The Influence of Folklore on the History of Religious
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The Influence of Folklore on the History of Religious
- 1. E. O. James (Oxford)
- 2. E. O. James (Oxford) Anthropologist Professor
- 3. 19th – Scientific Investigation of Popular Tradition
- 4. “the term ‘folklore’ was first used casually by W. J. Thorns in 1846”
- 7. The Peasant Mystery and Rhythm of Life Climate and Environments Perplexing and Hazardous Situations
- 8. “The Peasant resorted to Ritual Techniques Devised”
- 11. Lore – • gives a Sense of Assurance amid all the chances and changes of every day experiences. • gives Stabilityto normal Routine.
- 13. Repetition in Act and Word gives Confidence Right Order Regulated Seasons Health Fertility Well-being Behavior of Nature Human Order in Stress Control Strengthen Society Human Emotions
- 14. “only one part (the literary part) of a Folk's lore.”
- 15. Folk Tale Paul Bunyan Three Billy Goats Gruff
- 16. Ritual Combat Cycle Theme: Good and Evil Hero “Bringing Good out of Evil”
- 18. Hero – “Semi-Divine Being”
- 19. Mythis not the fantasy, poetry, philosophy, and psychology etc. It is to confirm the accepted belief, institutions, and sanctions and to assure for the effectiveness of the Cultus.
- 20. A legendis a story often believed to be true and in which the characters are usually considered historical.
- 21. Q. Why Performed Ritual? Ritual Visual (art) Dramatic Expression “To Live or to Meet Essential Human Needs” “In Peasant Cultures, the Beliefs, Rituals and Customs Associated with the Basic Human Needs…”
- 22. Symbols Rites Belief Religion “dromenon – the Things Done” “muthos – the Words Spoken”
- 23. Dance
- 24. TChea nFedalsetm ofa tshse Nativity The Babylonian Origins of Easter (Ishtar)
- 25. Peasant – Feast/Fasts “Provide Needs in All Aspects as a Community” “Thus, Folklore was as Influential at a Crucial Turning Point in the History of Religion…”
- 26. FOLKLORE AND RELIGION: 1. Religions (higher) by incorporating folk material into its own faith and practice has given a new vigor, meaning, significance and function to popular beliefs and customs, and so enabled them to acquire a fresh survival value. 2. The basic themes and cultic patterns in oral tradition, documentary texts, tales and legends, myth and ritual, sacred drama and dance, have been preserved, evaluated and carried on from age to age, culture to culture, religion to religion.
Editor's Notes
- The Reverend Professor Edwin Oliver James (1888 – 1972) was an anthropologist in the field of comparative religion. He was Professor Emeritus of the History and Philosophy of Religion in the University of London, Fellow of University College London and Fellow of King's College London. During his long career he had been Professor of History and Philosophy of Religion at the University of Leeds, Lecturer at the University of Amsterdam and Wilde Lecturer at the University of Oxford. E.O. James received his education at Exeter College, Oxford and at University College London, where he studied under the famous egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie. (Additional information from the back flap of E.O. James' The Ancient Gods (1960) - David W. Daniels)
- The Reverend Professor Edwin Oliver James (1888 – 1972) was an anthropologist in the field of comparative religion. He was Professor Emeritus of the History and Philosophy of Religion in the University of London, Fellow of University College London and Fellow of King's College London. During his long career he had been Professor of History and Philosophy of Religion at the University of Leeds, Lecturer at the University of Amsterdam and Wilde Lecturer at the University of Oxford. E.O. James received his education at Exeter College, Oxford and at University College London, where he studied under the famous egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie. (Additional information from the back flap of E.O. James' The Ancient Gods (1960) - David W. Daniels)
- This Map is the “Fountain of Youth” From 19th Century, Study were done on the Popular Tradition……… In Norway Jörgen Max (1813-1882) and his son Moltke, systematically investigated the ancient stories, songs and legends that survived in the mountain valleys………. In England Max Müller (1823-1900), an Anglo-German orientalist and comparative philologist, endeavored to discover the origin of folk tales in the solar myths of the ancestors of the Indo-European peoples by the interpretation of metaphorical expressions in the Rig-veda.
- to cover the unrecorded traditions of the people, hitherto described as "popular antiquities" Folklore consists of a people group (or “folk”) and all of its accumulated facts (“lore”) including: traditional customs, beliefs, knowledge, values, and attitudes of the ordinary people.
- ORAL TRADITION
- “resorted to ritual techniques devised” to meet the requirements of unpredictable occurrences, or to codify fundamental beliefs, to strengthen accepted lore, enforce ethical and pious evaluations by formulating reasons for the established order, and endow its sanctions with a greater value, prestige and significance. SO, IN PEASANT “RITUAL IS THEIR SOURCE OF DELIVERANCE.” For Example in Asian Context….NEXT SLIDE.
- Illustration: The Nara Court Practiced Harae Purification RITUALS By The River During the Nara period, river rituals were important and frequent events for the court and for the common people as well. The Oho-harae or Great Purification, a great purification rite performed by the Imperial court, was established as one of the most important and most solemn ceremonies of the Shinto religion. But the ceremonial rite was also performed by the population of the whole country — from the Princes and ministers, the higher and lower officials of the Imperial court down to the common people, all had to be purified and freed from sins, pollutions and calamities.
- RITUALS/RITES ARE FOLKLORE though all folklores are not ritual. Religious, Moral and Social Content Influence on “The History of Religion and Its Phenomena, Touching the Deepest Needs and Desires of the Human Spirit (Means DELIFVERANCE)…”
- For Example:….next Slide…
- Pictures Ploughing, Seeding, and Harvesting Lambing and Shearing birth, marriage and death each and all have their essential place in popular tradition and their function in producing “phatic communion…
- Q. HOW DID THE Generations know since their was no written words? AS “Deliverance or Blessing” are in need, RITUAL AND RITE were performed in Peasant…as well as today! Later Ritual/Rite will be discussed more.
- Folktales are a society's narratives, stories, and literature. They are the stories that have been handed down from generation to generation. A folk tale is a story with no known author that usually TEACHES A LESSON. Examples: CAN YOU TELL ONE OF THE FAMOUS FOLK TALE FROM YOUR COUNTRY? Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack in American folklore. His exploits revolve around the tall tales of his superhuman labors, and he is customarily accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox. The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead (1882–1958) in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. He has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in several oversized statues across North America.
- YOUR Tribal Mythical HERO? The Hero who DELIEVER them.
- YOUR Tribal Mythical HERO? The Hero who DELIEVER them. Peasants built small shrines in vineyards and fields to thank the Snake who Nourishes, for her bounty. Called Thermouthis by the Greeks, she was venerated as a Christian saint after the suppression of the ancient Egyptian religion. POINT: Deliverance/Blessing ----Ritual/Rite which are Folklore were Performed under the Religious Cycle.
- Semi-Divine Being = somewhat more than mortal but less than divine, So very Strong and Powerful! They played as a Savior in a particular tribe or people group etc. Point: THESE HEROS (Semi-Divine Being) ARE A SURVIVAL OF ANIMISTIC SPIRITS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL PHENOMENA, OR ANY PEOPLE WHO REFUSED TO ACCEPT CHRISTINITY AND THEY WERE CONNECTED WITH EVIL SPIRITUAL BEINGS. (Religious Belongings) Example: Paul Bunyan For Tedim Chin “Tawl thang” Q, Can Evil Spirit Possess Believer?
- Myth is not a product of the imagination…It is not idealized history or allegorized philosophy, ethics or theology. MYTH HAS TO DO A STORY BASE ON BELIEF it doesn't matter whether it is true or not. Myths are stories and we find meaning in our lives through the stories we tell.” For Example: Creation Myth of Japan
- A legend is a story often believed to be true and in which the characters are usually considered historical by some. Examples include Robin Hood, King Arthur, and Pecos Bill. King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century.
- Ritual gives visual and dramatic expression to the will to live, to the vital urge and rhythmic relations to life, in response to concrete situations and essential needs. Ritual practices have required “Justification and Explanation” in terms of cult-legends and stories framed and developed to meet changing needs and circumstances, systematized and moralized as occasion has required.
- Our modern habit is TO LOOK AT RELIGION FROM THE SIDE OF BELIEF RATHER THAN FROM THAT OF RITES largely because in Judaism and Christianity ritual has been regarded as important only in connation with its significance for belief and right ethical conduct. Even among anthropologists and folklorists belief has been held to be more fundamental than ritual because the dromenon, 'the thing done', has been thought to be but the expression in action of the muthos, 'the words spoken'. That’s why the same rite being explained by different people in different ways but the belief is the same. (For Example: Blood Sacrifice). TRADITION: Believe first then, take the action.
- RITUAL EXAMPLE: DANCE IN ITS MEANING Dance gives the clue to the original intention of the rite which from time immemorial has been an outstanding feature in seasonal ceremonial observances; the expression of joie de vivre… The dance, in fact, has found its place in all the principal celebrations in the annual cycle and of human life-initiation, puberty, marriage, death, planting, sewing, harvesting, the vintage and at the turn of the year at the solstices. Kecak (pronounced [ˈketʃaʔ], alternate spellings: Ketjak and Ketjack) is a form of Balinese dance and music drama that developed in the 1930s in Bali, Indonesia. It is performed primarily by men, although since 2006, a few women's kecak groups have existed. Also known as the Ramayana Monkey Chant, the piece, performed by a circle of at least 150 or more performers wearing checked cloth around their waists, percussively chanting "cak" and moving their hands and arms, depicts a battle from the Ramayana. The monkey-like Vanara helped Prince Rama fight the evil King Ravana. Kecak has roots in sanghyang, a trance-inducing exorcism dance. Chin- Ritual Dance (Gal Aihna)
- MYTH #1: Christmas on December 25th. TRUTH: There is no celebration of the birth of Christ in the Bible on any day, but began through human tradition to be celebrated about 250 AD in the spring and on December about 325 AD. See also: Pagan origin of Christmas, Easter, Halloween "holy days". MYTH #2: December 25 is the birthday of Jesus. TRUTH: December 25 was the birthday of Mithra, the pagan God of light. In 325 AD, Roman emperor Constantine re-assigned the meaning to the birthday of Jesus, the true God of light. The Christian meaning over.. THE BABYLONIAN ORIGINS OF EASTER (ISHTAR) –Reborn/Resurrect http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=10398 Some of the Hymns the we sang were originally….. There are many in Page 13 of this article… (John the Baptist)
- The established feasts and fasts have been saved as an integral part of a calendar that has entered into the daily life of the people particularly in PEASANT SOCIETY, at every turn, providing them not only with spiritual sustenance, edification and discipline, but also with diversion, recreation, and social intercourse throughout the year, and supplying the supramundane dynamic which has held them together in a closely-knit community.