Dr Sadgun Bhandari - According to Mahler stranger anxiety develops around 8 months. The pre conventional stage of moral development is characterised by the child trying to conform fearing parental punishment.

1. BASIC SCIENCES IN PSYCHIATRY
QUIZ
DR SADGUN BHANDARI
 CONSULTANT PSYCHIATRIST
 QUEEN ELIZABETH II HOSPITAL
 WELWYN GARDEN CITY
 HERTFORDSHIRE


2. PART 2 BASIC

According to Mahler stranger anxiety develops
around 8 months.
 T
 The pre conventional stage of moral development is
characterised by the child trying to conform fearing
parental punishment.
 T

3. 
Pre-conventional
 1 Obedience and Punishment
 2 Individualism, Instrumentalism, and Exchange
Conventional
 3 "Good boy/girl"
 4 Law and Order
 Post-conventional
 5 Social Contract
 6 Principled Conscience

4. PART 2 BASIC

Ainsworth described the "anxiously attached,
ambivalent" infant as one who doesn’t mind being put
down but acts worried as soon as the mother leaves.
 F
 Reversibility of "operations" components of Piaget's
theory of cognitive development.
 T
 Operations: set of general rules and strategies.

5. 

Theory of mind develops around the age of 4 years.
T

6. The psychologists H. Wimmer and J. Perner showed that a
full-fledged TOM doesn’t develop before the age of 3/4. They
set up a series of experimental tests in order to check whether
children between 3 and 5 years of age were able to attribute a
false belief to someone else. In one of these experiments,
children see a scene in which a character, Maxi, puts chocolate
in a drawer and goes away. While he is away, his mother takes
a bit of chocolate for cooking and then puts it somewhere else
and goes out. Then Maxi comes back, and the experimenter
asks: "Where will Maxi look for the chocolate?". The 1983
original results showed that children over 5 did not have
problems in attributing to Maxi a false belief, whereas
younger children predicted indifferently that Maxi could look
for the chocolate where his mother has put it.

7. PART 2 BASIC

Separation during the critical period takes place
before the age of 3 months.
 F
 According to Erickson intimacy versus isolation is the
dominant theme in adolescence.
 F
 In adolescence the key themes are those of identity
vs. role confusion. Intimacy vs. isolation are features
of young adulthood.

8. PART 2 BASIC


Sequential learning is needed when memorizing a
shopping list.
T

9. PART 2 BASIC




Reading digits after address in a phone book represents
automatic attention.
T
The audience effect improves performance on well-learned
behaviour but not on complex tasks requiring new learning.
The presence of others, either as audience or coactors, creates
arousal or drive.
– Increased arousal increases the likelihood of the individual’s
dominant response.
• If the skill is simple or well learned, then the dominant
response will be the correct response and performance
improves.
– If the skill is complex and not well learned, then the
dominant response will be an incorrect response and
performance is impaired.

10. PART 2 BASIC

Escape learning is converted into avoidance learning
by giving the animal a warning signal.
 T
 An escape response is an instrumental behaviour
that is motivated by an aversive event and is
rewarded by the termination of the event.

11. PART 2 BASIC

Learned helplessness is likely to lead to increased
mortality in animals.
 T
 According to Abraham Maslow, creativity is a
characteristic of the self-actualised person.
 T

13. PART 2 BASIC

Benton visual retention test is used to test the
occipital lobe.
 T
 Pseudodepression can be a feature of frontal lobe
orbital surface lesions.
 F
 A condition of personality following frontal lobe lesion
in which apathy, indifference and a loss of initiative
are apparent symptoms but are not accompanied by
a sense of depression in the patient

14. PART 2 BASIC


Reading and writing are intact in Wernicke’s aphasia.
This is the most common of the fluent aphasias. It is
also known as semantic aphasia The lesion is
located in Wernicke's area, which is the posterior
region of the left superior temporal gyrus or the first
gyrus of the temporal lobe. The major impairment is
semantic. With severe Wernicke's aphasia there is
usually a severe impairment in auditory
comprehension. Both reading and writing can be
seriously impaired if the angular gyrus is
compromised.

15. PART 2 BASIC


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
Agraphesthesia is tested when parietal lobe lesions
are suspected.
T Inability to identify a letter or number being written
on a part of the body
The Gertsmann's syndrome can sometimes occur in
temporal lobe lesions.
F Gerstmann's syndrome is a neurological disorder
characterized by four primary symptoms: a writing
disability (agraphia or dysgraphia), a lack of
understanding of the rules for calculation or
arithmetic (acalculia or dyscalculia), an inability to
distinguish right from left, and an inability to identify
fingers (finger agnosia).

16. PART 2 BASIC


Finger agnosia is not a form of finger blindness , as
the name suggests. Nor is it an inability to recognize
a finger as a finger. Rather, the difficulty involves
naming and differentiating among the fingers of either
hand as well as the hands of others (Gerstmann,
1940). This includes pointing to fingers named by the
examiner, or moving or indicating a particular finger
on one hand when the same finger is stimulated on
the opposite hand.
In addition, if you touch their finger while eyes are
closed, and ask them to touch the same finger they
may have difficulty. Often patients who have difficulty
identifying fingers by name or simply differentiating
between them non-verbally also suffer from receptive
language abnormalities

17. PART 2 BASIC

In the Holmes and Rahe life-events scale redundancy
is rated more stressful than marriage.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) is an appropriate psychometric instrument for
evaluating a broad range of cognitive abilities.

18. PART 2 BASIC

Life EventsLife Crisis Units Death of spouse100
Divorce73 Martial separation65 Jail term63 Death of
close family member63 Personal injury or
illness53Marriage50Fired at work47Marital
reconciliation45Retirement45Change in health of a
family member44Pregnancy40Sex Difficulties39Gain
of new family member39Business
readjustment39Change in financial state38Death of
close friend37Change to different line of
work36Change in number of arguments with
spouse35Mortgage over $100,00031Foreclosure of
mortgage or loan30Change in responsibilities
atwork29

19. PART 2 BASIC

Life EventsLife Crisis UnitsSon or daughter leaving
home29Trouble with in-laws29Outstanding personal
achievement28Wife begins or stops work26Begin or
end school26Change in living conditions25Revision
in personal habits24Trouble with boss23Change in
work hours or conditions20Change in
residence20Change in schools20Change in
recreation19Change in church activities19Change in
social activities18Mortgage or loan less than
$30,00017Change in sleeping habits16Change in
number of family get-togethers15Change in eating
habits15Vacation13Christmas alone12Minor
violations of the law11

20. 



Source degradation is a tactic used to counter a
persuasive message by attacking the credibility of the
source.
Source degradation is a tactic used to counter a
persuasive message by attacking the credibility of the
source. It is commonly used in court, for example,
when a lawyer tries to undermine the credibility of an
opposing witness.
Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16
source traits which form the basic elements of an
individual's personality.
T

21. PART 2 BASIC

Functional analysis of behaviour explores roles of
others in reinforcing the behaviour.
 T
 Classic desensitization as invented by Wolpe
involves a "fear hierarchy" which is a diagram
showing control relationships between different
emotions.
 F

22. PART 2 BASIC

When making a choice between 2 equally valued but
mutually exclusive alternatives, cognitive dissonance
will be low.
 T
 Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that a change
in attitude may result from dissonance causing
behaviour.
 T

23. PART 2 BASIC

The spiral of deviance is associated with both primary
and secondary deviance.
 F Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural
norms. Primary deviance, relating to activity that is
initially defined as deviant, and Secondary deviance,
corresponding to a person who accepts the label of
deviant.
 In social power, reward is better than coercion in
families.
 T

24. PART 2 BASIC




Social norms are not prescriptive.
F
Decisions following discussions by groups are
generally well thought out rational decisions.
F

25. PART 2 BASIC
In Milgram’s obedience experiment the more directly
a person knew the victim the more likely they were to
obey the experiment.
 F
 Imprinting is a form of social attachment.
 T It is a phenomenon exhibited by several species
when young, mainly birds, such as ducklings and
chicks. Upon coming out of their eggs, they will follow
and become attached (socially bonded) to the first
moving object they encounter.


26. PART 2 BASIC


Any event that initiates an instinctive behavior is
termed a key stimulus.
T Key stimuli in turn lead to innate releasing
mechanisms (IRM), which in turn produce fixed
action pattern (FAP).

27. PART 2 BASIC



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
Volume of distribution is equal to the mass of drug in the body at
a given time divided by a persons body weight.
F
The volume of distribution (VD) , also known as apparent
volume of distribution, is a pharmacological term used to
quantify the distribution of a drug throughout the body after oral
or intravenous dosing. It is defined as the volume in which the
amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed in to
produce the observed blood concentration.
Equations
The volume of distribution is given by the following equation:

28. PART 2 BASIC


Penetration of drugs across the blood brain barrier is
improved by high molecular size.
F

29. PART 2 BASIC

Rivastigmine is a selective inhibitor of
buterylcholinesterase.
 T
 Drugs causing a reduction in GABA activity have an
anxiolytic effect.
 T

30. PART 2 BASIC




Sildenafil citrate acts on clyclic guonasine
monophosphate.
T It is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate
phosphodiesterase 5-specific inhibitor.
Moclobemide does not cause a tyramine reaction.
With moclobemide doses above 900 mg/d the risk of
interaction with ingested tyramine might become
clinically relevant.

31. PART 2 BASIC

Fluoxetine causes anorgasmia in both males and
females.
 T
 SSRIs cause their effect on sleep by acting on
5HT2A receptors.
 T

32. PART 2 BASIC

Tranylcypromine reduces the degradation and reuptake of dopamine.
 T
 Amiloride increases serum lithium levels.
 F

33. PART 2 BASIC

Stratified random sampling is more bias free than
systemic random sampling.
 T
 In statistical correlation Pearson's coefficient would
be used with categorical variables.
 T The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is used
specifically to describe relationships when the
variables to be correlated are continuous (measured
on at least an interval scale).

35. PART 2 BASIC

A binomial distribution will approximate to a normal
distribution if the sample size is large enough.
 T
 The t-test is an appropriate test for use with
categorical (discontinuous or qualitative) data.
 F

36. PART 2 BASIC

A correlation coefficient of -1 implies a complete lack
of correlation.
 F
 The power of a test is a measure of the likelihood of a
type II error.
 T Type II error, also known as an "error of the
second kind", a β error, or a "false negative": the
error of accepting a null hypothesis when the
alternative hypothesis is the true state of nature. In
other words, this is the error of failing to observe a
difference when in truth there is one.

37. PART 2 BASIC

The Wilcoxon rank sum test is the same as the
Mann-Whitney test.
 T
 In a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of two drugs
drug dosage is a dependent variable.
 F In a scientific experiment, the independent variable
is the variable you manipulate--the one over which
you have some degree of control (some people call
these explanatory variables).

38. PART 2 BASIC

In the design of an experimental study mixed
longitudinal methods use two different populations.
 F
 Ecological studies as used in epidemiological
research are relatively resistant to confounding
factors.
 F ecological study, when we compare groups of
people not individuals. Assuming that associations
seen on a group level also hold on an individual level
leads to ecological bias.

39. PART 2 BASIC

The Hawthorne effect shows that respondents are
more likely to give a socially desirable answer than a
true response to a question.
 F The Hawthorne effect - an increase in worker
productivity produced by the psychological stimulus
of being singled out and made to feel important.

40. 

The sensitivity of a test refers to the proportion of non-cases
accurately classified.
F The sensitivity of a test is the proportion of people with the
disease who have a positive test result. The higher the
sensitivity, the greater the detection rate and the lower the false
negative rate.
The specificity of the test is the proportion of people without the
disease who have a negative test. The higher the specificity, the
lower will be the false positive rate and the lower the proportion
of people who do not have the disease who will be
unnecessarily worried or exposed to unnecessary treatment.

41. PART 2 BASIC

In genetic studies lod scores cannot be used in
disorders with incomplete penetrance.
 F
 The phenomenon of anticipation describes the
delayed age of onset of a disease in succeeding
generations.
 F The apparent tendency of certain diseases to
appear at earlier AGE OF ONSET and with
increasing severity in successive generations.

42. PART 2 BASIC
Angelman’s syndrome is associated with paternal
deletion.
 F Angelman syndrome is a chromosomal disorder
caused by the absence of a gene. Interestingly, 75
per cent of those with Angelman syndrome have a
similar genetic fault to that found in another genetic
condition, Prader-Willi syndrome, but occurring on
the chromosome 15 inherited from the mother rather
than the father.
 A buccal smear is likely to be chromatin positive in
testicular feminization syndrome.
 F


43. PART 2 BASIC

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms are
inherited in a Mendelian fashion.
 T The distance between the locations cut by
restriction enzymes (the restriction sites) varies
between individuals, due to insertions, deletions or
transversions. This causes the length of the
fragments to vary, and the position of certain
amplicaons differs between individuals (thus
polymorphism). This can be used to genetically tell
individuals apart.
 Transcriptosomes are collections of transcribed
DNA.
 F Unitary particles involved in transcription and
processing of RNA.

44. PART 2 BASIC

In disorders with autosomol recessive transmission,
when two heterozygotes mate, half the offspring will
be affected.
 F
 The striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and
the globus pallidus.

F Anatomically, the striatum is the Caudate and the
Putamen.

45. PART 2 BASIC

Structural Neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia
have found abnormalities more consistently in brains
of male than in female schizophrenics.
 T
 Cortical atrophy in the frontal lobes is a feature of
Wilson’s disease.
 T

46. PART 2 BASIC
Pick’s disease is microscopically characterised by
‘balloon cells’.
 T
 Lewy bodies are composed of a protein known as
alpha-synuclein.
 T


47. PART 2 BASIC

Senile plaques in the white matter are a characteristic
neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's dementia.
 F
 Endorphins stimulate the release of prolactin.
 T

48. PART 2 BASIC




Growth hormone secretion is inhibited by -agonists.
T
Light is the only stimulus that alters the secretion of
melatonin.
T

49. PART 2 BASIC
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
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
The resting membrane is more permeable to potassium than to
sodium.
T
Concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions exist
across the cell membrane due to the large differences in their
concentration on either side of the membrane. Potassium has a
high intracellular concentration and a low extracellular one,
conversely sodium is low in intracellular concentration and high
in extracellular concentration. The cell membrane contains
Protein Channels which allow these ions to `leak' through the
membrane down their respective concentration gradients. Due
to the relative sizes of the hydrated ions more potassium than
sodium `leaks' through the membrane.
In evoked potentials, the P300 wave is said to relate to a
process of cognitive appraisal of the stimulus.
T

50. PART 2 BASIC

During drowsiness a normal EEG may show low
amplitude theta and beta waves.
 F
 Stage 2 NREM sleep is characterized by K
complexes and sleep spindles on EEG.
 T

51. PART 2 BASIC

Photic stimulation is one of the activation techniques
used in electroencephalography.
 T
 Sham-rage is seen after stimulation of the
hypothalamus.
 T

52. PART 2 BASIC






Serotonin receptors are all metabotropic.
T
Aspartic acid is an inhibitory amino acid.
F
The nucleus centralis superior produces serotonin.
T