward just 9 years later to 2008. Now there are 30,000 grid-tied systems distributed throughout most of California. Here, you’ll see the yellow, orange areas indicate a high concentration of systems in the urban areas around San Francisco Bay, Silicon Valley and Los Angeles.
- Here it is again in instant replay.Click to play embedded wave file.In my last presentation I talked about how California’s concern over the potential growth in nuclear power plants and its 2 energy crises provided opportunities for many varied interests to promote energy conservation. These events also led to opportunities for California to aggressively pursue renewable energy options. Due to time, I am simplifying this solar story. There were, of course, many important innovations in financing and marketing solar, providing solar rebates, and creating a workforce ready to install solar.
- In particular, as the 1970s oil shortages continued to highlight America’s energy vulnerabilities, many individuals, such as academics, architecture and ecology students, and entrepreneurs throughout the nation became interested and pursued careers in alternative energy – such as designing passive solar buildings, solar thermal and off-grid solar electricity projects. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed the Public Utilities Regulatory Act (PURPA) which required utilities nationwide to purchase electricity from independent power producers of renewable energy if they met appropriate cost-effectiveness criteria. That same year, he also signed the Energy Tax Act which provided tax credits to incentivize these independent power producers of wind, solar, and geothermal to develop renewable energy projects. These two Acts opened up power generation to competition and spurred a wave of technological, financial, and business innovations. California was the most aggressive state in the US by far in taking advantage of these laws and added their own tax incentives. Within 5 years, California was home to 90% of the world’s wind power. Besides wind, many of these power plants were also large utility-scale solar PV fields and solar thermal electricity power plants (or Concentrated Solar Power). Even so, it was difficult to get the utilities to negotiate in good faith the power purchase contracts with these independent producers. As a result these businesses formed a trade association (Independent Energy Producers Association) to represent their interests with the regulatory agencies and the government to create public policy that helped provide more certainty in investing in these projects.Other non-governmental, non-profit organizations, trade associations and environmental advocates kept pushing for legislation and regulations that removed barriers and created incentives. Theirs was an important voice as California developed the rules for efficiency and renewable incentives throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
- Champions within the utilities also enabled solar progress. My utility, PG&E, piloted in 1993 the first small scale solar system in California that was connected to the grid at the customer side of the distribution lines. But still, connecting to the grid thereafter was challenging. Utilities often used the rules and review process they reserved for its large utility scale projects that were connecting to transmission lines. And they had broad discretion to study the impact of interconnection on the grid at the customer’s expense. This added a level of uncertainty and cost that would often overwhelm the project. Creating fair and equitable rules (and rates) to govern interconnection that would provide customers and solar contractors a level of certainty took the concerted efforts of professional, trade, and advocacy organizations to help policy makers remove barriers, create standard agreements, and create fair rate tariffs. California Rule 21 (adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission in 2000) – creates the rules for interconnection in CA. It was developed through the efforts of the utilities, industry representatives, consumer groups and environmental advocates. It has since been used by most other states in governing interconnection for distributed solar PV projects.
- The point behind this brief history lesson is that my City was able to complete a relatively risk-free, cost-effective solar project because over the past 40 years individuals, advocates, NGO’s, trade and professional organizations, academics and students pushed at the utilities, the regulators and the legislators that made the rules. They identified the barriers, provided the tools, and made the relationships to overcome these barriers. And their work is on-going, because we don’t have a perfect system and there are many, many opportunities for improvement.I particularly like the missions statement of the Vote Solar Initiative – which is “Our mission is to make solar a mainstream energy resource across the U.S.. The sun got up this morning to help. Did you?”
- In putting together this presentation, I got some advice from the woman, Jan Hamrin, who developed the state’s first solar incentive and formed one of those formative trade associations, and who has consulted with the Chinese government as they developed their solar market. Her advice was this: Clarify the primary reasons to promote solar at this time. Is it: To provide electricity to people who don’t have access to electricity (like in rural areas) For economic development or to allow business/industry to have a more reliable electricity supply
- Do you want to… Become more energy independent (using their own domestic resource rather than an imported one) Help stabilize electricity prices (you know what the electricity from a solar system will cost from day one – it won’t change for that system)And/ Or Gleen environmental benefits (e.g. air quality, climate change, etc.)
- Once you are clear on this, then the next set of questions become more obvious. So in conclusion, these are some of the questions to consider. What are the barriers to achieving success in that market?What needs to happen in order to remove those barriers? Do you need technical specifications? Do you need funding? Will a pilot project provide proof or concept? Do you need legislative action?Who can help lift those barriers? Professional association to create technical standards? Potential funding agencies? Politicians or other dignitaries?Who are the beneficiaries? Rural populations Urban populations Low-income or the wealthy who can afford to be early adopters of the technologyAre there other stakeholders? Such as the electric utilitiesWhat are the messages that each stakeholder needs to hear?Thank you very much. And I hope we can discuss these more during our afternoon breakout sessions.