Biotech

2. Microbes in
Biotechnology

3. Cell Dogma of
Molecular
Genetics

5. Chromosome:
 Contains two basic materials in it…
• Basic Protein (Histone)
• A special Nucleic Acid (DNA)

6. Chromosome:
 Contains two basic materials:
• Basic Protein (Histone)
• A special Nucleic Acid (DNA)

7. Nucleosome: Made up of the
basic protein “histone” and
special Nucleic Acid known as
DNA.

8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid:
5 carbon Sugar -
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
4 type of Bases:
a. Thymine
b. Guanine
c. Cytosine
d. Adenine

9. Complementary Nitrogen Bases:
 Cytosine –Guanine
 Adenine – Thymine
Pyremidine
Purine

10. Question: Why do individuals
possess different looks?
Answer: Because every
individual has different sequence
of nucleotides on their DNA
strands…

11. “Gene Expression or
Protein Synthesis”
Genotype Phenotype

12. Substances involved during
Protein synthesis:
 Enzymes (Such as RNA Polymerase
during transcription)
 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
– Three Types:
• messenger RNA (mRNA)
• transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – referred to the
ribosomes of the cell

13. Simple Difference between DNA and RNA:
 Always
stays in the
nucleus.
 Contains
thymine.
 Can be found
both in the
nucleus and
in the
cytoplasm.
 Contains
uracil
DNA RNA

14. Proposed first by Francis Crick

15. Transcription:
 Takes place inside the nucleus
 involves the following:
– DNA
– RNA Polymerase
 By Product: mRNA

16. Translation:
 Takes place in the cytoplasm
 involves the following:
– tRNA
– mRNA
– rRNA
 By Product: Protein

17. Things to remember during
translation:
mRNA is a sequence of
nucleotides which is subdivided
into triplet code known as
“codon”.

18. Things to remember during
translation:
Each codon codes for a
particular protein, c/o Genetic
Code Chart

19. Third
Letter

21. Third
Letter

25. RECOMBINANT
DNA
TECHNOLOGY

26. Recombinant DNA Technology:
 A technique of combining
genes of two different
organism and allowing the
inserted genes to be
expressed into proteins.
 Involves the application of:
• Restriction enzymes
• DNA Ligase
• Vectors
• Promoters

27. Restriction Enzymes:
 These are nucleases that is
primarily used to break nucleotides
in a specific location.
 They are named after the genus
and specie of the source organism.
• Eco RI – Escherichia coli RI
• Hin dIII – Haemaphilus influenzae
• Sac II – Sacharomyces achromogenes

28. DNA Ligase
 Used to paste an
isolated gene to a DNA
fragment.

29. Vectors:
 Are DNA molecule used as a vehicle
to transfer foreign genetic material
into another cell. The four major types
of vectors are plasmids,
bacteriophages and other viruses,
cosmids, and artificial chromosome.

30. Promoters:
Are region of DNA that
facilitates the transcription of
a particular gene. Promoters
are typically located near the
genes they regulate on the
same strand.

31. How is a gene being
expressed?
 Natural Setting
 Artificially through Genetic
Engineering

33. Video Presentation

34. Thank you for
Listening!