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Transgender Therapy -
Hormone Action and Nuance
Joshua Safer, MD
Boston University School of Medicine
Introduction
My background
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis
Steroid Chemistry
Hormone Rx’s and their logic
Introduction
My background
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis
Steroid Chemistry
Hormone Rx’s and their logic
“Take my advice ………
……… I’m not using it anyway.”
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-
Gonadal Axis
Steroid Pathway
aldosterone
DHT
5α reductase
Understanding SHBG
----- but liking
total testosterone levels
My background
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis
Steroid Chemistry
Hormone Rx’s and their logic
Guidelines
• As the comfort with the topic
increases, there is greater trusting
of the patient
Some debate regarding
“traditional” approach
versus
“informed consent” approach
Guidelines
• As the comfort with the topic
increases, there is greater trusting
of the patient
• Strong movement to create
treatment paradigms that are
reproducible by practitioners in
multiple specialties
In some ways female is the default –
--- with the degree of androgen action key
--- M to F - Testo in female range;
E2 not supraphysiologic
--- F to M - Testo in male range
Guidelines: goals are plainly stated:
December 11, 2011
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Pituitary
(LH, FSH)
testis testosterone
DHT
(in tissues)
estrogen
inhibin
Androgen
receptors
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
spironolactonespironolactoneGnRH
agonists
GnRH
agonists
progestinsprogestins
Androgens – injectable
----- testosterone (cypionate or
enanthate) 100 mg (IM or SQ)
every week for 70kg ideal weight.
Androgens – other
----- transdermal (gel or patch)
5-10 g every day.
------ implantable
“levels vs needles”
“levels vs details and irritation”
For F to M, follow T and
androgen sensitive indexes
Female to male:
Follow
- serum testosterone
- Hct (or Hgb)
- lipid profile
Don’t neglect Pap smears,
mammograms etc.
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Pituitary
(LH, FSH)
testis testosterone
DHT
(in tissues)
estrogen
inhibin
Androgen
receptors
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
spironolactonespironolactoneGnRH
agonists
GnRH
agonists
progestinsprogestins
Treatment Strategy
Anti-androgens – usually essential:
Spironolactone -- may require high
doses (100-400 mg/day – 200 usual)
-- other anti-androgens OK:
Leuprolide (Lupron)
Cyproterone acetate (in Europe)
spironolactone
Known mechanism
Safety
Known pitfalls (K, BP)
Unknown mechanism
Leuprolide acetate (Lupron)
Very clear mechanism
Effective
Safety ?
Cost
aldosterone
DHT
5α reductase
Progestins: -- what’s the logic?
Progestins: -- what’s the logic?
Lowers testosterone
Anecdotal reference to areola
Most data support modest virilization
Logic woman w/ uterus
Concern for post-menopausal woman
aldosterone
DHT
5α reductase
Cyproterone acetate ?
Lowers “T” but impact on virilization?
Corticosteroid-like action too?
5 α reductase inhibitors
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Pituitary
(LH, FSH)
testis testosterone
DHT
(in tissues)
estrogen
inhibin
Androgen
receptors
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
spironolactonespironolactoneGnRH
agonists
GnRH
agonists
progestinsprogestins
Expectations
Modestly protective of scalp hair
with male level androgens
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Pituitary
(LH, FSH)
testis testosterone
DHT
(in tissues)
estrogen
inhibin
Androgen
receptors
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
5 alpha reductase
inhib.
spironolactonespironolactoneGnRH
agonists
GnRH
agonists
progestinsprogestins
Estrogens– oral
----- estradiol 2-6 mg/day.
----- conjugated estrogens 2.5-7.5
mg/day
----- ethinyl estradiol - thromboses.
----- other (e.g. “bio-equivalent”)
quality control
ease, cost, horses vs lab
estrogens– injectable
----- estradiol valerate 5-20 mg IM
every 1-2 weeks.
estrogens– other
----- transdermal (gel or patch)
every day. (may have role for
trans-men)
------ implantable
Male to female:
Follow
- serum testosterone
- estrogen level
- prolactin
- K
- lipid profile
Don’t neglect prostate
For M to F, follow T, estrogen
sensitive indexes, and K
Post-op considerations
Less estrogen
Some estrogen
Some testosterone
Co-morbidity considerations
Superimposed on a 4-fold increased
thrombosis risk for E2
Age
Hypercoagulability disorders
(<40, 1/10,000; 70-80, 1/600)
CAD, DM
???
Questions
1.0 Diagnosis
• 1.1 Mental health provider (xx, 1)
• 1.2 Do not Rx pre-pubertal children (xx, 1)
• 1.3 Discuss impact of Rx with pt, parents
• 1.4 Discuss fertility
3.0 Rx of Adults
• 3.1 Endo to confirm dx per criteria (xxx, 1)
• 3.2 Medical assessment for Rx risk (xxx, 1)
• 3.3 Goal is range for target gender (xx, 2)
• 3.4 Review time-course for changes (xx, 2)
4.0 Adverse Outcomes
and their Prevention
• 4.1 Monitor q 3 mos, then 2x/year (xx, 2)
• 4.2 Monitor prolactin for estrogen Rx (xx, 2)
• 4.3 CAD RF assessment (xx, 2)
• 4.4 BMD especially if osteoporosis risk (xxx, 2)
• 4.5 breast screen per age, FH (xx, 2)
• 4.6 prostate screen per age (x, 2)
• 4.7 F to M consider surgery for CA risk (x, 2)
Other agents
Clomiphine (Clomid) – anti E2
hCG analogs
Ketoconazol
aldosterone
DHT
5α reductase
ketoconazole
Lowers “T” but at what price?

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Safer