Disaster Knowledge Book Compiled in Nepali

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tyf ef}ule{s cj:yf, hnjfo' / dfgjLo lqmofsnfk k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] cfwf/ x'g . k|sf]knfO{
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k|sf]k elgG5 . cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], 8'afg, cgfj[li6, v8]/L, d?e"dLs/0f,
cl;gf, lxdkft, lxdtfn–ljikmf]6, k|blift vfg]kfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg dxfdf/L,
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cDnjiff{ cflb hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g .
@= clUgpTkGg k|sf]k M xfdLn] jgdf 89]nf] nfu]sf] tyf
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cfunfuL eP/ dflg; d/]sf / 7"nf] dfqfdf wg;DklQsf] gf]S;fg
ePsf ;dfrf/ ;w}h;f] ;'Gg ;lsG5 .o;/L x'g] cfunfuLsf 36gfnfO{
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clUgpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 .
#= vfBpTkGg k|sf]k M b"lift vfgf vfgfn] emf8fkvfnf nfUb5 . kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] cefj ePdf jf
clgsfn nfu]df :j:y dflg;;“u} afnaflnsf, ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf / a"9fa"9Ldf s'kf]if0fsf] k|efj
b]vf kb{5 . o;/L b"lift vfgfsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ vfBpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 .
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n"_ cflb hnjfo'hGo k|sf]ksf] >]0fLdf kb{5g .
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¿kdf pBf]usf] Jofks ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf
pBf]udf h8fg ePsf oGqsf] v/faL, ljB'tLo u8a8L eP/, /;fog
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b'36gf, cf0fljs /;fog / ljls/0fsf] r'xfj6 tyf ljikmf]6åf/f
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k|ljlwhGo k|sf]k elgG5 .
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36gfnfO{ dfgjs[t k|sf]k elgG5 . ;fdflhs åGå, o'4, x'nbªuf tyf efubf}8h:tf
36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt eP To;nfO{ dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k elgG5 .
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tftf] nfef / DofUdfn] a[xt If]qnfO{ 9fSb5 . o;/L pTkGg x'g]
k|sf]knfO{ ef}ule{s k|sf]k elgG5 . e'Orfnf] / Hjfnfd'vL ef}ule{s
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4
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jiff{åf/f klg e";tx vl:sg] x'bf e"Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lsf] cTolws hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 .
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eP/ klx/f] hfg] / t/fO{df af9Ln] 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofp“g] u/]sf] 5 .
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sf/0f cl;gf, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;,
cf“ w La] x /L, lxdkft, zLtnx/,
cltj[li6, v08j[li6, v8]/Lh:tf
k|sf]khGo 36gf pTkGg x'G5g .

5 5

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k|sf]ksf dfgjLo sf/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
s= clzIff M k|sf]k;DaGwL 1fgsf] cefjn] k|sf]knfO{ O{Zj/ jf efUosf] v]n dfGg] ;fdflhs dfGotf
5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf sfd gx'bf k|sf]ksf] k|efj cem a9b} hfG5 .
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pgLx¿sf] kx'r x'bg . To;}n] ul/aLn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] x'G5 .
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3= jgljgfz tyf vf]l/of v]tL M jgljgfz tyf vf]l/of km“8/ v]tL
]
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;8s, k'n, lah'nL pTkfbg s]Gb|, gx/ jf s'nf], 3/ cflb agfpg] ul/G5 .
o:tf sdhf]/ ;+/rgf k|sf]ksf ;fdfGo 36gfaf6 klg Ifltu|:t x'G5g .
r= cf}Bf]lus ljsf; M pkef]Uo j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug]bl] v /f;folgs j:t'
{
/ pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]udf x'g] b'36gf tyf tL pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] ljiffn' kbfy{n] k|sf]ksf 36gf a9fp“5g .
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u5{ eg] af“w k'm6]/ tNnf] If]qdf ljgfzsf/L af9L hfG5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{sf] ;LdfIf]qdf
ef/tn] lgdf{0f u/]sf af“wsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] 7"nf] e"efu x/]s jif{ 8'afgdf kb}{ cfPsf]
5 .
h= ;fdflhs åGå / o'4 M dflg;sf ljrf/, wf/0ffdf ljljwtf a9b} uPsfn]
åGå a9bf] cj:yfdf 5 . åGån] o'4sf] ¿k klg lng] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf nfdf] ;do;Dd
hgcfGbf]ng x'bf xhf/f}“ dflg;sf] Hofg uof] eg] caf}sf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 .
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/f;folgs kbfy{, sL6gfzs cf}iflw, Knfl:6sh:tf k|bifssf] pTkfbg / k|of]un]
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klg jftfj/0f k|bif0f al9/x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cefj, b"lift
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vfgf tyf kfgL, s'kf]if0f, ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn] gof“ /f]ux¿ b]vf kb}{ cfPsf 5g .
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klg jif]gL xhf/f}“ dflg;sf] Hofg lnO/x]sf] 5 .
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6 6

k|sf]ksf] k|efj
k|sf]kaf6 g]kfndf x/]s jif{ Ps xhf/eGbf a9L dflg;sf] d[To' / &) s/f]8 ?k}of“eGbf a9Lsf] wg;DklQ
gi6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k|sf]ksf sf/0f dflg;df kg]{ dfgl;s kL8fsf] n]vfhf]vf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .
ctM k|sf]kn] ;dfhdf tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg k|efj kg]{ k|i6 x'G5, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
!= tTsfnLg k|efj
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“
cfkmgf] / kl/jf/sf] Hofg arfpg g} sl7g x'g] cj:yfdf wg;DklQ hf]ufpg] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 .
k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfodf vfgf, cfjf;, n'ufkmf6f], cf}iflwpkrf/,
;'/Iffh:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] cefj x'G5 . k|sf]kaf6 kg]{ tTsfnLg
k|efjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
k|sf]kdf k/]/ dflg;sf] Hofg hfg' / 3fOt] x'g' tTsfnsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] kL8fbfoL k|efj xf] .
k|sf]kdf k/]/ vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], u/uxgf, d"Nojfg sfuhft, 3/,
uf]7, vfg]kfgL / pmhf{sf ;+oGq, v]t, af/L, df5fkf]v/L, cGgafnL,
t/sf/L, afuau}rf, 3/kfn'jf ufO{, e};L, uf]?, afv|f, s'v/f gi6
“ “ '
x'G5g . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ljBfno, k':tsfno, ;/sf/L
sfof{no, ;8s, k'n, vfg]kfgL, ljB'tpTkfbg jf ljt/0f–k|0ffnLh:tf /fli6«o ;DklQ klg gi6

x'G5g .
@= bL3{sfnLg k|efj M k|sf]kaf6 ;dfhdf kg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efj lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
dfgl;s k|efj M k|sf]kdf k/]/ cfkmGt, 3/af/ / wg;DklQ u'dfPsf JolQmdf dgf]j1flgs c;/ k5{ .
}
o:tf] k|efj nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg] x'bf o;nfO{ bL3{sfnLg k|efj dflgG5 . s'g} JolQm zf/Ll/s ¿kdf
“
czQm eP p;df xLgtfaf]w pTkGg x'g;S5 .
cfly{s k|efj M k|sf]kaf6 wg;DklQ cflb gi6 x'bf kLl8t
“
kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf cfly{s kL8f k5{ . sltko dflg;
cfkmgf] 3/ / v]taf/L u'dfP/ lj:yflkt x'bf nfdf] ;do;Dd
“
ul/aLsf] kL8fdf af“Rg afWo x'G5g . ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ klg
Ifltu|:t eP/ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df g/fd|f] c;/ k5{ /
d'ns cem ul/aLtkm{ ws]lnG5 .
'
dfgj;+;fwgdf k|efj M k|sf]kdf k/]/ bIf dflg; ;d]t dg],{
3fOt] jf czQm x'g;S5g . o;n] ljsf;df cu|;/ /xg]
hgzlQmsf] cefj x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sltko :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw nf]k x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
;fdflhs ljsf;df ;lqmo /xg] ljsf; sfo{stf{ g} k|sf]kkLl8t eP ;dfhdf dfgj;+;fwg kl/rfng
x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf yf]/} x'G5, h;af6 ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ult cj?4 x'G5 .
7 7

ul/aL / k|sf]kaLrsf] ;DaGw
k|sf]kn] ul/a / wgLaLr e]befj ub}g . t}klg ul/an] g}
{
k|sf]ksf] kL8f ;a}eGbf a9L ef]Ug'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 .
w]/} ul/a kl/jf/;“u a:g / v]tLkftL ug{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf
cfkmgf] hUufhldg sd x'g] jf x'b} gx'g] x'bf pgLx¿ gbL
“ “
lsgf/, eL/kfvf]h:tf vt/fo'Qm 7fp“df a:g afWo x'G5g .
pgLx¿ af9Lklx/f] ghfg] 7fp“df a;] klg :jR5 vfg]kfgL
tyf ;/;kmfOaf6 al~rt x'G5g, e'Orfnf]sf] wSsf y]Ug;Sg]
“
3/ agfpg ;Sb}gg, kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s/f k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg . kl/0ffd:j?k k|sf]ksf] df/ w]/h;f] ul/anfO{
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g} kg]{ u5{ . To;sf/0f ul/aL g} k|sf]ksf sf/sdWo] Ps xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
To;f] t wgL dflg; klg k|sf]kdf k/]/ ul/a aG5g . t/ s'g} klg ul/a dflg; k|sf]kdf k/]/ wgL x'g
;Sb}g . k|sf]kn] dflg; ;lxt k|foM ;a} k|sf/sf
wg;DklQsf] Iflt u5{ t/ s;}sf] wg;DklQ lkmtf{ ub}g .
{
To;sf/0f k|sf]kn] 3/af/, v]tLkftL gi6 u/]/ wgLnfO{
klg ul/a agfp“5 . k|sf]kdf k/]sf o:tf kl/jf/ tyf
;d'bfon] a;f]af; / v]tLkftLsf nflu ;'/lIft 7fp“ kfpg
;Sb}gg / km]l/ klg af9L, klx/f] hfg;Sg] :yfgdf a:g
afWo x'G5g / hLjglgjf{xsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg k|fKt
ug{ ;Sb}gg .
wgL kl/jf/sf] jf;:yfg cGo ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;d]t
x'g;S5 . pgLx¿;“u cfDbfgLsf cGo ;|ftx¿ klg x'G5g .
]
To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ul/anfO{h:t} 7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] x'bg . To;sf/0f k|sf]ksf ;dodf / To;kl5 klg
“}
ul/anfO{ ;xof]usf] vf“rf] k5{ . xfdLn] k|sf]kkLl8t dflg;sf]
;xof]u ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxn] ul/anfO{ ;xof]u ug'kg]{ sf/0f
{
klg oxL g} xf] .
dlxnf / afnaflnsf tyf k|sf]k
k|sf]kaf6 dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L / czQm a9L k|efljt
x'G5g . dlxnfx¿ w]/h;f] 3/fo;L sfddf Jo:t x'g] ePsfn]
}
crfgs cfpg] e'Orfnf] cfPdf, af9L cfPdf jf klx/f]
“
uPdf aflx/ lgl:sg Eofp“bgg . afnaflnsf, czQm,
}
la/fdL / a"9fa"9L klg tTsfn} ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ;Sb}gg .
To;}n] k|sf]kdf pgLx¿ kg]{ ;Defjgf /lx/xG5 . xfdLn]
k|sf]ksf ;dodf o:tf ;b:onfO{ arfpg] k|of; ug'k5{ . {

8

ljsf;df k|sf]ksf] g/fd|f] k|efj
dflg;sf] pTklQsfnb]lv lg/Gt/ rNb} cfPsf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs / :jf:Yo;DaGwL
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ g} ljsf; elgG5 . dfl;n]
tL ;a} If]qdf ljsf; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ klg
ljgfzsf y'k}| af6fx¿ dflg;n] g} agfp“b} cfPsf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f jfo' k|b"if0f a9]/
ljgfzsf/L df};dL k|sf]ksf 36gf a9|b} hfg yfn]sf 5g . st} cltj[li6 eP/ af9L cfpg] / cgfj[li6 tyf
v8]/L k/]/ clgsfn a9g] ;Defjgf a9b} uPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf nflu jgljgfz a9]sf sf/0f klg
jftfj/0f cksif{0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k e"Ifo, klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9b} uPsf] 5 .
;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]tkm{ Wofg gk'¥ofp“bf tTsfn ljsf; ePsf] b]lvP klg klx/f] uP/
{
ag]sf] ;8s Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fn] kmf]xf]/d}nf, :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfOsf] ;d:of a9fPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L e'rfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsf klg ;xg ug{ g;Sg] 3/
“
agfp“bf tTsfn ljsf; ePsf] b]lvPklg ;fgf] e'Orfnf]n] To;nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
“
hg;ªVof–j[l4;“u} a9]sf] jgkm“8fgL tyf k|fs[lts ;|ftdflysf] bafa, clgolGqt / cJojl:yt ¿kdf
]
eO/x]sf] hldgsf] pkof]u, ;8s, ljB'tpTkfbg kl/of]hgfh:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{n] ef}uf]lns

:j¿kdf ;d]t kl/jt{g Nofp“5 . o;/L lgld{t ;+/rgfdf k|sf]ksf] k|lt/Iff ug{;Sg] Ifdtf gePdf Iflt klg
a9b} hfG5 . k|sf]ksf ;dodf kLl8t ;d'bfosf] p4f/, /fxt / Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] dd{t;Def/ tyf
k'gMlgdf{0fdf vr{ x'G5 . o;n] ljsf;sf cGo sfo{df ah]6sf] cefj eP/ sfddf afwf pTkGg x'G5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ljsf;sf sfo{ cufl8 a9g ;Sb}gg / d'ns cem ul/a x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljåfgx¿sf
'
cg';f/ k|sf]kn] ljsf;nfO{ lgDg k|efj kf/]/ k5fl8 ws]N5 M
lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf Iflt k'¥ofP/ .
ljsf; sfddf /fHon] 5'6ØfPsf] ah]6 p4f/, /fxt tyf cfktsfnLg sfo{df nufgL ug'kg]{ cj:yf
{
l;h{gf eP/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lgoldt sfddf cj/f]w pTkGg eP/ .
k|sf]kl;lh{t k|sf]k pTkGg u/]/ . h:t} a9Lkl5 emf8fkvfnf, x}hf cflbsf] k|sf]k a9]/ .
k|fs[lts ;|ft, pj{/ e"ld / cfocfh{gsf cGo cj;/ gi6 u/]/ .
]
k|sf]kn] eljiosf nflu ljsf;sf] af6f] vf]N5 M
k|sf]kn] ljsf;sf] gof“ 9f]sf vf]lnlbG5 eGg] wf/0ff klg /x]sf] 5 .
k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 Iflt ePsf 3/, v]taf/L, ;8s, k'n, ljBfno cflb
k'g lgdf{0f ug'k5{ . k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft 7fp“df
{
a;f]af; u/fpg' / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd axg ug{;Sg] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{
k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf]
k|efj Go"g x'g hfG5 / hgwgsf] Iflt klg sd x'g hfG5 . To;}sf/0f
xfdL ;a}n] ljsf;sf sfo{nfO{ lbuf], alnof] / ;'/lIft agfpg' h?/L 5 .
9

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / hf]lvd ljZn]if0f
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{sf nflu ljleGg
r/0fdf ug'kg]{ sfdnfO{ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg elgG5 . af9L cfpg] /
{
8'afg x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf gbLsf lsgf/ tyf ;dy/ d}bfgL If]qdf
a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;nfO{ af9L cfPdf ;'/lIft 7fp“df nu]/ /fVg'
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] sfdleq k5{ . gbLsf] lsgf/df tf/hfnL / 9'ªuf, afn'jfsf af]/f /fv]/ t6aGw

agfpg], j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ gbLsf] lsgf/ s6fg x'gaf6 arfpg] sfo{ klg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgs} sfo{x¿ x'g .
ctM s'g} klg k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ ;s];Dd lgoGq0f u/]/ hgwgsf] Iflt 36fpg, k|sf]ksf ;dodf
cfkTsfnLg /fxt, p4f/ / k|sf]kkl5 ul/g] k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgh:tf sfo{x¿sf] Jojl:yt :j¿knfO{
k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] sfd ubf{ ljutdf ePsf k|sf]ksf 36gf / To;af6
ePsf] IfltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ kl5 x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf] cg'dfg ug'k5{ . {
To;/L ul/Psf] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df k|sf]kaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug]vfnsf {
sfo{x¿ ug'k5{ . o:tf sfd ug{ ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,
{
k|fljlws tyf z}lIfs cj:yfcg'¿k of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf sfd ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd s] xf] < hf]lvd
s;/L x'G5 < o;nfO{ s;/L sd ug{
;lsG5 < cflb ljifodf hfgsf/L lng'
k5{ .
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd M
k|sf]ksf] vt/f / vt/faf6 pTkGg x'g] ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] ;+oQm cj:yf
'
g} k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd xf] . hf]lvd a9fpg] vt/f tyf ;ªs6fled'vtfdWo]
s'g} PsnfO{ x6fpg ;s] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd cyjf k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] Iflt sd
x'G5 / k|sf]ksf] c;/ klg sd x'G5 .

vt/f M
hgwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofpg;Sg] s'g} 36gf x'g] cj:yfnfO{ vt/f elgG5 .
af9L tyf klx/f]h:tf k|sf]khGo 36gf g} vt/f x'g . To;}u/L n8g
nfu]sf] 3/ klg vt/f xf] . lrqdf b]lvPsf] kxf8af6 v:b} u/]sf]
9'ªufn] kxf8sf] km]bsf] ufp“df a:g] dflg; / wg;DklQdf Iflt

k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] tL 9'ªuf g} vt/f x'g .

10

;ªs6fled'v M
s'g} 36gf x'bf To;af6 dflg;, j:t'efp tyf wg;DklQdf Iflt k'Ug] cj:yf
“
/x]df tL dflg;, j:t'efp / wg;DklQnfO{ ;ªs6fled'v elgG5 . ctM
vt/flt/ kmls{Psf jf vt/fdf kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf s'g} klg j:t' jf dflg;
jf hLjhGt' ;ªs6fled'v x'G5g .
hf]lvd M vt/f / ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] ;+oQm cj:yf g} k|sf]ksf]
'
hf]lvd xf] . klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] jf kxf8af6 9'ªuf v:b} u/]sf] cj:yfdf
tNnf] If]qdf /x]sf] dflg;sf] a:tL, 3/, dflg;, ufOj:t', v]taf/L tyf cGo wg;DklQsf] Iflt x'g]
;Defjgf /x]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ hf]lvd elgG5 . hf]lvdnfO{ a'‰g lgDg ;dLs/0f k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

vt/f X ;ªs6fled'vtf = hf]lvd
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f M
hf]lvd a9fpg] vt/f / ;ªs6fled'vtfdWo] s'g} Ps tTjnfO{ x6fpg ;s] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd x'G5 .
olb ;fgf] klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] xf] eg] klx/f] hfg glbg 6]jf kvf{n nufpg], klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] 7fp“eGbf
dflysf] kfgLnfO{ cs]lt/ tsf{P/ ;'/lIft /fVg] xf] eg] vt/f 6/]/ hf]lvd klg sd x'G5 / dflg;,
{
3/af/, ufOj:t' tyf ;DklQ ;ªs6fled'vtfaf6 d'Qm x'G5g . To;}n] ;s];Dd vt/fnfO{ x6fP/ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ug'{ g} k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] k|dv sfo{ xf] . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] tl/sfnfO{ tnsf] ;dLs/0faf6
'
klg /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsG5 M

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd
= k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg÷k"jtof/L÷Ifdtf clej[l4
{

dflysf] ;dLs/0f cg';f/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ tnsf] lrqaf6 klg a'‰g ;lsG5 M
hf]lvd hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f Go"gLs/0f
ug'{ cl3 kl5

11

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd ug{ ul/g] sfo{nfO{ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf k|sf]k x'gklxn] ul/g] sfo{ tyf k"jtof/L,
' {
e/kbf]{ ;"rgfk|0ffnL / :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 hf]lvd sd
u/L ljkbdf ;'/lIft /xg] k|of; ug'{ Iflt–Go"gLs/0fsf k|efjsf/L
pkfo x'g . k|sf]kaf/] ;dod} ;r]t eP/ To;af6 aRg] jf To;sf]
;fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/Pdf hgwgsf] Iflt sd
x'G5 . To;}n] k|sf]k a9L x'g] If]qdf a:g] x/]s dflg;n] k|sf]k–
Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t ljifosf] hfgsf/L lng'k5{ . ef}uf]lns If]q
tyf k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] of]hgf
agfpg'k5{ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df
ug'kg]{ s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ lgDg rqm (Cycle) n] :ki6 kf5{ . o;
{
rqm cg';f/ k|sf]k Joj:yfkgleq d'Votof k|sf]k k"jtof/L, p4f/
{
tyf /fxt ;]jf -k|sf]ksf ;dodf ug'kg]{ sfd_ / k'gM:yfkg tyf
{
k'gMlgdf{0f kb{5g . oL sfo{ / sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf jf ljlwsf
af/]df 5f]6s/L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .
k|sf]k k"j{tof/L
k|sf]ksf 36gf eO/xg] 7fp“ cyf{t k|sf]k x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf 7fp“df
k|sf]k ePdf klg hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ k|sf]k x'gklxn] ul/g] Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{nfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/L
' {
elgG5 . k"jtof/L ubf{ k|sf]k x'g] ;Defjgf, To;sf] vt/f, hf]lvd / ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/
{
To; cg';f/ hf]lvd 36fP/ hgwgsf] Iflt sd x'g] Joj:yf ldnfp“b} k|sf]k ePdf ;'/lIft /xg /
tTsfnLg p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu ug'kg]{ sfdsf] tof/LnfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/L elgG5 . k|sf]k k"jtof/Ldf
{ { {
lgDgcg';f/sf sfd kb{5g M
hgr]tgf clej[l4 tyf tflnd
k|sf]k–k"j{tof/Lsf] sfo{ yfNg'klxn] ;d'bfosf
;b:onfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg lbg'k5{ .
ljutsf cg'ejsf cfwf/df k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf,
:yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / ;|ftsf] pkof]u;DaGwdf
]
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf 5nkmn u/L k"jtof/Lsf]
{
cfwf/zLnf tof/ ug'k5{ . k"jtof/Lsf sfo{sf]
{ {
;"rL agfP/ ;b:oaLr sfd / ;dosf] af“8kmf“6
u/]/ k"jtof/Lsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'k5{ .
{ {

12 12

vt/f, hf]lvd / ;ªs6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f
dfgjLo a;f]af;sf] j:t'l:ylt, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / ;Defljt k|sf]ksf]
hf]lvd ljZn]if0f k|sf]kklxn] ug'kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfd x'g . hf]lvd
{
ljZn]if0f ubf{ vt/f / ;ªs6fled'v cj:yfsf] klxrfg ug'k5{ . {
vt/fn] ;ªs6fled'v cj:yf a9fpg] x'Fbf oL b'O{ tŒjsf] ld>0faf6
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a95 . ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k|sf]k / Ifltsf] ;Defjgfh:tf
ljifodf cWoog u/L k[i7 g+= ==== df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ug'kb{5 .
{
Go"gLs/0f tyf /f]syfd
hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 hf]lvdsf] sf/0f, cj:yf
/ To;af6 x'g;Sg] Ifltsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . To;}sf]
cfwf/df vt/f sd u/]/ hf]lvd sd ug]{ sfd ug'k5{ .{
hf]lvd a9fpg] Ps tŒjnfO{ dfq x6fpg ;s] klg k|sf]k–
Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ p2]Zo k"/f x'g;S5 . cyf{t,
vt/fnfO{ 6fg{ ;lsPdf hf]lvd sd eP/ ;ªs6fled'v
cj:yfsf dflg; / wg;DklQ ;'/lIft x'G5g . o:tf ljifodf
cfkm"n] kfPsf] 1fg cfkmgf] cleefjs, kl/jf/sf ;b:o,
;fyLefO / 5/l5d]sLnfO{ klg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
k|bif0f–lgoGq0f, ;/;kmfO / ;'/lIft cfjf;
"
emf8fkvfnf, x}hf, cfp“, 6fOkmfO8h:tf /f]uhGo dxfdf/Ln]
klg k|sf]ksf] cj:yf pTkGg u5{g . o:tf vfn] k|sf]ksf]
lgoGq0f ug{ jftfj/0f k|bif0f x'g glbg] jf ;/;kmfOdf w]/}
"
Wofg lbg'k5{ . :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug'k5{ . To;}u/L
{
zf}rfno, 3/cf“ug, uf]7 ;kmf /fVg'k5{ . 3/fo;L kmf]xf]/,
9n, wf/fsf] kfgL cflb ;'/lIft tl/sfn] vfN8f]df xfNg'k5{ .

vfBfGg tyf cf}iflwsf] ;~ro
k|sf]k crfgs x'g] 36gf ePsfn] To; cj:yfdf
geO gx'g] j:t'sf] ;~ro jf hf]xf] ug'k5{ . o;sf
{
nflu lrp/f, rfprfp, la:s'6h:tf xn'sf vfBfGg
/ k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu Aof08]h, l;6fdf]n,
hLjghn, l86f]n tyf 3fpdf nufpg] dndx¿sf]
Joj:yf u/L /fVg'k5{ .
13

p4f/ tyf /fxt;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
k|sf]ksf ;dodf kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] p4f/ ug{ rflxg]
nfOkm Hofs]6, 6r{nfO6, l;of], wfuf], a]Nrf, s'6f]–sf]bfnf], v's/L,
'
8'ªuf, 6oa, 6fo/, 8f]/Lh:tf ;fdfg emf]nfdf xfn]/ ;lhn} e]l6g]
'
7fp“df /fVg'k5{ .
p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu cEof;
k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8t JolQmsf] p4f/ ug{ ljBfnodf ;fd'lxs cEof; ug{;s]
;a}sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'G5 . ;s];Dd ckmgf] ufp“–7fp“df kfOg] j:t'sf] k|of]u
u/]/ p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu cEof; ug'k5{ . o:tf] cEof; ln“bf cfkmgf lzIfs
{
tyf k|lzIfssf] ;xof]u lng'k5{ . cEof; ubf{ afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm /
dlxnfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbP/ e]befj/lxt tl/sfaf6 p4f/ ug]{ s'/f klg
l;Sg'k5{{ .
cf>o:ynsf] Joj:yf
k|sf]ksf ;dodf cfk"m, cfkmgf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s ;a}nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf
n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] 36gf ePsf] ;dodf klg ;'/lIft x'g;Sg] v'nf /
/fd|f] 7fp“sf] klxrfg ul//fVg'k5{ . cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf tTsfn z/0f lng
;fd'bflos 3/ agfpg] sfo{ klg ljleGg If]qdf eO/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] To:tf]
Joj:yf ug{ cfkmgf] 3/ / 5/l5d]snfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . ;fd'bflos 3/
agfPsf 7fp“df zf}rfno, :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf klg ug'k5{ .
{
cfkTsfnLg of]hgf
k|sf]ksf ;dodf ;d'bfosf s'g ;b:on] s'g sfo{ ug]{ eGg] 5nkmn u/L sfdsf]
ljefhg ug'kb{5 . ;b:osf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s cj:yfsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f
{
u/]/ sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfo{ljefhg ug'k5{ .
{
k"j;rgf tyf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f
{ "
k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'g] ;Defjgf
b]lvPdf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]snfO{
36gf x'g nfu]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k"j;rgf jf
{ "
r]tfjgL elgG5 . k"j;rtfjgL k|0ffnL cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6
{ " ]
klg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ :yfgLo ;fwg / k/Dk/fut
tl/sf jf sd vlr{nf] tl/sf ckgfpg'k5{ . k|sf]k ePdf
yfn, l;67L, dfbn, 9ofªuf] cflb ahfP/ 5/l5d]snfO{
|
;r]t u/fP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg ;"lrt ug'k5{ .
{

14

k|sf]ksf] cj:yf jf ;dodf ug]{ sfd
k|sf]ksf 36gfnfO{ k"jtof/Lsf sfo{n] /f]Sg jf lgoGq0f ug{
{
;Sb}g . k|sf]ksf 36gf s'g} klg ;dodf x'g;Sg] ePsfn]
To; cj:yfdf ;'/lIft /xg] tTsfnLg pkfo ckgfpg' k5{ .
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] o; r/0fdf ul/g] ;fgfltgf sfd y'k}|
x'g;S5g . t/ klg d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg sfd ug'{ h?/L
x'G5 .
k"jrtgjgL tyf cfjf; vfnL ug]{
{ ]
gbLsf] kfgL wldnf] ePdf, kftkltªu/ aUb} cfPsf] kfOPdf jf
gbLsf] dflyNnf] efuaf6 rL;f] xfjf rn]/ uGw cfPdf af9L cfpg]
;Defjgf k|an /xG5 . To:tf] cj:yf b]lvPdf 3/kl/jf/,
5/l5d]snfO{ ;"rgf lbP/ af9Ln] k|efj kfg{;Sg] If]qaf6 cUnf] 7fp“lt/ efUg'k5{ .
p4f/ tyf /fxt
k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'gnfUbf efUg g;s]sf dflg; k|sf]kdf kb{5g . To; cj:yfdf sltsf] d[To' x'g;S5 eg]
slt 3fOt] x'G5g / slt t x/fp“5g klg . To;}n] tTsfn kLl8tsf] p4f/ / x/fPsfsf] vf]hL ug'{ dfgjLo
st{Jo x'G5 .
k|sf]ksf] ;dodf ;'/IffsdL{ jf p4f/stf{ tTsfn} cfpg g;Sg] x'gfn] l5d]sLn] g} p4f/df nfUg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;d'bfosf ;b:oaf6 p4f/sfo{ ePdf hgwgsf] Iflt w]/sd x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] cj:yfcg';f/ cfkmGt,
}
5/l5d]s, p4f/sdL{ / ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ k|sf]kaf/] ;"rgf lbg'k5{ . k|sf]k ePsf] cj:yfdf
;a}n] lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf b]lvP/ cfjf; tyf 3/ vfnL ubf{, p4f/ ubf{, ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af; u/fp“bf,
/fxt / dfgjLo ;xof]u pknAw u/fp“bf dlxnf, s]6fs]6L, la/fdL, a"9fa"9L / czQmnfO{ klxnf]
k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .
k|sf]kdf k/]/ x/fPsfsf] vf]hL / 3fOt] ePsf dflg;sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf tTsfn}
ug'{k5{ .
kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ tTsfn} cfjZos kg]{ cf}iflw, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f], cfjf;h:tf ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;a}n]
ldn]/ sfd ug'k5{ / ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] If]qdf cfu|x ug'k5{ .
{ {
kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xof]u ubf{ g/fd|f, c:j:ys/ vfgf tyf kmf6]sf jf k'/fgf n'uf–sk8f lbg'
]
x'bg . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"js u'0f:t/Lo j:t' lbP/ ;xof]u ug'k5{ .
“} { {
k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] tYo ;ªsng u/L sf] ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t 5 eg]/ kQf nufP/
To;}cg';f/ ;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ eg] ;a} Ifltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf
nflu of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .

15

k|sf]kkl5sf] sfd
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgleq k|sf]kkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd ug'kg]{ sfdx¿ klg k5{g . k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf]
{
k'glg{df{0f, tgfjdf /x]sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/ / eljiodf km]l/ x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf
ug{;Sg] ef}lts ljsf; ug{ k|of; ug'k5{ . k|sf]kkl5 vf;u/L lgDg b'O{ sfd ug'k5{ M
{ {
k'gM:yfkg tyf ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/
k|sf]kkl5 ;fdflhs jftfj/0f / k|efljt ;d'bfosf]
cj:yf klxn]s} ¿kdf Nofpg ul/g] sfo{nfO{
k'gM:yfkg elgG5 . k|sf]kaf6 ;fdfGo ¿kdf
Iflt ePsf 3/sf] dd{t;Def/, /f]huf/L jf
cfocfh{gsf ;|ftsf] ljsf;, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]
]
dd{t;Def/ u/]/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] agfpg]h:tf
sfo{ k5{g . o; r/0fdf ul/a ;d'bfonfO{
pgLx¿sf] a:g] / sfd u/]/ cfDbfgL ug{;Sg]
jftfj/0f tof/ geP;Dd ;xof]u ug'k5{ . o;sf
{
;fy} Ifltsf] lj:t[t cWoog ug], hLjglgjf{xsf
{
nflu cfDbfgLsf] af6f] agfpg], 3/ jf cGo Ifltu|:t
;+/rgfsf] dd{t;Def/ ug], a;f]af;sf nflu ;'/lIft
{
:yfgsf] vf]hL ug]{ h:tf sfd kb{5g .
k'glg{df{0f
k|sf]kaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf Iflt ePsf 3/, ;8s,
k'n, ljBfnoh:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ agfP/
klxn]sf] t'ngfdf cem alnof] agfP/
eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|sf]kaf6 arfpg] sfd
ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsf
nflu ;/sf/ jf u}/;sf/L ;+:yfn] nufgL
ub{5g eg] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u jf ;'ne
a}ªs–C0faf6 k|fKt ;xof]usf] pkof]u u/]/

lghL ;+/rgf–lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o; cj:yfdf
sfd ubf{ k|sf]kk"jtof/Lsf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;d]t
{
;dflji6 ug'{k5{ .

16

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj
k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg eg]sf] k|sf]ksf 36gfnfO{ lj:tf/ x'g glbg' xf] . k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt sd u/]/
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lt, z}lIfs / :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ tyf ;j{zne agfP/ x/]s JolQmdf
'
k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg' klg xf] .
g]kfn ;|ft tyf ;fwg sd ePsf] ljsf;zLn d'ns ePsfn] ;d'bfodf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
] '
ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ljZjsf cGo ljsf;zLn d'nsdf h:t} g]kfn klg af9L, klx/f],
'
x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, e'Orfnf], dxfdf/Lh:tf ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 ;w}“ k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]ksf]
“
Iflt Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ljsf;sf] k|of;df nfUg' h?/L ePsfn] g} k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] 1fg cfjZostf ePsf]
xf] . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgaf/] cfk"mn] hfg]sf / l;s]sf s'/f kl/jf/, ;fyLefO / 5/l5d]snfO{ klg
l;sfPdf cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;lsG5 / lj:tf/} cfkmgf] ufp“nfO{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg
;lsG5 ..
7"nf] / 3g3f]/ jiff{ x'g' jf 38]/L kg'{ jf e"ue{df x'g] xnrnsf sf/0f e'Orfnf] hfg' tyf Hjfnfd'vL km'6g+'
“
k|sf[ltdf x'g] lgoldt k|lqmofsf pbfx/0f x'g . o:tf 36gfnfO{ dflg;n] lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ klg
;a} ldn]/ o:tf 36gfaf6 x'g;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug]{ sfd ug{ ;S5f}“ . o;sf nflu k|sf]k x'g;Sg]
7fp“sf dflg;n] ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fP/ sfd u
g'{ k5{ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj lsg /x]sf] 5 eGg] tYonfO{ o;af6 k|fKt x'g] tnsf
nfen] cem :ki6 kf5{ M
vt/f tyf ;ªs6fled'vtf x6fP/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ x'G5 .
k|sf]ksf ;dodf k"jrtfjgL lbP/ k|efljt x'g;Sg] 7fp“sf dflg;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hg]
{ ]
k"jof]hgf / k"jtof/Lsf sfo{ ug]{ vfsf tof/ x'G5 .
{ {
k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug{, x/fPsf dflg;sf] vf]hL ug{ / /fxtsf nflu ;fd'lxs ;lqmotf
a95 .
k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug{ rflxg] j:t'sf] hf]xf] x'G5 .
k|sf]k kLl8tsf] nflu t'?Gt} ug'{ kg]{ pkrf/, vfg]–a:g] Joj:yf k"jof]hgf cg'?k ug{ ;lsG5 .
{
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgn] k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf sfddf klg k|fyldstf lbg] ePsfn] k|sf]k
Go"gLs/0fsf sfd lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfkb08 cg'?k x'G5g .
k|sf]k kLl8tsf nflu cfocfh{gsf ljsNksf] Joj:yf eP/ ul/aLlgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
lj:yflktx¿n] ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]jf; ug]{ cj;/ kfp“5g .
;dfhsf ;a} ju{n] k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]usf] cj;/ ;dfg'kflts
]
¿kdf k|fKt ub{5g .
;dfhdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] cjflG5t ultljlwdf lgoGq0f x'G5 .
;dfhdf Pstf, ;xof]u / ;befjsf] efjgf a9]/ ljsf;df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf a9b5
17

k|sf]k / clwsf/
dflg;n] cfkmgf] df}lns clwsf/sf] k|of]u :jtGq ¿kdf ug{ kfpg' k5{ . k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm, kl/jf/
/ ;d'bfon] klg dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] ljZjJofkkL dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
k|sf]kkLl8tn] l5d]sL, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfoaf6 kfpg] ;xof]u bfgsf] ¿kdf
geP/ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf kfpg' k5{ .
kLl8t ;d'bfodf hflt, wd{, /ªu, j0f{ / lnªusf cwf/df e]befj ug'{ x'bg . k|To]s kLl8tsf] ;Ddfg
“}
ub}{ clwsf/sf] ;dfg pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ g} dfgjclwsf/sf] dd{ xf] . xfdLn] klg kLl8t;“u
To;} cg'?ksf] dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'k5{ . d"ntM ;dfhdf b]lvPsf e]befjsf] cGTo u/L lk5l8Psf jf
{
pk]lIft ;d'bfonfO{ /fHon] ;'/Iff lbg'kg]{ dfGotf clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] /x]sf] 5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf
;Gbe{df clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"n dfGotf lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g M
dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGt M k|sf]kkLl8t dflg;aLr lnªu, hft, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /ªu jf ju{sf
cfwf/df lje]b x'g' x'bg . pgLx¿nfO{ /fxt / p4f/sf qmddf ;dfg Jojx/f ug'k5{ .
“} {
;Ddfgk"js af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ M ;a} dflg;;“u ;dfgtf / ;Ddfgk"js af“Rg kfpg]
{ {
g};lu{s clwsf/ 5 . To;}n] cdfgjLo Jojxf/, zf/Ll/s tyf dflg;s oftgfaf6 d'Qm / :jtGqtfk"js
{
af“Rg kfpg] kLl8tsf] JolQmut clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'k5{ .
{
lgMz:q JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] /Iff M ;fdflhs åGådf Pp6f kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ zq'sf
¿kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ x'bf lgMz:q ;d'bfo a9L kLl8t x'G5g . To:tf ;d'bfon] ;a} If]qaf6 ;'/Iff kfpg'k5{ .
“
:jtGqtf M k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s
;dfh /fhgLlts, ;}lgs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts e]befjaf6 d'Qm /xg'k5{ .
t6:ytf M ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf ;b}j t6:y /xg'kb{5 . k|sf]kkLl8taLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ / kLl8tsf
clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ qmddf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfn] /fhgLlt, hft, wd{, jf j}rfl/s ljjfbaf6 cnu /x]/
sfd ug]{k5{ .
lgikIftf M ;a} lnªu, hft, wd{, /fHo, ju{ / /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L lgikIf
Jojxf/ ug'{ ug'{k5{ .
p4f/ tyf /fxt M k|sf]kkLl8t gful/sn] ;/sf/ jf ;xof]uLaf6
kfpg] p4f/ tyf /fxt bof jf eLv xf]Og . ;ªs6df k/]sf JolQm tyf
;d'bfosf] /Iff, cfjf;, vfBfGg, cf}ifwf]krf/ / cfo;|ftsf] ljsNk pknAw
]
u/fpg' /fHosf] klxnf] st{Jo xf] . To;}u/L k|sf]kk|efljt jf kLl8t ;d'bfo;“u
vfgf, cfjf;, cf}ifwf]krf/, n'ufkmf6f] / hLjglgjf{xsf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|fKt
ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . To;sf/0f kLl8tnfO{ ;Ddfghgs ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg' k5{ .
18

dfgjLo ;xfotf kfpg] kLl8tsf] clwsf/
k|sf]ksf ;dodf k|To]s gful/sn] cfkmgf] g};lu{s clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /fHon] ug'{k5{ .
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] k|sf]kkLl8tn] kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ;'lgZrt ul/lbPsf] 5 M
x/]s gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] klxnf] clgjfo{ st{Jo xf] .
/fHon] kLl8tsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjglgjf{xsf] k|Tofe"lt kfpg'k5{ .
k|sf]ksf ;dodf kLl8tsf :jfledfgsf] cfb/ tyf ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ .
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª3;+:yfaLr ;dGjo u/L k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'k5{M {
k|sf]k;DaGwL k"jtof/L,
{
hf]lvdo'Qm If]q vfnL u/fP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug], {
k|sf]kaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] a"9fa"9L, czQm, afnaflnsf / dlxnfsf] /Iffsf nflu
ljz]if Wofg lbg],
k|sf]kdf k/]sfsf] p4f/ tyf vf]hL ug],{
k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;Ddfghgs /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug], {
:jf:Yof]krf/, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, vfgf tyf cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tTsfn} ug], {
k|sf]kkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿aLr ;dGjo ub}{
gful/ssf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/sf] /Iff ug], {
kLl8tn] kfpg] ;a}vfn] ;xof]u bof jf bfg geP/ g};lu{s clwsf/ x'g eGg] efjgfsf]
ljsf; u/L To;sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ .
k|sf]kkLl8t klg c¿;/x g} ;Ddflgt gful/s x'g . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ klg cfkmgf ljifodf x'g]
5nkmn jf lg0f{ok|lqmofdf :jtGq ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g ;S5g .
vfgf, 5fgf, gfgf, kfgf, :jf:Yo, lzIff / ;'/Iffnufotsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k|sf]kk|efljt
gful/ssf k|fs[lts clwsf/ x'g . tL clwsf/ /fHon] ljgfzt{{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;dfhdf rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / ;+:s[ltlj?4sf sfo{
u/]/ ;d'bfosf] cf:yfk|lt gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ lbg'xbg . “' }
ul/aLleq k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9L x'G5 . To;}n] ul/aLlgjf/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffcGtu{t
sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'kb{5 .
{
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf k|sf]kk"jtof/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf tyf :yfgLo hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0fdf
{
;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf] x'gkb{5 .
'
;'/lIft hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] clwsf/ xf] . x/]s kLl8tn] cfkm"
;'/lIft 5' eGg] ljZjf; lng] jftfj/0f agfpg'kb{5 .
19

;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf] clwsf/
k|sf]ksf ;dodf pTkGg ;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfdf gful/snfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{
clwsf/af6 ljd'v ul/g' x'bg . vfgf, cfjf; / :jf:Yo;]jfh:t} lzIff klg
“}
dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfleq k5{ . To;}sf/0f h:tf];s} cfkTsfnLg
'
cj:yf pTkGg eP klg lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/af6 ljBfyL{ jf gful/snfO{
cnu ug'{ pgLx¿dfly cGofo ug'{ x'g5 . o; cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkL dfGotf
]
k|fKt u/]sf sf/0f lzIffnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ / lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg ;/sf/nfO{
bjfj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfdf ;a} lzIffyL{n] s:tf] lzIff kfpg' k5{ / To;sf nflu
s:tf] dfkb08 k"/f ug'{ k5{ eg]/ ;ªs6sfnLg lzIff;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08n] lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] 5 .
;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf Go"gtd dfkb08sf k|dv c+z lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g M
'
!= lzIffsf] cj;/ ;Dk"0f{ gful/sn] ;dfg ?kdf kfpg'k5{ .
@= ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ¿kdf pko'Qm kf7Øqmdsf] ljsf; ul/Psf]
x'gk5{ .
'
#= ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg] lzIffsf nflu bIf lzIfs sf] Joj:yf x'gk5{ .
'
$= :yfgLo, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg';f/ gLltlgdf{0f, of]hgf th'df tyf sfof{Gjogsf
{
nflu ;zQm ¿kdf ;dGjo ul/Psf] x'gk5{ .
'
%= ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg] lzIff :jefljs¿kn] u'0ffTds / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ x'gk5{ .
'
^= ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fP/
pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf :ki6 ul/Psf] x'gk5{ .
'
&= ljleGg hfthflt, afns, o'jf / k|f9sf nflu tTsfnLg z}lIfs :j¿ksf] cfjZostfk|lt Wofg lbg]
}
/ ;'/Iff Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gk5{ .
'
*= z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nflu cfjZos ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ;s];Dd :yfgLo txaf6} ug'k5{ . ufp“3/df
] {
pknAw gx'g] j:t' dfq aflx/af6 Nofpg'k5{ .
(= ;ªsfndf k|bfg ul/g] lzIffdf OR5's ;a}sf] kx“r sfod ug{ ul/a / lk5l8Psf ;d'bfonfO{
'
e]befj gul/sg ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
!)= dlxnf ljBfyL{sf] ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|jGw ug'k5{ .
{
!!= ljBfno jf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf :jR5 vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, zf}rfnosf] /fd|f] k|jGw ug'k5{ eg]
{
kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] k|jGw ug'k5{ .
{
20

jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf k|sf]kaLr ;DaGw
"
jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0fsf] k|efj hldg,kfgL / jfo'd08ndf z[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf k5{ . o;af6
" [
jftfj/0fsf ;a} ef}lt / cef}lts j:t' / kbfy{sf] u'0fdf x|f; cfp“5 . dflg;n] ef}lts ljsf;sf nflu
u/]sf ljsf;sf sfo{n] jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts :j?kdf kl/jt{g ul//x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] kl/jt{gn]
dflg;sf] hLjgk4ltdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly a9]sf] bafj / :yfgLo ¿kdf x'g]
]
k|bif0f tyf cksif{0fn] dflg;sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdfq xf]Og k[YjLsf] eljio g} ;ªs6df k/]sf] 5 .
"
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿df j[l4 x'G5 . kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] pT;h{g, jgljgfz, kfgLsf ;|ftsf]
]
k|bif0f, vlgh kbfy{sf] pTvgg, jfo'kbif0fh:tf jftf/0fLo ;d:ofn] x/]s lbg ;d:of k}bf u/fO/x]sf] 5 .
" |"
jftfj/0f ljgfzsf plNnlvt sf/0fn] g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, clgsfnh:tf k|sf]kn]
dflg;nfO{ cfqmfGt kl//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g / k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] pTklQsf] sf/s k|slt b]lvP
[
klg To;df dflg;sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
dflg; klg jftfj/0fsf] cleGg cªu xf] . t}klg dflg;n] g} jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ tŒjnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf]
5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . To:tf s]xL hf]lvd lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
s= jfo'd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, gfO6«fhg cS;fO8, ;Nkm]6, Snf]/f]km n'/f] sfa{g, xfO8«fhg
] ]
cS;fO8, w"nf], w"jf“, ljiffQm /;fog cflb Uof; tyf tŒjx¿sf] j[l4n] jfo'kbif0f w]/} a9]sf] 5 .
|"
jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcs;fO8, ldy]g, xfO8«sfa{g cflb a9]/ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9b} uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
]
Snf]/f]km n'/f] sfa{g a9]/ cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf sf/0f cltj[li6,
cgfj[li6, cDnjiff{, ;'Vvf jf v8]/L, cf“wL– t'kmfg, Hjf/ef6f, dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]ksf] pTklQ x'g, lxdgbL
]
klUng], lxdtfn ljikmf]6 x'g, af9L klx/f] cem 8/nfUbf] x'g] ;Defjgf ljåfgx¿n] atfPsf 5g . jfo'
]
k|bif0fn] k|fs[lts jiff{;d]t k|blift eP/ xfdLn] lkpg] :jR5 kfgLsf] ;|ft;d]t b"lift x'G5 .
" " ]
v= hnd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fn] hnk|bif0fnfO{ klg k|efljt kf5{ . s]xL bzscl3;Dd To;} lkpg ;lsg] kfgL clxn]
" "
k|bif0f a9]sf sf/0f kfgL pdfn]/ / lkmN6/ u/]/ dfq lkpg ;lsg] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .
"
jgljgfz, kfgLsf] d"xfgdfly cltqmd0f, kmf]xf]/d}nf pT;h{g, gbLdf 9n ld;fpg]h:tf sf/0fn] hnk|bif0f "
w]/} a9]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs tyf /;fogsf] ld>0fn] ;txL / e"ldut kfgL k|blift ePsf] 5 . ;fy}
"
jfo'kbif0fsf sf/0f x'g] cDnLo / b"lift jiff{n] hnk|bif0fnfO{ z[ªvnfa4 agfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
|" "
k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfpg] jiff{, af9Lklx/f] cflb sf/0faf6 pTkGg kmf]xf]/ ldl;P/ jfo', df6f], gbL, tnfp tyf
cGo ;txL kfgLsf ;|ft k|blift eP/ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; eO/x]sf] 5 .
] "
u= e"d08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
jftfj/0f ljgfzn] hldgsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf klg g/fd|f] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . jfo' / hnk|bif0fsf]
"
21

z[ªvnfa4 k|efj e"lddf klg k5{ . l;“rfOsf nflu k|of]u x'g] b"lift kfgL, sL6gfzs cf}iflw / /f;folgs

dnsf] k|of]un] kfgL / jfo';u} e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfp“5 . jgljgfz / kfgLsf] ;|ft ;'ssf sf/0f
“ ] ]
d?e"dLs/0f a9]/ v]tLof]Uo hldg ?vf] eP/ vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]ksf 36gf
jftfj/0f ljgfzn] x/]s If]qdf hf]lvd a9fp“5 . jfo', hn, e"ld k|bif0fsf] z[ªvnfn] k[YjLsf x/]s ;|ftdf
" ]
k|lts"n k|efj kfg]]{ x'bf k|f0fL, jg:klt / dflg; :jo+ k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfaf6 kLl8t x'g] qmd a9l9/x]sf]
“
5 . To;}n] jftfj/0f ljgfznfO{ g} k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg] k|dv sf/s dfGg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0f
'
ljgfzsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] k|dv k|sf]ksf 36gfnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
'
af9L M k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0f / jgljgfzsf sf/0f lxdgbL klUng], lxdtfn
ljikmf]6 x'g, cltj[li6, v08j[li6 tyf e"Ifo a9]/ af9Lsf] k|sf]kdf j[l4 x'G5 .
]

klx/f] M clgof]lht e"pkof]u / jgljgfzn] e"Ifo
klx/f] af9L
a9fp“5 / cltj[li6n] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fp“5 .
dxfdf/L M kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf, kfgLsf
;|ft k|blift x'Fbf / af9L, klx/f], clgsfn, e'OFrfnf]h:tf
] "

k|sf]ksf 36gf j[l4 x'Fbf dxfdf/L a95 . dxfdf/L
v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff M v8]/L, hnk|bi" f0f, jgljgfzh:tf sf/0fn]
d?e"dLs/0f a9g, e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'bf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36]/
] “
clgsfn nfU5 . o;af6 ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf] hf]lvd a95 .
x'/Latf; M jfo'kbi" f0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofk|ltlqmofn] k[YjLsf]
|
pi0fLs/0f;“u} jfo'sf] ;+/rgf tyf axfj ultdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf;, v8]/L
cfFwLsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 h;n]] ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ .
zLtnx/ / n" M jfo'sf] ;+/rgf / ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] zLtnx/ /
tftf] nx/ -n"_ sf] k|sf]k lg/Gt/
a9b} uPsf] 5 .
x'/Ljtf;
o;k| s f/ jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6
k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfsf] pTklQ x'g]
tYo k|i6 x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] cfkmgf]
jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f /
k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] ;+/If0fdf Wofg lbg'
]
h?/L x'G5 .
22

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|sf]kaLrsf] ;DaGw
hnjfo' kl/jt{g s] xf] <
pBf]u snsf/vfgf, oftfoftsf ;fwg / ljleGg
cf}hf/ rnfpg, b}lgs vfgf ksfpg / cfuf]
afNg k|of]u x'g] k]6fn, l8h]n, d§Lt]n, vlgh
«]
sf]Onf, bfp/f cflb OGwg aNbf lg:sg] sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8 / cGo ljleGg Uof;sf] j[l4sf
sf/0f jfo'kbif0f w]/} a9]sf] 5 . jfo'd08ndf
|"
vf;u/L sfa{g 8fcOcS;fO8, gfO6«; cs;fO8,
ldy]g, xofnf] sfa{G;, ldy]g / hnjfiksf] j[l4
x'bf ;"osf] k|sfz / tfk k[YjLlt/ cfpg;Sg] t/
“ {
k[YjLaf6 cGtl/Iftkm{ kmls{g g;Sg] cj:yf pTkGg
x'G5 . o;/L aflxl/g gkfPsf] tfk klg k[YjLlt/
g} kmls{g] x'bf k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a95 / To;n]
“
hnjfo'sf] lgoldt ultljlwdf k|lts"n k|efj
kf5{ . kl/0ffd:j?k k[YjLsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g
x'g] qmd cufl8 a95 . hnjfo' k[YjLsf] tfkqmd
a9fpg of]ubfg lbg] tL Uof;nfO{ xl/tu[x Uof;
elgG5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f
k[YjLsf] tfkqmd lg/Gt/ a9g' g} hnjfo'' kl/jt{gsf] k|dv sf/0f xf] . ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f
'
jfo'd08ndf c:jefljs kl/jt{g eP/ k[YjLsf] hnjfo'df kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO 5 .
jfo'd08ndf a9]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;n] ;"oaf6 k[YjLtkm{ cfpg] k|sfz / tfknfO{ e";tx;Dd cfpg lbG5 t/
{
k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g eP/ jfo'd08naf6 aflx/ hfgaf6 /f]s/ cfkm"df ;~ro u5{ / k'gM k[YjLlt/}
]
kmsf{OlbG5 . o;/L kmls{Psf] tfksf sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 u5{, h;nfO{ ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0f
elgG5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj
g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ k|efjsf af/]df cflwsfl/s cWoog / cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
clxn];Dd o; ljifodf s]xL k|fljlws ljZn]if0f eP klg o;n] g]kfnL ;dfh tyf ;d'bfodf s:tf] k|efj
kf/]sf] 5 eg]/ cg';Gwg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t}klg xfn;Dd b]lvPsf ljZjJofkL k|efj, j}1flgsx¿sf]

23

cWoogsf] glthfcg';f/ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lgDgcg';f/ k|efj kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 M
df};ddf c;Gt'ng M k[YjLdf tfkqmd j[l4 x'bf jiff{sf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g cfp“5 . PsfPs 3gf jiff{
“
x'g, v08j[li6 x'g, Ps}l5gdf cl;gf kg], x'/L rNg]h:tf 36gf x'g' o;sf pbfx/0f x'g . udL{ dlxgfdf tftf]
] ] {
xfjf -n"_ / hf8f] dlxgfdf zLtnx/ cem a9L rNg] ;efjgf klg a9b} hfG5 .
lxp“sf] e08f/ l/lQg] M g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf ;bfaxf/ lxp“ hld/xG5 . Tof] lxp“ g} xfd|f gbLdf
aUg] kfgLsf] k|dv ;|ft xf] . t/ tfkqmd a9]/ lxp“ l56f]–l56f] klUnPdf lxp“sf] If]qkmn 36b} uP/
' ]
eljiodf kfgLsf] cefj x'G5 . o;/L lxp“sf] e08f/ l/lQPdf lxdfnL If]qsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL klg
c;Gt'lnt x'G5 .
af9Lsf] ;Defjgf M lxdfnL vf]rx¿df lxp“ klUnP/ kfgL hDbf kf]v/Lsf] pTklQ x'G5 . To:tf
“
kf]v/LnfO{ lxdtfn elgG5 . lxdtfndf kfgLsf] dfqf a9]kl5 tfn k'm6]/ tNnf] If]qdf 7"nf] af9L hfG5 /
k|sf]ksf] ¿k lnG5 . lxdtfn h'g;'s} ;dodf klg km'6g;Sg] ePsfn] kxf8sf a];L / t/fO{df af9L cfp“5
“
/ hgwgsf] Iflt u5{ .
;d'b| ;txdf j[l4 M ;fdfGotof ;d'bsf] |
;tx a9]/ s] g} km/s k5{ eGg] ul/G5 . t/ ;d'b, |
e"ld / hnjfo'aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf]
x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} ;d'bLlsgf/ g} ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf
|
a9L dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePsf] If]q klg xf] . k[YjLsf]
tfkqmd a9]/ sf/0f cG6f6L{sf, cfs{6Ls, w|jLo '
If]q / lxdfnL If]qsf] lxp“ PsfPs klUng] qmd
a9]sf] 5 . To;/L lxp“ klUnP/ ag]sf] kfgL ;d'bdf |
ldl;G5 / ;d'bdf kfgLsf] ;tx a95 .
|
;d'bsf] ;tx %) ;]lG6ld6/ dfq a9]df ld>,
|
aªunfb]z, rLg, gfOh]l/of, ef/t, xNof08h:tf
d'nssf s/f]8f}“ dflg; a;f]af; ePsf] If]q 8'Ag]5 .
'
;d'bsf] kfgL ! ld6/ a9]df ;d'bL 6fk'sf] ¿kdf
| |
/x]sf] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] dflNbE; eGg] b]z k"0f{
¿kn] ;d'bdf 8'A5 . To;}u/L aªunfb]zsf] !*
|
k|ltzt e"ld ;bfsf nflu ;d'bdf ljno x'g5 .
| ]
TolQdfq geP/ ;d'bL kfgLsf] jfliks/0f w]/} x'g,
| ]
;d'bL jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf; tyf cf“lwa]x/L rn]/ hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf klg a95 .
|
v]tLkftLdf k|efj M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f jiff{ x'g] ;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k

24

xfdLn] /f]Kg] wfg, ds}, ux', kmfk/, sf]bf] / cGo gub]afnLsf] pTkfbg sd x'G5 . udL{ w]/} a9b} hf“bf
“
sL/fkm6ofªuf / /f]usf hLjf0f'sf] klg j[l4 eP/ v]tLkftLdf klg To;sf] k|efj k5{ / vfBfGg pTkfbg
|
sd x'G5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf cGo y'k}| k|efj x'g;Sg] j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|fs[lts
jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;|ft, h}ljs ljljwtf, v]tLkftLnufot dfgjhLjgsf x/]s ultljlwdf kl/jt{g cfpg]
]
pgLx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] xfdL;“u ljZjJofkL ¿kdf r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ ;do Hofb} yf]/} 5 .
cfh}blv xfdLn] ;d:of ;dfwfgtkm{ nfUg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ :yfgLo
]
;|ft, ;fwg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug'{ k5{ .
]
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/0f cf}Bf]lus ljsf; g} xf] . To;}n] cf}Bf]lus d'nsx¿af6 eO/x]sf] sfa{g
'
8fOcS;fO8 / cGo xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pTkfbg sd ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf bafj lbg' h?/L 5 . o;sf
nflu ljleGg ;ª3;+:yf / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nssf ;/sf/x¿ nfluk/]sf klg 5g .
'
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/s tTj dflgPsf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pTkfbg 36fpg' xfd|f nflu lgs} sl7g 5 .
t}klg xfdLn] ;–;fgf sfd u/]/ klg xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g 36fpg ;S5f}“ eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
k|efjaf6 ;'/lIft /xg] ;fdfGo pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;S5f}“ . To;sf nflu xfdLn] lgDg sfo{ ug/]/ o;sf]
k|efj Go"g ug{ of]ubfg lbg'k5{ M
bfp/f, uf]a/sf ufO“7f, d§Lt]n, l8h]n, k]6f6, vlgh sf]Onfsf] ;§f lah'nL, uf]a/Uof;, ;f}opmhf{sf]
«] {
k|of]u a9fpg'k5{ .
v]taf/Ldf kfOg] jg:kltsf k|hflt / jg, jGohGt', l;d;f/h:tf k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] ;+/If0f ug'k5{ .
] {
vfg]kfgLsf] ;|ftsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / To;sf] ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg] ug'k5{ .
] {
v]tLkftL ubf{ w]/} kfgL grflxg] / l56} pTkfbg x'g] vfnsf vfBfGg afnL nufpg' k5{ .
Psk6s k|of]u ePsf] s'g} klg j:t' k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf;Dd kmof“Sg' x'bg jf k'gM k|of]u
“}
ug'{k5{ .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 af9L, klx/f], /f]usf] dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] ePsfn] To:tf k|sf]kaf6 aRg
k"j{tof/L ug'{k5{ ..
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kfgLsf] ;|ft ;'Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] kfgLsf] b}lgs k|of]u ug]{ xfd|f]
]
cfr/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L ;s];Dd kfgLsf] k|of]u sd ug]{ afgL a;fpg'k5{ .
k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9g] qmddf /f]usf hLjf0f' / sL/fsf gof“ k|hfltsf] pTklQ / ljsf; x'g] ePsfn]
ltgsf] lgoGq0f ug{ /f;folgs cf}iflwsf] k|of]u 36fP/ h}ljs ljlw jf h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ :yfgLo
1fg / ;Lksf] pkof]u ub}{ To:tf 1fg, ljlw / ;LknfO{ cGo ;d'bfo;Dd lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ .

25

af9L / o;af6
aRg] pkfo
g]kfnsf] k"jsf] d]rL gbLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd ;fgf
{
/ 7"nf u/]/ sl/a ^ xhf/ gbL aU5g . b]zsf]
s"n If]qkmndWo] sl/a !& k|ltzt e"efu
;bfaxf/ lxp“ hDg] pRrxdfnn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
lxp“ hDg] lxdfn g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / ef/tsf]
7"nf] e"efusf nflu :jR5 kfgLsf] k|dv ;|ft xf] . pRr lxdfno kj{t / cem rLgsf] :jzfl;t ltAatdf
' ]
pTklQ eP/ g]kfn x'b} aUg] gbLn] ef/t / aªunfb]zsf s/f]8f}“ dflg;nfO{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ u5{g .
“
s/f]8f}“ dflg;nfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg] o; lxdfnL d'nsdf x/]s jif{ af9L / klx/f]n] hgwgsf]
'
7"nf] Iflt u5{ . oxf“ jflif{s ;/b/ !,%#) ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'G5 / ljgfzsf/L af9L cfp“5 . g]kfn af9L,
klx/f]h:tf hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf] d'ns dflgG5 . ljZjsf b'O{ ;o d'nsdWo]
' '
hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf g]kfn #) cf}“ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf af9L / klx/f]af6 jif]gL ;fnfvfnf
{
@#@ dflg;sf] Hofg hg] u/]sf] 5 .
af9L s] xf] <
af9L lg/gt/ jiff{ ePkl5 cfpg] x'bf o;nfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 . g]kfndf k|To]s jif{sf] h]7
“
dlxgfsf] bf];f] ;ftfb]lv dg;'gL jiff{ ;'? eP/ ebf}sf] clGtd;Dd /xG5 . o; ;dodf aªufnsf] vf8Laf6
|
cfpg] dg;'gL jfo'n] kfgL kf5{ . jiff{ ePsf] kfgL hldgdf htftt} km}ln“b} aU5 . lxp“bdf klg kfgL aUg]
gbLdf dfq xf]Og, ;'s/ vªuªu ePsf vx/] / ;–;fgf vf]nf jf v]N;fvf]N;Ldf klg pln{P/ kfgL aU5 .
] |
kf]v/L, tfntn}of, bnbn] e"ld / l;d;f/ If]qdf ;d]t kfgLsf] 5]nf]vnf] x'G5 . lg/Gt/ 7"nf] em/L k/]/
]
au]sf] kfgLdf df6f], 9'ªuf, emf/kfth:tf j:t' ldl;“bf kfgL wldnf] x'G5 eg] kfgLsf] dfqf / aUg] ult klg

tLj| x'G5 . o;/L vx/], vf]nf jf gbLdf kfgL a9]/ vf]nfdf c6fpg ;Qm}g . a9]sf] kfgL gbLsf] lsgf/,
s'nf] jf gx/sf] l8n gf3]/ aflx/ aU5 jf lsgf/ s6fg ug{ yfN5 . o;/L c;fdfGo lsl;dn] kfgLsf] :t/
a9]/ s6fg / 8'afg ub}{ gbL / vf]nfdf pln{g] kfgLsf] tLj| a]usf] cj:yfnfO{ g} af9L elgG5 .
af9Lsf] k|sf/
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df af9LnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ tLg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
gbL–af9L M lgoldt ¿kdf kfgL aUg] 7"nf, ;fgf / dWod vfnsf gbLdf jiff{sf]
;dodf cfpg] af9LnfO{ gbL–af9L elgG5 . o:tf] af9Ln] gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf
v]tLof]Uo e"ld / ufp“3/df Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . 7"nf gbLdf cfpg] af9L ;fdfGoh:tf]
nfu] klg hgwgsf] ljgfz ug]{ Ifdtf klg 7"nf] x'G5 .
cfsl:ds af9L M d';nwf/] jiff{ x'bf ;txdf Psf]xf]l/P/ au]sf] kfgL vf]N;fvfN;L x'b} vx/]df k'u/
“ “ ]
Psf]xf]l/G5 . slxNo} kfgL gaUg] vx/] vf]nfdf PsfPs cfpg] o:tf] af9LnfO{ cfsl:ds af9L elgG5 .
To;}u/L dflyNnf] If]qdf /x]sf] kf]v/L km'6/ cfpg] af9LnfO{ klg cfsl:ds af9L elgG5 . o:tf] af9L 5f]6f]
]
;dodfq cfp“5 / s]xL ;dokl5 vf]nf] km]l/ k'/fg} cj:yfdf x'G5 .
26

;lDdl>t af9L M afn'jf, 9'ªuf–df6f], emf/kft, af]6la?jf, cflb ldl;Psf] n]bf] af9LnfO{ u]uØfgL tyf
|
;lDdl>t af9L elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] af9L Hofb} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . ;lDdl>t af9Ldf k/]sf dflg;,
3/kfn'jf hgfj/ tyf jGohGt' hLljt /xg' c;Dejh:t} x'G5 .
af9L cfpg] sf/0f
af9L cfpg' Psk|sf/sf] k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf] . t/ dfgjLo sf/0fn] klg af9L cfpg]
u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] af9L cfpg] k|dv b'O{ sf/0f dflgPsf 5g M
'
k|fs[lts sf/0f
3gf jiff{ jf cltj[li6 M jiff{ af9Lsf] k|dv k|fs[lts sf/0f xf] . gbLsf] lz/
'
tyf hnfwf/ If]qdf 7"nf] jiff{ ePdf gbL vf]nfdf kfgLsf] dfqf / ult a9]/ af9L
cfp“5 .
e"Ifo tyf klx/f] M lxdfn / kxf8df klx/f] uP/ /f]lsPsf] gbLsf] af“w km'6bf
af9L cfp“5 . kxf8sf] le/fnf] hldg jf 9'ªufdf6f] em/]/ gbL y'lgG5 / dflyNnf]

If]qdf 7"nf] kf]v/L aG5 . klx/f]n] agfPsf] To:tf af“w hd]sf] kfgLsf] bafan] km'6/ ljzfn af9L cfp“5 .
]
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 M g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf y'k}| lxdtfn 5g . tL lxdtfndf lxp“ klUnP/ kfgL hDdf
eO/xG5 . To;/L hd]sf] kfgL aflx/ lg:sg gkfp“bf To;sf] rfkn] hldg km'6/ tfn ljikmf]6 x'G5 /
]
af9Lsf] cfp“5 .
dfgjLo sf/0f
jgljgfz M kxf8L If]qdf x'g] jgljgfzn] e"Ifo a9fp“5 . jgljgfzn]
df6f]sf] kfgL ;f]:g] Ifdtfdf 36fp“5 / ;fdfGo e"Ifon] klg ljgfzsf/L
¿k lnG5 . jgljgfzsf sf/0f klx/f] uP/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a95 .
cJojl:yt e"pkof]u M k/Dk/fut e"pkof]usf] k|jl[ Q tyf
v]tLk|0ffnL / j:t'efpsf] clt r/Lr/gsf sf/0f klg e"Ifo eP/ /
klx/f] w]/} uP/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9b} uPsf] 5 .
gbLsf] cltqmd0f M gbLsf] axfjdfu{ jf au/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljsf;sf ;+/rgf, dflg;sf]
a;f]af;sf] j[l4h:tf sf/0fn] kfgLsf] lgsfzdf cj/f]w u/]/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 .
af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt / k|efj
g]kfndf af9Laf6 jif]gL ;of}“ dflg;sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sl/a !^ xhf/ dflg; 3/af/ljxLg x'g] u/]sf
{
5g . xhf/f}“ la3f v]tLof]Uo hldg s6fg / 8'afg eP/ s/f}8f}“ ¿k}of“a/fa/sf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . af9Ln]
l;“rfO ug{ agPsf] gx/ / ;8s, k'n, vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg jf ljt/0f kfOk, hnljB't of]hgfh:tf ljsf;sf
;+/rgfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . af9Ln] 3/kfn'jf hgfj/df klg aufP/ Iflt u5{ . g]kfndf jif]gL t/fO{sf]
{
clwsf+z pa{/ / v]tLof]Uo e"ld s6fg / 8'afgaf6 Ifltu|:t x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
af9Ln] dflg;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . To:tf Iflt / k|efj lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
dfgjLo Iflt M af9Ln] gbL lsgf/sf ufp“df s6fg / 8'afg u/]/ Iflt k'¥p“5 . sltko cj:yfdf
dflg; efUg g;s]/ af9Ln] aufp“5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ af9L / klx/f]df k/]/ ;fnfvfnf @#@ hgf
27

dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] u/]sf] 5 .
cfly{s Iflt M g]kfndf af9L / klx/f]df k/]/ k|To]s jif{ sl/a &)
s/f]8 ?k}of“ a/fa/sf] Iflt eO/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;/sf/L tYofªsdf
af9L / klx/f]af6 ePsf] IfltnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /flvPsf sf/0f osLg
tYofªs lgsfNg ;ls“g] cj:yf eg] 5}g .
k|fs[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo Iflt M af9Ln] jgdf kfOg] h8La'6L, 3f“;, bfp/f, sf7 tyf cGo jGo
;|ft aufP/ / k'// gi6 u5{ . o;af6 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf Iflt k'U5 eg] dflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{
] ]
k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] cefj x'G5 .
]
;fdflhs k|efj M af9Ln] 3/v]t aufP/ lj:yflkt ePsf dflg;n] a:g] vfg] / sfd ug]{ 7fp“
kfp“bgg . pgLx¿sf] a;f]af; / hLljsf]kfh{gsf] plrt Joj:yf gePdf ;fdflhs ul/aLdf j[l4 x'G5 /
}
;fdflhs ljrng k}bf eP/ åGåsf] pTklQ x'G5 . n'6kf6, rf]/L–
8s}tLh:tf ;fdflhs ck/fwdf j[l4 klg x'g] ;Defjg x'G5 .
hg:jf:Yodf k|efj M gbLdf af9L cfp“bf kmf]xf]/ kfgL ldl;Psf]
x'G5 . kmf]xf]/ kfgL ufp“a:tLdf k;]/ s'jf, Ogf/, 6oaj]n, kf]v/Lsf
'
vfg]kfgLsf ;|ftnfO{ b"lift agfp“5 . o:tf] k|blift kfgLsf sf/0f sdnlkQ,
] "
emf8fkvfnf cflb dxfdf/L km}lnP/ hfg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj k5{ .
af9Lsf] Joj:yfkg
af9Ln] ljz]ifu/L gbL lsgf/sf ufp“, a:tL, v]tLof]Uo e"ld, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / dflg;af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf
;8s, k'n, 3/h:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ aufP/ jf 8'afP/ Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . af9Ln] Ps JolQm tyf
kl/jf/nfO{ dfq Iflt gu/]/ cf;kf;sf ;a}nfO{ k|efljt kf5{ . To;}n] af9Laf6 aRg af9Lsf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f / k"jtof/Lsf sfd ug'{ k5{ . l5d]ssf ;a} dflg; ldn]/ ;fd'bflos ¿kdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
{
/ k"jtof/Lsf sfd ug'{ o;af6 aRg] pQd pkfo xf] .
{
af9Laf6 aRg ug'kg]{ k"jtof/L
{ {
af9Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg w]/} k|sf/sf k|fljlws tyf ;fw/0f sfd ug'k5{ . To:tf sfddWo] s]xL sfd
{
lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
hgr]tgf clej[l4 M af9Lsf] k|efj Go"g ug]{ pkfosf af/]df
hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf k"jtof/Lsf
{
sfd ug{ af9L s] xf] < o;n] s:tf] Iflt u5{ < Iflt 36fpg s]
ug'k5{ < af9L cfpg' cl3, cfPsf] ;dodf / To;kl5 s] ug]{
{
eGg] 1fg x'gk5{ . To;}n] cfk"m, kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf k"jtof/Lsf
' {
sfd ug{ hgr]tgf clej[l4 / af9Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ug]{ sfd ug'k5{ . o;sf nflu ljBfnodf cEof; ug],
{ {
tflnd / k|sf]k Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng] sfd ;xof]uL x'G5g .
hf]lvdsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f M cfkmgf] ufp“, ljBfno ePsf] 7fp“df s:tf] af9L cfp“g;S5
/ s:tf] dfqfdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg cg'dfg ug'{ k5{ . uPsf jif{x¿df cfPsf] af9L / To;n]
28

k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf], jt{dfg ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfh:tf ljleGg ljifosf] cWoog u/]/
hf]lvd klxrfg / Go"gLs/0fsf sfd ug'k5{ . {
gbLsf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f M ul/an] dfq xf]Og, wgL / x'gvfg]x¿n] klg gbLlsgf/ cltqmd0f ug]{
]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . gbLsf] lsgf/ cltqmd0f x'bf af9Lsf] kfgL aUg] 7fp“ gx'bf s6fg / 8'afg a9]/ hgwgsf]
“ “
Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt lgoGq0f ug]{ klxnf] tl/sf eg]s} gbLlsgf/dfly eO/x]sf]
cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] .
t6aGw lgdf{0f M gbLsf] tLj| axfjaf6 x'g] s6fg / 8'afg lgoGq0f ug{ gbLslgf/df t6aGw lgdf{0f ug'{
k5{ . ;–;fgf t6aGwsf] lgdf{0f :yfgLo ;|ftsf] pkof]uaf6 / 7"nf t6aGwsf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf]
]
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
af9Låf/f Iflt x'g;Sg] ;–;fgf af“wsf nflu afn'jfsf]
af]/f, af“;sf ef6fsf] af/ unfpg' k5{ .
7"nf af“wsf nflu tf/hfnLdf 9'ªuf e/]/ t6aGw

lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ .
e"Ifo eO/xg] gbL cf;kf;sf 8f“8f–kfvfdf j[If/f]k0f
u/L le/fnf] kfvf]df ux|f agfpg' k5{ .
klxn] af9Ln] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 7fp“sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f
u/L eljiodf x'g;Sg] Iflt sd ug{ :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlwcg'¿k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{ k5{ ..
af9Låf/f Ifltu|:t e"ld jf au/sf] ;fd'bflos ¿kdf pkof]u u/]/ cfocfh{gsf sfd ug'{ k5{ .
gbL lgoGq0fsf s'g} klg ljlw ckgfp“bf t6aGw;“u} j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / ;s];Dd af“; /f]k/ x'sf{pg ;s]
]
af“; a]r/ ;d'bfosf] cfDbfgL a9fpg ;lsG5 .
]
;'/lIft a;f]af; / vfg]kfgLM af9Laf6 aRg cfk"m a:g] 3/
agfp“bf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
3/ / 3/kfn'jf ufOj:t'sf] uf]7sf] ;tx kfgL hDg] txeGbf
cUnf] agfpg' k5{ .
vfg] kfgLsf] wf/f jf 6oaj]n / zf}rfno af9L tyf 8'afgn]
'
ge]6gu/L cUnf] kf/]/ / Ogf/df af9Lsf] kfgL gk:g]u/L jl/kl/sf]
]
8Ln cUnf] kf/]/ agfpg' k5{ .
kfgL hDg;Sg] xf]rf] e"If]qdf a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ufp“sf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] 7fp“df kfgL
hDg] / vfN8f] vg]/ lgsf; x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; ldnfP/ ;/;kmfOsf] k|jGw ug'{ k5{ .
vfBfGg / cf}iflwsf] hf]xf] M af9L cfOxfn]df Ps jf b'O{ lbgsf]
nflu rflxg] vfgfsf] ;~ro ug'k5{ . ;s];Dd lrp/f, ljis'6h:tf
{
xn'sf vfBfGg, sk8f, cnxdk§Lh:tf k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ cf}iflwsf]
jGbf]j:t ug'k5{ . o;sf ;fy} k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu
{
;fd'bflos vfBfGg / cf}iflw e08f/sf] Joj:yf klgug'k5{ .
{

29

p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf M af9LkLl8tsf] p4f/sf
nflu 8'ªuf, nfOkm Hofs]6, 6fo/, 6oa, 8f]/L cflb ;lhn} e]6g ;lsg]
'
7fp“df /fVg'k5{ .
c:yfoL lzlj/sf] aGbf]a:t M af9Ln]] 3/–uf]7 aufpg] jf 8'afg
ePsf ;dodf c:yfoL ¿kdf a:g ;'/lIft 7fp“df ;fd'bflos 3/ agfpg' k5{ .
k"jrtfjgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf M af9L cfpg] df};ddf ;d'bfonfO{ af9L cPsf] r]tfjgL lbg]
{ ]
k|0ffnLsf] :yfgLo Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . gbLsf] d'xfg tyf dflylt/
jiff{ ePdf Toxf“sf dflg;af6 va/ lng]] Joj:yfsf nflu
pgLx¿;“u ;DaGw :yflkt ug[k5{ . To;}u/L gbLglhs} cUnf]
"
:yfgdf s'¿jf 3/ agfP/ ¿“ufnf] /fVg] Joj:yf klg ug{
;lsG5 . To;f] ubf{ gbLsf] kfgL a9bu/]sf] kfOPdf jf af9L
}
cfpg] nIf0f b]lvPdf /“ufnf] a:g] dflg;n] l;67L, dfbn,
9ofªuf, bdfxf cflb ahfP/ ufp“nnfO{ va/ ug]{ Joj:yf
|] ]
ldnfp“bf af9L cfpg] 7fp“af6 efu]/ dflg; ;'/lIft :yfgdf
k'Ug;S5g / dfgjLo Iflt x'gaf6 /f]lsG5 . k"jrtfjgLsf nflu /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgaf6 k|zf/0f x'g]
{ ]
df};dL ;dfrf/ ;'g/ jiff{ / af9Lsf] ;Defjgfaf/] yfxf kfpg' k5{ . To;}u/L gbLsf] lgu/fgL ug{ ?“ufnf]
]
/fVg] Joj:yf ug'k5{ . /“ufnf] a:g] JolQmnfO{ gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;txdf j[l4 ePdf jf gbLdf lxnf] df6f],
{
emf/kft au]sf] b]lvPdf, gbLsf] lz/af6 tLtf] uGw;lxtsf] l;/]7f] rn]df, gbLsf] cfjfh kl/jt{g ePsf]
cfef; ePdf ;a}nfO{ va/ ug{ ;lsfpg] .
o;/L af9L cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Pkl5 af9Ln] k|efj If]qsf dflg;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgtdf n}hfg'k5{ .
af9L cfPsf] ;dodf s] ug]{ <
af9L cfPdf JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ¿kdf ljleGg sfd ug'k5{ . To:tf sfd lgDgcg';f/ x'G5g M
{
3/df lah'nL / Uof; r'nf] ePdf lah'nLsf] nfOg / Uof; t'?Gt} aGb ug'k5{ .
{
k"jtof/Lsf ;fdfg / cfkmgf ax'dNo ;DklQsf] emf]nf lnP/ 3/sf] ‰ofn9f]sf aGb u/L ;'/lIft
{ "
:yfgtkm{ efUg] .
af9L cfPsf] If]qdf PSn] glx“8g] / ;jf/L;fwg grnfpg] .

af9Ln] k|efljt kf/]sf] 7fp“sf] kfgL glkpg] .
dlxnf, a"9fa"9L, s]6fs]6L, lj/fdL / czQmnfO{ ;'/lIft 7fp“df k'Ug ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ .
af9Ldf k/]sf dflg;sf] p4f/ ug{ /]8qm;, k|x/L, ;]gf / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfodf va/ ug'k5{ . {
kLl8t JolQmnfO{ p4f/ ug], x/fPsf dflg;sf] vf]hL ug], 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ ug], lj:yflkt ePsf
{ { {
dflg;nfO{ a;f]af; u/fpg], pgLx?nfO{ vfg], a:g] / nufpg] n'ufsf] k|jGw ug]{ sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
af9laf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gM:yfkg ug]{ / lj:yflkt kl/jf/sf] a;f]af;sf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfo;“u
;dGjo u/L sfd ug]{ sfo{ klg k5{g . o;sf nflu ljleGg If]qaf6 ;xof]u ;ªsng ug{ klg
;lsG5 . o:tf] ;xof]usf] b'?kof]u x'g gkfcf]; eGgsf nflu rgfvf] x'gk5{ .
'

30

klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
klx/f]sf] kl/ro
jghªun, v]taf/L, eL/kfvf, ufp“;x/, ;8ssf] 5]psf] le/fnf] hldg rls{P/, km'6/ jf wl:;P/
]
Toxf“sf] df6f], 9'ªuf jf r§fg, jg:klt, cflb tnlt/ v:g] cyjf kfgL;“u ldl;P/ aUg] k|lqmofnfO{ klx/f]

elgG5 . klx/f] hfg] qmddf 9'ªufdf6f] / r§fg pbud:ynaf6 tnlt/ v:b} jf aUb} uP/ tNnf] If]qsf] sd

le/fnf] jf d}bfgdf y'lk|G5 . kxf8sf] dflyNNff] efu tnlt/ v:bf 5]p5fpsf] efu klg rls{gG5 / kfgLsf]
rfk jf k[YjLsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f ann] tnlt/ em5{ . o;/L dflysf] df6f], 9'ªuf wl:;P/ tn emg]{ k|lqmofnfO{

klx/f] elgG5 .
klx/f]sf] k|sf/
ef}uf]lns tyf 9'ªuf, df6f], afn'jfh:tf j:t'sf] agf]6;lxt Toxf“ ePsf jg:kltsf

k|hflt / hnfwf/sf] cj:yfcg'¿k klx/f]sf] :j¿k aG5 . klx/f]sf s]xL k|sf/ lgDgcg';f/
5g M
ktg (Fall) : kxf8sf] cUnf] 7fp“af6 9'ªuf–df6f] PsfPs tn v:g] k|lqmofnfO{ ktg klx/f] elgG5 .

ljeGhg (Topple) M cUnf] 7fp“af6 r§fgsf] 6'qmf em's/, g'lxP/, afªluP/, 3'd/ jf
] ]
ef“lRrP/ tn emg]{ klx/f]nfO{ lje~hg klx/f] elgG5 .
:vng (Slide) M le/fnf] hldgsf] 9'ªuf, df6f] cyjf r§fg lrlKnP/ tn emg]{

k|lqmofnfO{ :vng klx/f] elgG5 . :vng klx/f] b'O{ k|sf/ 5g M ljeGhg klx/f]
3"0f{ jf aqmfsf/ :vng M afªuf] jf rDrfh:tf] cfsf/df klx/f] uPdf To:tf]
klx/f]nfO{ 3'0f{ jf aqmfsf/ klx/f] elgG5 .
:yfgfGtl/t :vng jf l;wf klx/f] M eL/af6 afªuf]l6ªuf] geO{ ;Lwf au]/
hfg] klx/f]nfO{ :yfgfGtl/t :vng elgG5 . o:tf] klx/f] ef}uf]lns agf]6 cg';f/ lgs}
7"nf] / nfdf] If]qdf km}lng ;S5 eg] r§fg, 9'ªuf, df6f] / h}ljs kbfy{ /x]sf] ldl>t
3'0ff{sf/ klx/f]
e"lddf a9L hfG5 .
kl/lIfKt km}ng (Lateral spread) : s8f r§fg ePsf] ;fdfGo le/fnf] jf ;dy/h:t}
b]lvg] hldgleq /x]sf] g/d / sdhf]/ afn'jf ldl;Psf] df6f]sf] leqL
efudf w]/} kfgL k:bf To;sf] hf]8fO sdhf]/ eP/ aflx/sf] s]xL efu
l;wf klx/f]
6'lqmP/ leq k:5 / s]xL efu ;txdf km}lnG5 eg] To;nfO{ kl/lIfKt
kl/lIfKt km}ng km}ng klx/f] elgG5 .
axg (Flow) M le/fnf] efusf] 9'ªuf, g/d r§fg / df6f]df kfgL ldl;P/ t/n kbfy{em}“

b|tultdf au]/ km}lng] n]bf] :j¿ksf] klx/f]nfO{ axg klx/f] elgG5 . axgsf] :j?ksf
" ]
cfwf/df o;nfO{ klg ;lDdl>t axg (Debris flow), e"–axg (Earth flow) tyf d[lQsf axg jxg klx/f]
(Mud flow) elgG5 .

31

klx/f]sf] efu M klx/f] uPsf] If]qsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6cg';f/ Pp6f klx/f]df rf/
efu x'G5g M
!= wf“hf kmf6]sf] efu M klx/f] em/]sf] 7fp“sf] dfly / slxn]sfxL“ jl/kl/ wf“hf
jf rL/f k/]sf] x'G5 . oL rL/faf6 jiff{sf] kfgL leq k;]/ hldgnfO{ sdhf]/
agfp“5 / klx/f] hfG5 .
@= pbud -pTklQ_ :yn M klx/f] pTklQ ePsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] efunfO{ pbud:yn elgG5 .
#= :yfgfGt/0f ky M of] ;tx pbud:ynsf] 7Ls tnlt/ x'G5 . dflyaf6 klx/f] emg]{ qmd rln/x]df
of] efu klg au]/ tn em5{ t/ klx/f] /f]lsPdf of] efu :jtM l:y/ x'G5 .
$= lgIf]k:yn M dflyaf6 em/]sf 9'ªuf, df6f] / emf/kft y'lk|Psf] clGtd :yfgnfO{ lgIf]k:yn

elgG5 .
klx/f] hfg] sf/0f / k|efj
;fdfGotof klx/f]nfO{ k|fs[lts sf/0fn] x'g] 36gfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . t/ hldgdf kg]{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf]
bafa g} klx/f] hfg] sf/s ePsfn] klx/f] k|fs[lts / dfgjLo b'j} sf/0fn] hfG5 .
k|fs[lts sf/0f
xfjfkfgL M xfjfkfgLn] k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿kdf w]/} k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . x'/Ln] w"nf], afn'jf p8fP/
e"Ifo u/fP/ klx/f] hfg] cj:yf aG5 . To;}u/L 7"nf] jiff{ eP/ hldg sdnf] x'bf / af9L cfp“bf kfgLsf]
“
rfk a9]/ klg klx/f] hfg] jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5 .
e"Ifo M w]/} kfgL k/]df cUnf] 7fp“sf] df6f] tnlt/ aU5 . jiff{sf] k|f/Dedf df6f]sf] IfoLs/0f Go"g eP
klg To;sf] k|efj ;fgf 9'ªuf tyf sdhf]/ r§fgdf k5{ / la:tf/} IfoLs/0f a9]/ df6f] / 9'ªuf;d]t au]/

lr/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . of] k|lqmof g/f]lsPdf Toxf“ klx/f] hfG5 .
ckIfo M hldgdf xfjf, kfgL, hLjhGt'sf] ultljlw a9]/ 9'ªuf tyf df6f] lvOg] k|lqmofnfO{ ckIfo

elgG5 . k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] lqmofsf sf/0f r§fg sdhf]/ eP/, km'6/, 6'lqmP/ klg df6f]df ¿kfGt/0f
]
x'G5 . o:tf] ckIfosf sf/0f sdhf]/ ePsf r§fg tnlt/ em/] klx/f] hfG5 .
e'Orfnf] M e'Orfnf] hf“bf cUnf] eL/kfvfsf sdhf]/ e"efu / r§fg;d]t xlNng] x'bf klg klx/f] hfG5 .
“ “ “
gbL s6fg M g]kfnsf] pQ/L If]qaf6 tLj| ultdf blIf0ftkm{ emg]{ gbL / jiff{ofddf cfpg] af9Ln] gbLsf]
lsgf/ s6fg ubf{ dflysf] efutn em/]/ klg klx/f] hfG5 .
dfgjLo sf/0f
e"ldsf] s6fg M dflg;n] a:gsf nflu 3/ agfpg, ;8s jf af6f], s'nf] cflb
lgdf{0f ug{ hldgsf] l9:sf] jf kfvf] vGg] / km]b sf6g] sfd x'G5 . o;/L km]b
vGbf dflysf] hldg v;]/ klx/f] hfG5 .
jgljgfz M ¿vsf h/fn] df6f]nfO{ ks8]/ /fVg] x'bf jg ePsf] 7fp“sf] hldg
“
alnof] x'G5 . jgljgfz ePdf df6f]sf] agf]6 cl:y/ eP/ klx/f] hfg] qmd klg
32

a95 . To;}n] dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] jgkm“8fgLn] kxf8L If]qnfO{ klx/f]sf] cTolws hf]lvddf kb}{ uPsf] 5 .
klx/f] hfg] ;ªs]t / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
klx/f] PsfPs hfg] k|sf]ksf] 36gf xf] . o;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . t/ klg xfdLn]
klx/f] hfg] ;ªst eg] yfxf kfpg ;S5f}“ . lgDg cj:yf b]lvPdf klx/f] hfg;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 M
]
a;f]af; tyf v]taf/LeGbf dflysf] tyf tnsf] eL/kfvfdf PsfPs kfgL pld|Psf] b]lvPdf .
klxn] l:y/ /x]sf] hldgdf crfgs rL/f k/]sf] jf hldg wl:;Psf] b]lvPdf .
af]6la?jfsf h/fn] PsfPs hldg 5f]8sf] jf lj:tf/} n8b} u/]sf] b]lvPdf
]
lrl/Psf] jf wl:;Psf] 7fp“af6 lxnf] df6f] au]df
9'ªuf jf r§fgn] cfkmgf] 7fp“ 5f]8/ ;g{ yfn]df .
]
plNnlvt cj:yf b]lvPdf tTsfn hf]lvd sd ug{ lgDg sfd ug'k5{ M {
hldg wl:;Psf] jf lrl/Psf] If]qeGbf dflysf] kfgLnfO{ s'n;f] agfP/ klx/f]sf]
]
hf]lvd gePsf] 7fpFaf6 aufpg] jf s6fpg] .
klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] efusf] km]bdf 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ dflysf] hldg, 9'ªuf,
df6f] tn v:gaf6 /f]Sg] .
klx/f] v:g nfu]sf] If]qdf dflg;, 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] k|jz lgif]w ug]{ jf ;s];Dd
]
jGohGt' klg k:g glbg af/ nufpg] .
;8s, af6f], s'nf] vGbf tyf cGo lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ eL/sf] km]bLsf] s6fg
/f]Sg] . s6fg ug}{ kg]{ ePdf 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ j[Iff/f]k0f u/L e"Ifo lgoGq0f
ug]{ .
klx/f]af6 x'g] Iflt
klx/f]n] hldg k"/} ;f]xf]// / aufP/ n}hfg] ePsfn] k|efj of] ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .
]
klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“ l:y/ x'g / klx/f] /f]lsg nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'bf o;sf] ;fdflhs /
“
cfly{s k|efj lgs} eofgs x'G5 . klx/f]af6 x'g] Iflt tyf k|efj lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
tTsfn b]vf kg]{ k|efj M
klx/f]n] 3/uf]7d} Iflt k'¥ofp“bf vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], cf}iflwpkrf/ cflbsf] cefj x'G5 .
;~rf/ ;Dks{ cj?4 eP/ tTsfnLg p4f/ / /fxtdf sl7gfO pTkGg x'G5 .
:j:y tyf ;'/lIft vfBfGg / z'4 kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] cefjdf dxfdf/L km}lng] 8/ x'G5 .
;8s, k'n / cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t x'bf b}lgs hLjgofkgsf ;fwgsf] cefj eP/
“
;dfhdf ck/fwsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf a95 .
bL3{sfn;Dd kg]{ k|efj M
klx/f]af6 lj:yflkt kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] k'gM:yfkg ;dod} geP pgLx¿ k'gM hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf a:g
afWo x'G5g / yk klx/f]sf] kL8f ef]Ug ljjz x'G5g .
33

sltko afnaRrf cleefjs ljxLg x'G5g eg] klx/f]df k/L czQm ePsf] JolQmdf lxgtfaf]w pTkGg
x'G5 .
klx/f]af6 eTs]sf jf Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L kLl8tnfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg nfdf]
;do nfUg] / 7"nf] cfly{s nufgL ug'kg]{ x'bf b]zsf] ljsf;df afwf k5{ .
{ “
kLl8t ;d'bfo ;fdflhs, cfly{s dof{bf / ljsf;sf cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g] ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf efjL
k':tfdf ;d]t k|lts"n c;/ sfod /lx/xG5 .
klx/f]n] ljzfn jg If]q klg aufP/ / k'// Iflt ug]{ ePsfn] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf
]
;ªs6df k5{ .
klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo
klx/f] lgoGq0fsf ljleGg pkfox¿ x'G5g . ef}uf]lns :j?k, klx/f]sf] cfsf/–k|sF/ tyf 9'ªuf–df6f]sf]

agf]6sf cfwf/df klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{ tl/sf ckgfpg' k5{ . klx/f] lgoGq0fsfd ;s];Dd ;lhn} kfOg]
j:t'sf] k|of]u u/]/ afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw ckgfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . klx/f] /f]Sg] kvf{n, kfgL tsf{pg] s'nf]
jf cGo tl/sf ckgfPkl5 To;nfO{ alnof] / e/kbf]{ agfpg jl/kl/ pko'Qm hftsf af]6la?jf /f]k/ ]
x'sf{pg' klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfdsf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . To;}n] xfdL oxf“ afof]OlGhlgol/ª
k|ljlwaf6 klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfoaf/] rrf{ ug]5f}“ .
{
afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw
klx/f] lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u x'g] 9'ªuf, df6f], l;d]G6, tf/hfnL;“u}

jl/kl/ af]6la?jf /f]k/ x'sf{pg] tl/sfnfO{ afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw
]
elgG5 . klx/f] /f]Sg nufOPsf] kvf{ndf x'ls{g] af]6la?jfsf h/fn]
kvf{nfnfO{ n8g / aUgaf6 /f]s/ alnof] agfpg] ePsfn] of] k|ljlw
]
lgs} nf]slk|o x'b} uPsf] 5 .
“
afof]OlGhlgol/ªsf] dxŒj
g]kfnh:tf] ul/a / ufp“ g} ufp“ ePsf] d'nsdf klx/f] tyf e"Ifo /f]Sg dx“uf / 7"nf kvf{n nufpg' lgs}
'
sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] ;s];Dd ufp“–7fp“df kfOg] ;|ft / ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/]/ klx/f] /f]Sg' k5{ . o;af6
]
k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f x'G5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 klx/f] lgoGq0f ubf{ lgDg nfe x'G5g M
]
jg:kltsf] km]bn] jiff{sf] kfgLnfO{ tLj| ultdf aUgaf6 /f]S5 . To;}u/L af]6la?jfsf a'6fn] 9'ªuf–

df6f]nfO{ /f]s/ l:y/ agfpF5 .
]
emf/kftn] hldgsf] ;txnfO{ 9fs]/ hldgdf jiff{sf] kfgLsf] bafa /f]s/ e"Ifo x'gaf6 /f]S5 .
]
jg:kltsf h/f hldgdf h]lnP/ /xg] x'bf df6f] rNg kfp“bg eg] e"ldut kfgLsf] k|jfxaf6 x'g] c;/nfO{
“ }
klg lgoGq0f u5{ .
¿vsf] d"nh/f hldgsf] leq;Dd hfg] x'bf To;n] tn v:g nfu]sf] 9'ªuf–df6f]nfO{ /f]S5 .
“
af]6la?jfsf] h/fn] jl/kl/sf] 9'ªuf / df6f]nfO{ hs8]/ alnof] / l:y/ agfp“5 .

jg:kltn] jiff{sf] j]unfO{ /f]s/, hldgsf] kfgLnfO{ ;f];/, h/fåf/f u|x0f u/]/ tyf k|sfz;+Zn]if0f
]
lqmofåf/f kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f u/]/ e"–Ifo lgoGq0f u5{ .
34

klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“df kvf{n;“u} /f]lkPsf af]6la?jfn] xl/ofnL a9fpg], k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fsf] k'gM:yfkgdf of]ubfg lbg] / h}ljs ;|ftsf] ;+/If0fdf 6]jf ldNg] x'G5 .
]
afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo
klx/f] lgoGq0fsf nflu agfOg] ;+/rgf;“u} pko'Qm k|hfltsf jg:klt /f]k/ x'sf{pg'k5{ .
]
7fp“cg';f/ e'O3f“;, af;“, kmnk"mn / l56} x'ls{g] hftsf la?jf /f]Kbf e"Ifo / klx/f]
“
w]/} xb;Dd sd x'G5 . jg:kltsf k|hflt /f]k/ klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{ s]xL pkfo
]
lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
km]bL kvf{n M klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“df km]l/ klg dflylt/sf] hldg v:gaf6 /f]Sg km]bdf
nufpg] kvf{nnfO{ km]bL kvf{n elgG5 . o; ljlwaf6 ;–;fgf klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“sf]
k'gM:yfkg ug{, elTsPsf] ;8s, s'nf] jf cGo ;+/rgf agfp“bf eL/–kfvf]sf] km]bL s6fg
ePsf] 7fp“df 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ dflysf] hldg tn v:gaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o:tf]
kvf{n 9'ªufdf6f]sf] k|of]u u/]/ Ps jf b'O{ ld6/ cUnf] agfpg'k5{ .

vf8n k'g{] M hldg rls{P/ jf wl;P/ 7"N7"nf vfN8f k/]sf 5g eg] To:tf vfN8f
k'// hldgdf yk bafj kg{ glbg vf8n k'gk5{ . o;/L k'l/Psf] vf8ndf klg 3f“;
] {'
/ cGo hftsf af]6la?jf /f]Kg'k5{ .
6]jf kvf{n M s8f / g/d r§fg Ps} 7fp“df eP g/d r§fg l56f] lvOG5 / s8f r§fg cl:y/ eP/
emg{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s8f r§fgnfO{ c8ofP/ v:g glbg tnaf6 hu agfP/ nufOg] kvf{nnfO{ 6]jf
kvf{n elgG5 . o:tf] kvf{n agfp“bf cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL lgSng] Kjfn klg /fVg'k5{ / kvf{nsf]
jl/kl/ af]6la?jf /f]Kg'k5{ .
dfGb|] kvf{n M klx/f] uPsf] le/fnf] hldgdf ljz]ifu/L n]bf] df6f] aU5 . To;/L
au]sf] n]bf]nfO{ /f]Sg af“;sf ef6fsf] 6f6L jf dfGb|f] agfP/ ;–;fgf ux|fsf cfsf/df
c8ofpg] tl/sfnfO{ dfGb|] kvf{n elgG5 . dfGb|] kvf{nsf] ux|fdf la?jf /f]k/ ]
x'sf{pbf lj:tf/} hldg l:y/ eP/ klx/f] lgoGq0f x'G5 .
“
9'ªuf 5fKg] M klx/f]sf] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf vf]N;fx¿nfO{ ulx/f] x'gaf6 /f]Sg

kfgL aUg] 7fp“df 9'ªuf 5fk]/ e"Ifo lgoGq0f ul/G5 . t/ 7"nf] If]qdf 9'ªuf 5fKg]

sfo{ vlr{nf] x'g] x“bf To;sf] ;§fdf Jofks j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
'
lgoGq0f af“w M vf]N;f] ag]sf] s'n;f]df kfgLsf] aUg] ult sd ug{ cyf{t kfgL;“u aUg] 9'ªuf / df6f]nfO{
]
/f]s/ l:y/ /fVg agfOg] ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f af“w elgG5 .
]
h'6sf] hfnL M klx/f] uPsf] gfªuf] / le/fnf] 7fp“df h'6sf] hfnL cf]5ofP/ af]6la?jf /f]Kbf df6f]

aUg /f]lsG5 / la?jf ;lhn} x'sg ;S5g . h'6sf] af]/f leh]kl5 ;'Sg w]/} ;do
{
nfUg] x'gfn] le/fnf] tyf anf}6] hldgdf la?jf x'sf{pg of] ljlw ckgfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
;tx 9fSg] M kfgL kfg]l{ alQs} hldg ;f]:g] / t'?Gt} km';km';] klx/f] hfg] 7fp“df
la?jf /f]k/ jg:kltsf] 3'¥ofgn] e'O“ 5f]Kbf e"Ifo lgoGq0f x'G5 .
]
35

e'Orfnf] / o;af6 aRg] pkfo
“
e'Orfnf]sf] cy{ tyf kl/efiff M
“
e'Orfnf] g]kfnLsf b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] 5, h'g o:tf] 5 M
“
e" -e'O“ jf hldg_ + rfnf] -rNg', sf“Kg' jf xNng'_ = e'Orfnf]
“
dflysf] zAbljGof;cg';f/ hldg rNg], xlNng] jf sDkg x'g]
k|lqmofnfO{ g} e'Orfnf] jf e"sDk elgG5 .
“
xfdLn] l:y/ ePsf] cg'ej ug]{ k[YjLsf] ;txdf PsfPs cfpg] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sDkgnfO{ e'Orfnf] “
elgG5 . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] a[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]ifcg';f/ crfgs e'O“ xlNng] k|lqmofnfO{ e'Orfnf] jf
“
e"sDk elgPsf] 5 .
e'Orfnf];DaGwL e|fds wf/0ff
“
k[YjL yfnh:tf] r]K6f] 5 / o;nfO{ df5f, uf]xL jf s5'jfn] af]s/ ;fu/dfly c8ofPsf 5g eGg] unt
]
wf/0ff xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5 . tL hgfj/ yfs]/ r6k6fp“bf jf sf“w km]bf{ k[YjL xlNnP/ e'Orfnf] hfG5 eGg]
“
ljZjf; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f ufp“3/df cem} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e'Orfnf]sf af/]df o:t} syf ;'gfpg]
“
rng 5 . ;dfhdf rln/x]sf o:tf k/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ lj1fgn] unt ;fljt ul/lbPsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f e'Orfnf] b}jL zlQmsf] sf/0f guP/ e"ue{df x'g] xnrnsf sf/0f hfG5 eGg] a'‰g' h?/L 5 .
“
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf dflg;n] h]h:tf cg'dfg u/] klg e'Orfnf] eg]sf] e";tx xlNng] k|lqmof g} xf] . To;}n]
“
e'Orfnf] lgtfGt k|fs[lts sf/0fn] hfG5 eGg] a'‰g' k5{ . o;df b}jLzlQm, ;d'b, df5f, s5'jf, xfQL,
“ |
z]ifgfu cflb s'g} h}ljs k|f0fLsf] xft /x]sf] x'bg .
“}
e'Orfnf] hfg] sf/0f
“
k[YjLsf] leqL v08sf] ;of}“ lsnf]ld6/ leqsf] e"ueL{o v08 rnfodfg x'G5 . w]/} rfk / bafasf sf/0f
Toxf“ xhf/f}“ l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkdf plDn/x]sf] n]bf] -DofUdf_ alu/x]sf] x'G5 . To;
DofUdfdfly 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 elgg] 7"N7"nf r§fg t}l//x]sf x'G5g . t}l/O/x]sf tL
r§fg Pscfk;df 3':bf jf Pscsf{af6 5'l§“bf DofUdf dflylt/ cfp“5 /
ljzfn zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . To; zlQmsf] bafan] ;txdf sDkg u/fp“bf
e'Orfnf] hfG5 . To;}u/L e"ue{df /x]sf] DofUdfnfO{ dflyaf6 r§fgL
“
Kn]6n] lyr]sf] x'G5 / DofUdf dflylt/ dflylt/ cfpg] k|of; u5{ .
dfly cfpg] k|of;df /x]sf] DofUdfn] e"ue{sf] sdnf] :yfg e]6df tLj|
]
ultdf 7"nf] ljikmf]6 u/]/ Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6 x'bf klg e";txdf
“
sDkg k}bf eP/ e'Orfnf] hfG5 .
“
g]kfndf e'Orfnf] hfg] sf/0f
“
g]kfndf Hjfnfd'vL ghfg] ePsfn] Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6sf sf/0faf6 g]kfndf e'Orfnf] hf“bg . To;}n]
“ }
g]kfndf 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 elgg] e"ueL{o r§fgsf] ultzLntfsf sf/0f g} o; If]qdf e'Orfnf] hfg]u/]sf] 5 .
“
36

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