The document summarizes 5 major perspectives in psychology: 1) Biological approach focuses on how genetics, brain structure, and hormones influence behavior. 2) Psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious drives and early childhood experiences. 3) Behavioral approach believes external stimuli shape behavior through reinforcement. 4) Cognitive approach views behavior as determined by thoughts, expectations, and memory. 5) Humanistic approach sees people as inherently good and focused on self-actualization.

1. Notes in
Psychology & Psychiatry

2. Freud's Tripartite Theory of Personality

3. Freud's Tripartite Theory of Personality (cont’d.)

4. Freud's Tripartite Theory of Personality (cont’d.)

5. Eysenck’s Personality Theory

6. Extraverts are sociable and crave excitement and change, and thus can become bored
easily. They tend to be carefree, optimistic and impulsive.
Introverts are reserved, plan their actions and control their emotions. They tend to be
serious, reliable and pessimistic.
Neurotics/unstables tend to be anxious, worrying and moody. They are overly emotional
and find it difficult to calm down once upset.
Stables are emotionally calm, unreactive and unworried.
Eysenck (1966) later added a third trait/dimension: Psychoticism – e.g. lacking in empathy,
cruel, a loner, aggressive and troublesome.
Eysenck’s Personality Theory (cont’d.)
introverted extroverted
unstable
stable
neurotic
psychotic
Where are you in
this 3D space?

7. Cattell's 16 Personality Factors/Trait Theory

8. Delphi Method / Delphic Analysis
The Delphi method is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as
a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. The experts
answer questionnaires in two or more rounds. After each round, a facilitator or change agent
provides an anonymised summary of the experts' forecasts from the previous round as well as
the reasons they provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their
earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. It is believed that during
this process the range of the answers will decrease and the group will converge towards the
"correct" answer. Finally, the process is stopped after a predefined stop criterion (e.g., number
of rounds, achievement of consensus, stability of results) and the mean or median scores of the
final rounds determine the results.
Delphi is based on the principle that forecasts (or decisions) from a structured group of
individuals are more accurate than those from unstructured groups. The technique can also be
adapted for use in face-to-face meetings, and is then called mini-Delphi or Estimate-Talk-
Estimate (ETE). Delphi has been widely used for business forecasting and has certain advantages
over another structured forecasting approach, prediction markets.

9. An altered state of consciousness (ASC), also called altered state of mind or mind alteration, is
any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. By 1892, the
expression was in use in relation to hypnosis although an ongoing debate about hypnosis as an
ASC based on modern definition exists. The next retrievable instance, by Dr. Max Mailhouse
from his 1904 presentation to conference, does however, as it was in relation to epilepsy, and is
still used today (see Epilepsy). In academia, the expression was used as early as 1966 by Arnold
M. Ludwig and brought into common usage from 1969 by Charles Tart. It describes induced
changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "altered state
of awareness".
Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) a.k.a. Altered State of Awareness (ASA)

10. Allied Health Professions/Professionals (AHP)
AHPs are health care professions distinct from nursing, medicine, and pharmacy. They work in
health care teams to make the health care system function by providing a range of diagnostic,
technical, therapeutic and direct patient care and support services that are critical to the other
health professionals they work with and the patients they serve. It is officially defined by ICHPO
(International Chief Health Professions Officers) as "a distinct group of health professionals who
apply their expertise to prevent disease transmission, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate people of
all ages and all specialties. Together with a range of technical and support staff they may deliver
direct patient care, rehabilitation, treatment, diagnostics and health improvement interventions
to restore and maintain optimal physical, sensory, psychological, cognitive and social functions."

11. Dunbar’s Number (n=150) [psychology concept]
Allen Curve [psychology concept]
During the late 1970s, Allen undertook a project to determine how the distance between engineers’
offices affects the frequency of technical communication between them. The result of that research,
produced what is now known as the Allen Curve, revealed that there is a strong negative correlation
between physical distance and the frequency of communication between work stations. The finding
also revealed the critical distance of 50 meters for weekly technical communication. This finding was
originally documented in Allen’s book, "Managing the Flow of Technology."
Dunbar's number is a suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain
stable social relationships — relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how
each person relates to every other person. This number was first proposed in the 1990s by British
anthropologist Robin Dunbar, who found a correlation between primate brain size and average social
group size. By using the average human brain size and extrapolating from the results of primates, he
proposed that humans can comfortably maintain only 150 stable relationships. Dunbar explained it
informally as "the number of people you would not feel embarrassed about joining uninvited for a
drink if you happened to bump into them in a bar". Proponents assert that numbers larger than this
generally require more restrictive rules, laws, and enforced norms to maintain a stable, cohesive
group. It has been proposed to lie between 100 and 250, with a commonly used value of 150.
Dunbar's number states the number of people one knows and keeps social contact with, and it does
not include the number of people known personally with a ceased social relationship, nor people just
generally known with a lack of persistent social relationship, a number which might be much higher
and likely depends on long-term memory size. Dunbar theorized that "this limit is a direct function of
relative neocortex size, and that this in turn limits group size.

12. Stockholm Syndrome:
seppuku: (n.) ritual suicide by disembowelment with a sword, formerly practiced in
Japan by samurai as an honorable alternative to disgrace or execution; syn.: hara-kiri

13. Enmeshment
Enmeshment is a concept introduced by Salvador Minuchin to describe families where personal
boundaries are diffused, sub-systems undifferentiated, and over-concern for others leads to a
loss of autonomous development. Enmeshed in parental needs, trapped in a discrepant role
function, a child may lose his or her capacity for self-direction; his/her own distinctiveness,
under the weight of psychic incest; and, if family pressures increase, may end up becoming
the identified patient or family scapegoat. Enmeshment was also used by John Bradshaw to
describe a state of cross-generational bonding within a family, whereby a child (normally of the
opposite sex) becomes a surrogate spouse for their mother or father.
The term is sometimes applied to engulfing codependent relationships (see “codependency”),
where an unhealthy symbiosis is in existence. For the toxically enmeshed child, the adult's
carried feelings may be the only ones they know, outweighing and eclipsing their own.

14. Folie à deux
Folie à deux (/fɒˈli ə ˈduː/; French pronunciation: ​[fɔli a dø]; French for "madness of two"), or
shared psychosis, is a psychiatric syndrome in which symptoms of a delusional belief and
hallucinations are transmitted from one individual to another. The same syndrome shared by
more than two people may be called folie à trois, folie à quatre, folie en famille or even folie à
plusieurs ("madness of many"). Recent psychiatric classifications refer to the syndrome as
shared psychotic disorder (DSM-IV) (297.3) and induced delusional disorder (F.24) in the ICD-10,
although the research literature largely uses the original name. This disorder is not in the
current DSM (DSM-V). The disorder was first conceptualized in 19th-century French psychiatry
by Charles Lasègue and Jean-Pierre Falret and so also known as Lasègue-Falret Syndrome.

15. Uncle Tom syndrome
Uncle Tom syndrome is a concept in psychology. It refers to a coping skill where individuals use
passivity and submissiveness when confronted with a threat, leading to subservient behavior
and appeasement, while concealing their true thoughts and feelings. The term "Uncle Tom"
comes from the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, where the
African American slave Tom is beaten to death by a cruel white master for refusing to betray the
whereabouts of two other slaves.
In the American racial context, Uncle Tom is a pejorative term for blacks that give up or hide
their ethnic or gender outlooks, traits, and practices, in order to be accepted into the
mainstream—a so-called race traitor. In African American parlance this is also derogatorily
known as an “Oreo cookie”: black on the outside, and white on the inside.
In race minority literature Uncle Tom syndrome refers to blacks that, as a necessary survival
technique, opt to appear docile, non-assertive, and happy-go-lucky. Especially during slavery,
blacks used passivity and servility to minimize retaliation and maximize own survival. Key
notions are integrity and self-respect. For instance, the Aboriginal Australian Corranderrk are
reported to have conformed to European ways while still retaining group dignity and individual
self-respect, thereby not succumbing to the Uncle Tom syndrome. In a broader context the
term may refer to a minority's strategy of coping with oppression from socially, culturally or
economically dominant groups involving suppression of aggressive feelings and even
identification with the oppressor, leading to "forced assimilation/acculturation" of the cultural
minority.

16. Compatibilism
Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are compatible ideas, and that it is
possible to believe both without being logically inconsistent. Compatibilists believe freedom can
be present or absent in situations for reasons that have nothing to do with metaphysics.
For instance, courts of law make judgments about whether individuals are acting under their
own free will under certain circumstances without bringing in metaphysics. Similarly, political
liberty is a non-metaphysical concept. Likewise, compatibilists define free will as freedom to act
according to one's determined motives without arbitrary hindrance from other individuals or
institutions.
In contrast, the incompatibilist positions are concerned with a sort of "metaphysically free will",
which compatibilists claim has never been coherently defined.

17. Sociopath vs. Psychopath

18. 5 Major Perspectives in Psychology
[1]
[2]
Biological Approach
Biopsychologists look at how your nervous system, hormones and genetic makeup affect
your behavior. Biological psychologists explore the connection between your mental
states and your brain, nerves and hormones to explore how your thoughts, moods and
actions are shaped.
So what does that mean? It means that for the biological approach, you are the sum of
your parts. You think the way you do because of the way your brain is built and because of
your body's needs. All of your choices are based on your physical body. The biological
approach attempts to understand the healthy brain, but it also examines the mind and
body to figure out how disorders like schizophrenia develop from genetic roots.
Psychodynamic Approach
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many
of our impulses are driven by sex. Psychologists in this school of thought believe that
unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors
and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you
ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a
child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being
weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's
theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.

19. [4]
5 Major Perspectives in Psychology (cont’d.)
[3] Behavioral Approach
Behavioral psychologists believe that external environmental stimuli influence your
behavior and that you can be trained to act a certain way. Behaviorists like B.F.
Skinner don't believe in free will. They believe that you learn through a system of
reinforcements and punishment.
The behavioral approach is really effective when you don't care what someone thinks, as
long as you get the desired behavior. The influence of these theories affects us every day
and throughout our lives, impacting everything from why we follow the rules of the road
when driving to how advertising companies build campaigns to get us to buy their
products.
Cognitive Approach
In contrast to behaviorists, cognitive psychologists believe that your behavior is determined
by your expectations and emotions. Cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget would argue that
you remember things based on what you already know. You also solve problems based on
your memory of past experiences.
So, with this approach, we turn away from people as machines without free will and delve
back into thoughts and feelings. How you act is based upon internal processes, and there is
much more stress upon individuals. From a cognitive perspective, your expectations of an
upcoming party will affect how you feel and act while you're there and will color your
memory of the night after you return home.

20. [5]
5 Major Perspectives in Psychology (cont’d.)
Humanistic Approach
Humanistic psychologists believe that you're essentially good and that you're motivated to
realize your full potential. Psychologists from this camp focus on how you can feel good
about yourself by fulfilling your needs and goals. The prominent humanistic
psychologist Carl Rogers called his patients 'clients' and offered a supportive environment
in which clients could gain insight into their own feelings.
In contrast to the behavioral approach, the humanistic approach works on individual
empowerment. Whether you are right or not, in a larger sense, you are motivated to be
the best person you can be. All your choices come from trying to improve your life. So, if
you're trying to cut back on your nightly wine consumption, a humanistic therapist would
be encouraging and supportive but won't directly advise you to quit or try to analyze why
you drink in the first place.
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