Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...
INP Check Out - Level Access
1. Dave Jay S. Manriquez(INP – CHECKOUT)
1. WilliamHonda: Type 2 DiabetesMellitis,Glaucoma,Prostatitis
Allergies:Noknownallergies
Lab Values:FastingGlucose:5 mmol/L(4-7 mmol/L)
Urine C & S: Klebsiellapneumoniaover100 M CFU/L. Patienthaving infection
Type 2 DM
- Adult onset>30 yrs old,non-insulindependent,mostprevalenttype ofDM
- Chronicconditionthataffectsbody’swayof metabolizingglucose
- Body eitherresiststhe effectsofinsulinor doesn’tproduce enoughinsulin to maintain a
normal blood glucose level
- Insulin=a hormone thatregulatesthe movementof sugarintocells
- Symptoms = 3Ps - polyphagia,polydipsia,polyuria,
Fatigue,frequentinfections,areasof darkenedskin,(armpits/neck) =acanthosis
nigricans
- Risk factors = overweight,age (older),Race (Hispanics,Asian-Americans),Aboriginal people
- Complications= heart and bloodvessel disease (angina,atherosclerosis)
Nerve damage (neuropathy) – tingling,numbness,pain
Kidneydamage (nephropathy)
Eye damage (diabeticretinopathy),glaucoma and cataract – leadstoblindness
Footdamage - nerve damage inthe feetbecof poorblood flow tothe feet
- Tests= Fastingblood glucose = >=7mmol/L
Randombloodglucose = >=11.1 mmol/L
Two-hourOGTT = >=11.1 mmol/L
HgbA1c = >=6.5%
- Treatment = Insulinalone or in combinationwith oral hypoglycemicagents
Lifestyle changes
Glaucoma
- A groupof relatedeye disorderscharacterized by elevatedintraocularpressure (IOP),if
untreated, resultsto optic nerve atrophy and peripheral visionloss (blindness)
- Primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)
= mostcommon type;outflowof aqueoushumor is decreaseddue to cloggeddrainage
channels
= developsslowlyandw/osymptoms
- Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)
= causedby reduction on the outflow ofaqueous humor due to angle closure
= symptoms = sudden,intense painin or around the eye,n/v
- TONOMETER = usedto measure IOP
- Increase IOP = problemwith aqueoushumor eithertoo much fluidis produced or its not
draining properly
- Normal IOP = 10-21mmHg
- Treatment = focus is to keepthe IOP low to preventoptic nerve damage
2. Prostatitis
- Inflammationof the prostate gland usuallydue to infection
- 5-10% caused by bacterial infection
- Affect10-14% of men of all ages
- 4 Catergories
a. Acute bacterial prostatitis
b. Chronicbacterial prostatitis
c. Chronicprostatitis-chronicpelvicpainsyndrome
d. Asymptomaticinflammatoryprostatitis
- Commoncausative agents= E. coli,Klebsiella,Pseudomonas,Enterobacter
- Clinical Manifestations = fever,chills,backpain,perinealpain,dysuria,urinaryfrequency,
urgencyand cloudyurine
- Chronicprostatitis=lasts more than3 months; can predispose the patienttorecurrentUTIs
- Treatment = antibiotics
Meds:
1. Metformin1000 mg PO BID. Available stock is 500 mg tablets. Gluchopage
To be given:2 tablets
Indication:ManagementofType 2 DM (Biguanides)
Action:Lowersblood glucose by helpinginsulintowork better.Increase sensitivityto insulin.
Maintenance of bloodglucose.
Metabolism:eliminatedalmostunchangedinkidneys
Half-life:17.6 hrs
N. Dose: 500mg twice daily,may increase by 500mg at weeklyintervalsup to 2000mg/day
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity,metabolicacidosis,dehydration
S/E: diarrhea,nauseaandvomiting
NursingCons:Whencombinedwithsulfonylureas(stimulate the bodytomake more insulin),
observe forsignandsymptomsof hypoglycemia,(abdpain,sweating,weakness)
2. Glyburide 5mg PO daily.
Diabeta,Glynase (Sulfonylurea)
Used:to treat type 2 diabetesnot for type 1, stimulatesthe body to make more insulin
N. Dose: 2.5mg to 5mg PO/daily
S/E: hypoglycemia,diarrhea,allergicskinreaction
NursingCons:Monitorbloodglucose level. Before andaftergiving.
3. CiprofloxacinOral Suspension750mg PO BID x 14 days. Available concentrationis 500mg/5ml.
To be given:7.5 ml.Cipro
Indication:treatmentof the ff. bacterial infection.(Fluoroquinolones)
Action:Deathof susceptible bacteria. Anti-infectives
Metabolism:Liver, excretethrukidney
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity
N. Dose:500mg-700mg q12 hrs
S/E: dizziness,headache,insomnia,diarrhea,nausea
3. NursingCons:Assessforinfection(v/s,appearance of wound,sputum, urineandstool,WBC,
Urinalysis,frequencyandurgencyof urination.)
4. Timolol 0.5% eye drops, 1 drop ineach eye BID.
Used: Treatingpressure in the eye (ocular hypertension) andopen-angle glaucoma.Timolol drops
are a beta blocker.It works too decrease fluidproductionand pressure inside the eye.
N. Dose: 0.25% OR 0.5%
Do not use timolol if :allergic,COPD,heartfailure,shockdue toHF
Interactwithinsulinororal antidiabetics,mayhide certainsignsof low bloodsugar.
NursingCons:Monitorpatientbloodglucose levelandBP.
4. 2. PeterDodge: Angina Pectoris,Congestive HeartFailure
Allergies–Morphine
Lab Values– DigoxinLeve:1.9 mmol/L(1.0 – 2.6 mmol/L)
Electrolytes:Potassium4.2(3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L),Sodium142 (134-145 mmol/L)
Congestive Heart Failure
- Alsoknownas Heart Failure (HF)
- Heart muscle weaknessdue to narrowing and constrictionof blood vessel whichresultedto
poor functioningvalvescausing dilationof heart chambers and resultedto decreased
contractility and increase workload of the heart. Congestionusuallydevelopsbecause the
heart is unable to move bloodas quicklyas possible asit shouldto meetthe tissue
requirementsforoxygen.
Etiology:
AtherosclerosisandHypertension(HPN) isa majorcontributingfactor,riskof HF increases
progressivelywiththe severityof HPN
DM predisposesanindividual toHFregardlessof the presence of concomitantCADorHPN
Otherriskfactors – cigarette smoking,obesityandhighserumcholesterol
- May be causedby anyinterferencewiththe normal mechanismsregulatingcardiacoutput(CO)
- CO dependson1. Preload,2.Afterload,3.Myocardial contractility,
4. Heart rate, 5. metabolicstate of the individual
Anyalterationinthese factorscanresultto manifestationsof HF
- Types:
Left SidedHeart Failure – mostcommonform of initial heartfailure;
Resultsfromleftventriculardysfunction,whichcausesbloodtobackup
throughthe L atriumand intothe pulmonaryveins,manifestedas
pulmonary congestionand edema
Right SidedHeart Failure – causesbackwardbloodflow tothe R atriumand venous circulation.
Venouscongestioninthe systemiccirculationresultsin peripheral edema,hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly, ascitesandjugular venousdistention.
- Clinical Manifestations=dependonage,underlyingtype andextentof heartdisease andwhich
ventricle isfailingtopumpeffectively
Fatigue,Dyspnea,Tachycardia,Edema,Nocturia,Skinchanges,Behavioral Changes,ChestPain,
WeightChanges
- Treatment:
1. Diuretics
2. Angiotensin-ConvertingEnzyme Inhibitors
3. B-AdrenergicBlockers
4. InotropicDrugs
a. SympathomimeticDrugs – dopamine,dobutamine,epinephrineandnorepinephrine
b. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors –Milrinone
c. DigitalisPreparations –digoxin(Lanoxin)
5. d. Vasodilatordrugs
d.1 Nitrates
d.2 SodiumNitroprusside
Angina Pectoris
- Commonlyknownas angina
- Sensationof chest pain,pressure or squeezing, due topartial occlusion or narrowing of the
coronary artery impedingthe blood flowand causing ischemia of tissuesand myocardium.
Main cause is coronaryartery disease whichisanatheroscleroticprocessaffectingthe arteries
feedingthe heart.
- From Latinword angere “tostrangle”and pectus“chest”
- Classification:
a. Stable angina
– effortangina,classictype,anginarelatedtomyocardial ischemia,precipitatedbysome
activity and usually relievedbyrestor after administrationof nitroglycerinSL
b. Unstable angina
– “crescendoangina”,aform of acute coronarysyndrome, anginapectoristhat worsens
Occurs at rest or evenwithminimal exertion. It issevere andof new onset.Occurs with a
crescendopattern (more severe,prolonged,frequent).Maybe a seriousindicator of
impendingheart attack
- Signs and Symptoms = chestdiscomfortdescribedaspressure,heaviness,tightness,squeezing,
burning,orchokingsensation
- Risk factors = smoking,diabetes,highcholesterol,highBP,sedentarylifestyle,familyhistoryof
heartdisease
- Treatment(patient):ASA,Antihypertensive,Anticoagulants,CardiacBypass
Nitroglycerintransdermal patch
Meds:
1. Digoxin0.125mg PO daily. Lanoxin
Indication:Heartfailure.Antiarrythmics
Action:Increasesthe force of myocardial contraction.Increasedcardiacoutput(positiveinotropic
effect) andslowingof the heartrate (negative chronotropiceffect).
Metabolism:Kidney
Half-life:36-48 hrs
N. Dose: 0.125-0.5 mg
Adverse/S/E:fatigue,bradycardia,andnauseaandvomiting
NursingCons:Monitorapical pulse for1 full minbefore administration.Withholddose andnotify
healthcare professional if pulse rate is<60 bpminan adult.
2. Furosemide 20mg PO daily.
Lasix (Loop Diuretic)
Indication:Edemadue to heart failure,hepaticimpairementorrenal dse.Hypertension
Action:Inhibitsreabsorptionof sodiumandchloridefromloopof Henle.Increaserenal excretionof
H2O, Na, Cl,Mg, K and Ca. Diuresis(excessfluidedema,pleural effusions).Decrease BP
6. Metabolism:Liver
Half-life:30-60 mins
N. Dose: 20-80 mg
Contraindicated:Hypersensitivity
S/E: headache,hypotension,dehydration
NursingCons:MonitorBP and pulse,watchforfalls,assessfluidstatus.
3. KCL Elixir 20mEq PO daily.Available concentration is20mEq/15 mls.
To be given:15 ml
Indication:PO/IV: Treatmentofpotassiumdepletion.Arrythmiasdue to digoxintoxicity.
Action:Preventionof deficiency.
Metabolism:excretiononkidney
N. Dose: 20-40 mEq/day
Contraindicated:Hyperkalemia,severe renal impairment
S/E: adb pain,diarrhea,flatulence,nauseaandvomiting
NursingCons:Monitorpulse andBP. Assessforsignandsymptomsof hypokalemiasuchas
weaknessandfatigue
4. Nitroglycerin0.4mg/hr transdermal patch. Apply one patch in am and remove at HS
Indication:Anti-anginals,mgtofangina pectoris.
Action:Increasescoronarybloodflow bydilatingcoronaryarteriesandimprovingimproving
collateral flowtoischemicregions.Relief fromanginaattack.Increasedcardiacoutput,reductionof
BP.
Metabolism:Liver
Half-life:1-4min
N. Dose: 0.2-0.4 mh/hr
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity
S/E: dizziness,headache,hypotension
NursingCons:Assesspain,monitorBPandpulse
7. 3. Sarah Buick: Emphysema,Parkinson’s Disease
Allergies:Penicillin
Lab Values:CXR(one monthago) hyper-inflatedlungssuggestingemphysema
Emphysema
- Chronicobstructive pulmonarydisease(COPD)
- “pinkpuffers”
- Permanentinflammationor destruction inalveoli and as a result impede gasexchange that
will leadto increase CO2 retention.
- Smoking isthe leadingcause
- The innerwallsof the air sacs weaken andeventuallyrupture,reducesthe surface areaof the
lungsand the amountof oxygenthatreachesthe bloodstream
- Impedesgasexchange leadingtoimpairedrespiratoryfunction
- Symptoms = dyspneaonexertionorat rest,cough,orthopnea,wheezes,use of accessory
muscles (barrel chestand diminishedlungexpansion),fatigue,CO2retention(confusion,
anxiety,feelingsof suffocation,thinonappearance)
Parkinson’sDisease
- A progressive disease ofthe nervoussystemmarked by tremor,muscular rigidity,and
bradykinesia
- Associatedwithdegenerationof the basal gangliaof the brainand the deficiencyofdopamine
- Extrapyramidal Symptoms = tremor, bradykinesia,rigidmuscles,impairedposture and
balance,loss of automatic movements,speechchanges
- Causes= unknown
- Risk factors = age (60 & older),M>F,Heredity,Exposuretotoxins(pesticides)
- Complications= thinking difficulties,depressionandemotional changes,swallowingproblem,
sleepproblems,bladderproblems, constipation,BPchanges,smell dysfunction,fatigue,pain,
sexual dysfunction
- Treatment = Carbidopa/Levodopa, Dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors,Anticholinergics
Meds:
1. Carbidopa/Levodopa CR 50mg/200mg PO QID. Sinemet
Indication:ParkinsonDisease.Antiparkinson
Action:Levodopais convertedto dopamine in the CNS,where it servesas a neurotransmitter.
Carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor,preventsperipheral destructionoflevodopa.Reliefof
tremor and rigidity inParkinson’s syndrome.
Metabolize:liverandGItract
Half-life:Levodopa1hrand Carbidopa1-2hr
N. Dose: 25mg carbidopa/100mg levodopa3x daily,max = 8 tabletsof 25mg carbidopa/100mg
levodopa/day
Contraindicated:Hypersensitivity
S/E: involuntarymovements,nauseaandvomiting
NursingCons:AssessforParkinsonsymptoms(rigidity,tremors,akinesia).MonitorBPandpulse.
8. 2. Entacapone 200mg PO QID. Comtan
Indication:withlevodopa/carbidopatotreatidiopathicParkinsondse.Antiparkinson
Action:Preventsthe breakdown of levodopa,increasingavailabilityinCNS. Prolongduration
response to levodopawith end-to-dose motorfluctuations.
Half-life:initial phase 0.4-0.7hr; secondphase 2.4 hr
N. Dose: 200mg max to 8x daily
Adverse Effects:Psychosis,dizziness,hallucinations
Contraindicated:Hypersensitivity
NursingCons:Assessparkinsonianandextrapyramidalsymptoms.Monitorfordiarrhea.
3. Docusate Sodium100mg PO daily. Available concentrationis 50mg/5ml. Colace
To be given:10ml
Indication:Laxative (Stool Softeners).Preventionofconstipation.
Action:Promotesincorporation of water into stool,resultingin softerfecal mass. Softeningand
passage of stool.
N. Dose: 50mg-400mg
Adverse Effects:diarrhea
NursingCons:Assessforabddistension,presence of bowel sound.Assesscolor,consistency,and
amountof stool.
4. Fluticasone Aerosol Inhaler44 mcg, 2 puffsBID. FloventDiskus
Indication:Corticosteroids(Inhalation)
Action:Decreasedfrequencyandseverityof asthmaattacks.Act as anti-inflammatory.
Half-life:7.8hr
N. Dose: 88 mcg twice daily
Contraindicated:Hypersensitivity
Adverse Efffect:headache,dysphonia,hoarseness
NursingCons:Monitorrespiratorystatusandlung sounds.
Give a cup ofwater to the patientto gargle. It can cause oral trush.
9. 4. LillyLotus: Pneumonia,Vaginitis
Allergies:Noknownallergies
Lab Values:CXR(3 daysago) patchy airspace disease ispresentinbothbasessuggesting
pneumonia
Pneumonia
- Inflammationof the lungcaused by a microbial agent. Virus,bacteria, aspiration.
- Resultwhendefence mechanisms become incompetentoroverwhelmedbythe virulence of
infectiousagents
- Types:
Communityacquired pneumonia= onset<48hrs of hospitalization
= S. pneumonia,H. influenza,viral
Hospital acquiredPneumonia= onset>48hrs of hospitalization
= E. coli,Klebsiella,MRSA,Pseudomonas
AspirationPneumonia= due to abnormal entryof secretionsorsubstances intothe lower
airway
- Symptoms = cough productive of purulentsputum,fever,tachypnea,shortnessof breath,
feelingverytiredorveryweak, pleuriticchestpain
- Diagnostics= CXR,sputumcultures
- Treatment = Antibiotics( bacterial pneumonia)
Vaginitis
- Inflammationof the vagina that can resultin discharge,itching and pain
- Occurs whenthe natural defencesof the acidvaginal secretions(maintainedbysufficient
estrogenlevels) isdisrupted
- Types:
1. Bacterial vaginosis= overgrowthof organismsnormallypresentinvagina
2. Yeast infections=usuallydue toCandidaalbicans
3. Trichomoniasis= causedbya parasite,sexuallytransmitted
4. Vaginal atrophy (atrophic vaginitis) = reducedestrogenaftermenopause
- Symptoms = change incolor/odor/amountof vaginal discharge
Vaginal itchingorirritation
Painduringintercourse
Painful urination
Light vaginal bleedingorspotting
- Causes= dependsonthe type of vaginitis
- Risk factors = hormonal changes,sexual activity,STDs,uncontrolledDM,usingIUDsfor birth
control
- Treatment = dependson the type of vaginosis
Meds:
1. Clarithromycin250mg PO dailyx 7 days. Biaxin
Indication:Respiratory tract infectionsincludingstreptococcal pharyngitis, sinusitis,bronchitis,
and pneumonia.Anti-infectives.
10. Action:BacteriostaticAction.
Metabolism:liver
Half-life:3-4hrs
N. Dose: 250mg q 12 hrs for 7-14 days or 1,000mg once daily for 7 days.
Adverse Effect:headache,abdpain,diarrhea
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity
NursingCons:Monitorfor signof infection(redness,vital signs,WBC).Monitorfordiarrhea.
2. Acetaminophen325 mg PO QID. Tylenol
Indication:Treatmentofmild to moderate pain. Fever
Action:Inhibitsynthesisofprostaglandins that may serve as mediator of pain and feverin CNS.
Analgesia.Antipyretic. Non-Opioid
Metabolize:Liver
Half-life:1-3hr
N. Dose: 325mg-650mg q 6 hrs
Contraindicated:productscontainingalcoholandhypersensitivity.
S/E: headache,nauseaandvomiting, constipation
NursingCons:Assessoverall status.Tempforfever.
3. Clotrimazole 200mg vaginal tablets.1 tabletvaginally dailyx 7days. Canesten
Indication:Treatmentofvulvovaginal candidiasis.Antifungal
Action:Inhibitgrowth and death of susceptible Candida,withdecrease inaccompanyingsymptoms
of vulvovaginitis ( vaginal burning,itchingand discharge).
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity
N. Dose: 100mg at bedtime for7 nights or 200mg at bedtime for 3 nights.
Adverse Effect:itching,pelvicpain
NursingCons:Inspectareafor inspectionbefore andaftertherapy.
4. PsylliumPowder10ml PO daily. Metamucil
Indication:Laxatives.Bulkforming. Managementof simple or chronic constipation,particularly if
associatedwith a low-fiberdiet.
Action:Combineswithwater in the intestinal contentsto form emollientgel orvicious solution
that promotesperistalsisand reduce transient time
N. Dose: 1-2 teaspoon or 10ml
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity,abdpain
Adverse Effect:bronchospasm,cramps
NursingCons:Assessforabddistension,presence of bowel sound.Assesscolor,consistency,and
amountof stool.
11. 5. Matilda Lincoln:Transient IschemicAttack, Peripheral Vascular Diseases.Dementia
Allergies:Noknownallergies
Lab Values:INR2.7 (normal 2.0-3.0). Detectbleedingandclottingdisorder.Response to
anticoagulanttherapy.
Electrolytes:Sodium135 (134-143 mmol/L);Potassium3.2 (3.5-5.0 mmol/L)
Transient IschemicAttack
- Oftenlabeled “mini stroke”,“warningstroke”
- Givesa patienttime toact and keepa permanentstroke fromoccuring
- Causedby a clot, blockage is transient (temporary)
- Symptoms occur rapidly and last a relativelyshort time
- Most TIAs lasts lessthan five minutes
- Usuallycauses no permanentinjury to the brain
- Signsand Symptomsof a stroke = FAST
F= face drooping; A= arm weakness;S= speechdifficulty T=time to call 911
Peripheral VascularDisease
- Refersto any disease or disorderof the circulatory systemoutside of the brain and heart.
- Includesarterial, venous,and lymphatic.Problemwith blood flowthrough peripheral vessel.
Causedby narrowing brought by atherosclerosis.Mayhave partial or complete occlusion.
- Most commoncause isperipheral arterydisease
- Other causes= bloodclot, diabetes,inflammationof the arteries,infection,structural defects,
bloodvessel injury
- Risk factors = positive familyhistoryof prematureheartattacksor strokes,
>50 yo,overweight/obesity,sedentarylifestyle,smoking,DM,
HighBP, highcholesterol
- Symptoms of Peripheral artery disease dependsuponthe location and the extentofthe
blockedarteries
- Intermittentclaudication manifestedby calfpainusually while walkingand dissipatesat restis
the most common symptom ofperipheral artery disease
- Complications= ulcers,gangrene,amputation
- Treatment = angioplasty, medications,surgery,supervisedexercises,lifestyle changes
Dementia
- Progressive decline inmental ability
- Affectsabilityto communicate,carry out purposeful movements,recognize commonobjects
and familiar people,andjudgementand reasoning
- Not a specificdisease,itsanoverall termthat describesa wide range of symptoms associated
with a decline inmemory or other thinkingskillssevere enoughto reduce a person’sabilityto
performeveryday activities
- Alzheimer’sdisease =accounts for 60-80 percentof cases
= amyloidplaquesare presentinthe braininabnormal quantities
= neurofibrillarytangles are presentinsidenerve cells
Vasculardementia=secondmostcommon type of dementia
12. - Symptoms = onsetis usuallygradual with progressive deterioration
= impaired:memory,communicationandlanguage,abilitytofocusandpayattention,
reasoningandjudgement,visual perception
- Causes= damage to brain cellswhich interfereswiththe ability of brain cellsto communicate
with each other,whenbraincellscannotcommunicate normally,thinking,behaviorandfeelings
can be affected
Meds:
1. Warfarin 5mg PO daily. Coumadin
Indication:VenousThrombosis,PulmonaryEmbolism
Action:Interfere withhepatic synthesisofVit K. clotting factors (II,VII, IX, X). Preventionof
thromboembolicevents.
Metabolism:Liver
Half-life:42hr
N. Dose: 2mg-5mg/day for 2-4 days
Contraindicated:uncontrolledbleeding,openwounds
S/E: bleeding
NursingCons:Monitorfor bleedingonstool,gums,nosebleed
2. Risperidone 2mg PO daily.Concentration available is1mg/ml. Risperdal
Indication:Antipsychotics,moodstabilizers.Shortterm treatment of acute manic or mixed
episodesassociatedwithBipolar 1 disorder.
Action:Antagonize dopamine and serotoninin the CNS. Decreasedsymptomsof psychosis,bipolar
mania.
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity
Metabolism:Liver
Half-life:21hr
N. Dose: 1mg twice daily,may increase to 1-2mg/day no more than 24 hrs
Adverse Effect:constipation,diarrhea,headache
NursingCons:Monitorpatientmoodbefore andafter.
3. Hydrochlorothiazide 100mg PO daily. Microzide
Indication:antihypertensive,diuretics.Managementofmildto moderate hypertension.
Treatment of edemaassociatedwith HF.
Action:Increase excretionofNa, water,Cl, K, Mg and bicarbonate. Lower BP and diuresis
Metabolism:excretedinkidney
Half-life:1-2hr
N. Dose: 12.5mg-100mg/day in 1-2 divideddoses
Contraindicated:hypersensitivity
Adverse Effect:hypokalemia
NursingCons:MonitorBP, intake andoutput,dailyweight,assessfeetandlegsforedema.
4. Betamethasone 0.1% cream. Applysparingly to affectedarea BID until clear.
Indication:Corticosteroids(Topical/Local);anti-inflammatory
Action:Suppressionofdermatologicinflammationand immune processes.