A bond, in its basic form, a plain vanilla bond is a type of loan. An investor takes his or her money and temporarily lends it to the bond issuer. In exchange, the investor receives interest income at a predetermined rate (the coupon rate) and at predetermined times (the coupon date). The bond has an expiration date (the maturity date) at which point the stated par value of the bond must be returned.

1. What Is a Bond
and How Do Bond
Investments
Work?

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3. What Is a Bond?
• A bond, in its basic form, a plain vanilla
bond is a type of loan.
• An investor takes his or her money and
temporarily lends it to the bond issuer.
• In exchange, the investor receives
interest income at a predetermined rate
(the coupon rate) and at predetermined
times (the coupon date).
• The bond has an expiration date (the
maturity date) at which point the stated
par value of the bond must be returned.
• In most cases, with a notable exception
being certain U.S. Government savings
bonds such as the Series EE savings
bonds, a bond ceases to exist at maturity.

4. Example Of Bond
• Imagine The Coca-Cola Company wanted to borrow $10 billion from investors
to acquire a large tea company in Asia.
• It believes the market will allow it to set the coupon rate at 2.5% for its
desired maturity date, which is 10 years in the future.
• It issues each bond at a par value of $1,000 and promises to pay pro-rata
interest semi-annually.
• Through an investment bank, it approaches investors who invest in the
bonds.
• In this case, Coke needs to sell 10,000,000 bonds at $1,000 each to raise its
desired $10,000,000,000 before paying the fees it would incur.

5. Different Types of Bonds
1. Sovereign Government Bonds
2. Municipal Bonds
3. Corporate Bonds

6. Sovereign Government Bonds
• These are bonds issued by sovereign governments. In the United
States, this would be things such as U.S. Treasury bills, bonds, and
notes, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the country,
including the power to tax in order to meet its constitutionally required
obligations.
• Additionally, sovereign governments often issue special types of bonds
aside from their primary obligations.
• Agency bonds, which are issued by government agencies, often to fulfill
a specific mandate and despite enjoying the implicit assumption of
backing from the government itself, often provide higher yields.
• Likewise, savings bonds, which we've already discussed, can be
particularly interesting under the right circumstances; e.g., the Series I
savings bonds when inflation is a risk.

7. Municipal Bonds
• These are bonds issued by state and local governments.
• In the United States, municipal bonds are often tax-free to achieve two
things.
• Firstly, it allows the municipality to enjoy a lower interest rate than it would
otherwise have to pay (to compare a municipal bond with a taxable bond,
you must calculate the taxable equivalent yield, which is explained in the
article linked earlier in this paragraph), easing the burden to free up more
money for other important causes.
• Secondly, it encourages investors to invest in civic projects that improve the
civilization such as funding roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and more.
• There are many different ways to weed out potentially dangerous municipal
bonds.
• You also want to make sure you never put municipal bonds in your Roth
IRA.

8. Corporate Bonds
• These are bonds issued by corporations, partnerships, limited
liability companies, and other commercial enterprises.
• Corporate bonds often offer higher yields than other types of
bonds but the tax code is not favorable to them.
• A successful investor might end up paying 40% to 50% of his or her
total interest income to Federal, state, and local governments in
the form of taxes, making them far less attractive unless some sort
of loophole or exemption can be utilized.
• For example, under the right circumstances, corporate bonds
might be an attractive choice for acquisition within a SEP-IRA,
especially when they can be acquired for much less than their
intrinsic value due to mass liquidation in a market panic, such as
the one that occurred in 2009.

9. Main Risks of Investing in Bonds
1. Credit Risk
2. Inflation Risk
3. Liquidity Risk
4. Reinvestment Risk

10. Credit Risk
• Credit risk refers to the probability of not receiving your promised
principal or interest at the contractually guaranteed time due to the
issuer's inability or unwillingness to distribute it to you.
• Credit risk is frequently managed by sorting bonds into two broad
groups - investment grade bonds and junk bonds.
• The absolute highest investment grade bond is a Triple AAA rated
bond.
• Under almost all situations, the higher the bond's rating, the lower
the chance of default, therefore the lower the interest rate the
owner will receive as other investors are willing to pay a higher price
for the bigger safety net as measured by financial ratios such as the
number of times fixed obligations are covered by net earnings and
cash flow or the interest coverage ratio.

11. Inflation Risk
• There is always a chance that the government will enact
policies, intentionally or unintentionally, that lead to
widespread inflation.
• Unless you own a variable rate bond or the bond itself has
some sort of built-in protection, a high rate of inflation can
destroy your purchasing power as you may find yourself living
in a world where prices for basic goods and services are far
higher than you anticipated by the time you get your principal
returned to you.

12. Liquidity Risk
• Bonds can be far less liquid than most major blue chip stocks.
• This means that, once acquired, you may have a difficult time selling them at top
dollar.
• his is one of the reasons it is almost always best to restrict the purchase of
individual bonds for your portfolio to bonds you intend to hold until maturity.
• To provide a real-life illustration, I recently worked to help someone sell off some
bonds for a major department store in the United States, which are scheduled to
mature in 2027.
• The bonds were priced at $117.50 at the time. We made a call to the bond desk -
you can't trade most bonds online - and they put out a bid request for us. The best
anyone was willing to offer was $110.50.
• This person decided to hold the bonds rather than part with them but it's not
unusual to encounter such a discrepancy between the quoted bond value at any
given moment and what you can actually get for it; a difference known as a bond
spread, which can hurt investors if they aren't careful.

13. Reinvestment Risk
• When you invest in a bond, you know that it's probably going to
be sending you interest income regularly (some bonds, known
as zero-coupon bonds, do not distribute interest income in the
form of checks or direct deposit but, instead, are issued at a
specifically-calculated discount to par and mature at their face
value with the interest effectively being imputed during the
holding period and paid out all at once when maturity arrives).
• There is a danger in this, though, in that you cannot predict
ahead of time the precise rate at which you will be able to
reinvest the money.
• If interest rates have dropped considerably, you'll have to put
your fresh interest income to work in bonds yielding lower
returns than you had been enjoying.

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