Abstract This research's main purpose is to analyze the cost incurred for the nitrate contamination in the drinking water. The study focuses on the detail investigation for the health effect because of contact of nitrates in the underground reserves at “San Joaquin Valley”. This report provides detail information about the far-reaching effect of this contamination on the environmental well-being and economic vitality. The major effect of this issue is one of the low-income populations and Spanish oriented residents. San Joaquin Valley is highly contaminated due to the existence of nitrate. It is observed that most of the Californian” always take it forgiven the potable water is easily accessible. San Joaquin Valley has many communicates and agriculture areas. This nitrate contamination has a strong impact on drinking water as well as agriculture land. It is also observed that the drinking water which is served in the homes and schools is also highly contaminated. This contamination has an adverse impact on the overall health of the population in San Joaquin Valley. At the same time, it will also affect the environment along with agriculture. The nitrate contamination is very high as it leads to bring lots of problems for the infants as well as the older population. The focus of this research is to develop the clean water by using the method of cleaning nitrate contamination the results from each method will be analyzed in order to provide the most relevant method. Introduction My main interest in research is in “Environmental Engineering”. The reason behind the selection of this field is my interest, i want to provide my services in order to make the planet batter. There are many issues faced by the earth which are still not investigated. Water is one of the basic needs of people. But it is also the fact that many people are getting water even for their drinking purpose. A research conducted by Pacific Institute” titled “The Human Costs of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in San Joaquin Valley” provides several evidences for the nitrate contaminations in the consumable water. Alone in San Joaquin Valley, 63% of the individuals are not getting water for drinking purposes. The groundwater in San Joaquin Valley is extensively contaminated with nitrate. During recent times, most of the world has been subjected to contaminated drinking water. According to the research contrite by Harter that 63% of the water in the valley is not acceptable for the drinking. The water is not usable for drinking purposes as it containsa large amount of “Pesticides, Arsenic, Nitrate, and Uranium”. At the same time, the communities using this water are also facing lots of health issues. The nitrate has been developed from the nitrogen compound which is excreted from the industries. Nowadays, industrial waste is one of the common issues faced by the environment. As the airborne nitrogen is given off from the industries as well as the automobile it leads to cause l ...

1. Abstract
This research's main purpose is to analyze the cost incurred for
the nitrate contamination in the drinking water. The study
focuses on the detail investigation for the health effect because
of contact of nitrates in the underground reserves at “San
Joaquin Valley”. This report provides detail information about
the far-reaching effect of this contamination on the
environmental well-being and economic vitality. The major
effect of this issue is one of the low-income populations and
Spanish oriented residents. San Joaquin Valley is highly
contaminated due to the existence of nitrate. It is observed that
most of the Californian” always take it forgiven the potable
water is easily accessible. San Joaquin Valley has many
communicates and agriculture areas. This nitrate contamination
has a strong impact on drinking water as well as agriculture
land. It is also observed that the drinking water which is served
in the homes and schools is also highly contaminated. This
contamination has an adverse impact on the overall health of the
population in San Joaquin Valley. At the same time, it will also
affect the environment along with agriculture. The nitrate
contamination is very high as it leads to bring lots of problems
for the infants as well as the older population. The focus of this
research is to develop the clean water by using the method of
cleaning nitrate contamination the results from each method
will be analyzed in order to provide the most relevant method.
Introduction
My main interest in research is in “Environmental Engineering”.
The reason behind the selection of this field is my interest, i
want to provide my services in order to make the planet batter.
There are many issues faced by the earth which are still not
investigated. Water is one of the basic needs of people. But it is
also the fact that many people are getting water even for their
drinking purpose. A research conducted by Pacific Institute”
titled “The Human Costs of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking

2. Water in San Joaquin Valley” provides several evidences for the
nitrate contaminations in the consumable water. Alone in San
Joaquin Valley, 63% of the individuals are not getting water for
drinking purposes. The groundwater in San Joaquin Valley is
extensively contaminated with nitrate. During recent times,
most of the world has been subjected to contaminated drinking
water. According to the research contrite by Harter that 63% of
the water in the valley is not acceptable for the drinking. The
water is not usable for drinking purposes as it containsa large
amount of “Pesticides, Arsenic, Nitrate, and Uranium”. At the
same time, the communities using this water are also facing lots
of health issues.
The nitrate has been developed from the nitrogen compound
which is excreted from the industries. Nowadays, industrial
waste is one of the common issues faced by the environment. As
the airborne nitrogen is given off from the industries as well as
the automobile it leads to cause lots of damage for the land and
water. The non-agriculture source of the nitrate is “nitrate plus
nitrate. The existence of the nitrate is calculated by using the
sensor. Practically the small amount of nitrate in the surface
water is always neglected as it has no negative effect.
Location and Satellite Map:
Source: Data from U.S. Geological Survey
Problem Statement
San Joaquin Valley of California is considered among the
highly contaminated area where drinking water is contaminated
with nitrate. The public water system is highly contaminated by
the nitrogen which leads to cause lots of issues. The public
water or groundwater has the reader to the “Maximum

3. Contamination Level” violations. The common contamination in
the drinking water includes the “nitrate, arsenic, coliform,
bacteria, pesticides disinfectants by-products and uranium”. The
contamination in the water of San Joaquin Valley is equal in
every area. The contamination can be found everywhere in the
valley. The effect of this contamination is adverse for the 1.36
million residents of the valley. It ai also a fact that the people
or communities in this area 100% relied on the tainted
groundwater. Methodology
There are several technologies that have been used in order
to remove the nitrate from the water where the contamination is
high. The most effectively used method is the “Ion Exchange”
method and “Reverse Osmosis”. Along with the method, another
important method that is used is “Potable and Non-Potable
application” is “biological Remediation”. There are several
systems that have been used in California based ona conditional
use for the treatment of drinking water from nitrate
contamination.
1.1 Ion Exchange Method
The ion exchange method is extensively used method for the
treatment of nitrate contamination in the drinking water. It is a
simple and robust process that is used by the automated
implication of the ion exchange. It can remove the nitrate ions
during the aqueous phase while passing the water through the
bed of “ion exchange resin”. As the drinking water which is
contaminated pass thought the resin, the ions of nitrate can be
exchanged with the other ions. Mostly the exchange is with the
chloride ions in the resin. At this stage salt solution issued for
the ion exchange resin. It also generates the “brine waste
stream” at this stage. Evoqua can provide “on-site and off-site”
regenerable ion exchange system for the removal of nitrate each
of the application of the process is used to determine the best
system configuration that can be used in future. If the site can
discharge the brine line it might be the best process to use for
the excellent treatment of the water.

4. 1.2 Reverse Osmosis
The reverse osmosis method is used as a "semi-permeable
membrane" to remove most polluted inorganic from the air. In
order to conduct that process, the pressure has been applied to
the water in order to force the water thought the members. This
leaves the impurities behind as the water passes from the
membrane. Membrane had no liquid impurities, so selective
corrosion can be effectively removed. That is the reason the
RO process is very effective for the contamination including
nitrate. It is evident from the investigation of this process that it
can remove 85 to 95% of the nitrate from the contaminated
water.
1.3 Biological Removal of Nitrate
Another important process for the removal of the
contamination is “biological removal of nitrate”. This process is
based on new technology in which the bacteria are used for the
removal of the contamination from the drinking water. It can
also emit nitrates as a gas in the form of ammonia. This
biological reduction of gas from water is based on the natural
process. The biological remediation is the process in which the
waste can be easily altered as well as the cost of the other
process is also lower. The Evoqua system also uses less
chemical addition for water production as well as lower level of
operational cost. Data Plan
As demonstrated by the USGS, the collection of data for this
work will be drawn from the company "USGS" from 2003 to
2017 as given in the table below. The data shows that the
concentration of Nitrates increase from 23.1 mg/L to 105 mg/L
(about 76%) with passage of time as calculated that nitrate
surpassed historical levels. As per data from the US Geological
Survey, rural and urban areas have nitrate levels above MCL
(10 mg/L). In public supply, concentrations exceeding the MCL
were less common. Numerous regions in California have high
soil nitrate concentration levels such as the San Joaquin Valley

5. Basin, Santa Ana Valley, and Salinas basins.
Concentration of Nitrates with the Passage of years
Bar Chart ComparisonExpected Results and Conclusion
This study is to evaluate the contamination of potable
water (Water nitrates). Results show that Latinos can be
significantly subjected to greater levels of nitrates about 76 %
from 2003 to 2007 in the San Joaquin Valley and that this
sensitivity is especially prevalent to smaller water supplies.
Through increased use of nitrogen-based fertilizers and rising
groundwater production, these patterns are expected to
deteriorate in future years. The above research highlights the
importance of addressing grants over MCL for reduction and
source water protection efforts for underprivileged and nitrate-
level communities. In addition, resources are needed to better
control the quality of the water and establish preventative
prevention for societies with levels of nitrate greater than
MCL/2.
Change in Nitrates (2003-2017)
42291 42381 42467 42560 42874 42926
43028 37631 38373 39401 39494 39735
39828 39920 40094 40498 40826 41199
41569 41990 42129 25.3 23.1 27 25.9 24.9

6. 29.5 26.9 80 86 83 84 89 76 92 99 95.2
65.599999999999994 92.5 91.6 104 105
Years
Concentration of Nitrates (mg/L)
42291 42381 42467 42560 42874 42926
43028 37631 38373 39401 39494 39735
39828 39920 40094 40498 40826 41199
41569 41990 42129 25.3 23.1 27 25.9 24.9
29.5 26.9 80 86 83 84 89 76 92 99 95.2
65.599999999999994 92.5 91.6 104 105
Time in Year
Nitrate Contamination in (mg/L)
ASSIGNED_NSAMP_DATESAMP_TIMELAB_NUMANADAT
EINDATEMETHODINBYSPECIALSTORE_NUMCHEMICAL_
NAMEXMODFINDINGUNITS
5400507-00110/13/2015 0:00930586710/14/2015
0:0010/22/2015 0:00300 S618NITRATE (AS N) 25.3MG/L
5400507-0011/11/2016 0:00132058671/12/2016 0:001/20/2016
0:00300 S618NITRATE (AS N) 23.1MG/L
5400507-0014/6/2016 0:00154558674/7/2016 0:004/12/2016
0:00E300.0 S618NITRATE (AS N) 27MG/L
5400507-0017/7/2016 0:0091058677/9/2016 0:007/18/2016
0:00E300.0 S618NITRATE (AS N) 25.9MG/L
5400507-0015/18/2017 0:00152058675/19/2017 0:005/30/2017
0:00E300.0 S618NITRATE (AS N) 24.9MG/L
5400507-0017/7/2017 0:00100558677/10/2017 0:007/18/2017

7. 0:00E300.0 S618NITRATE (AS N) 29.5MG/L
5400507-00110/19/2017 0:001515586710/20/2017
0:0011/3/2017 0:00E300.0 S618NITRATE (AS N) 26.9MG/L
5400507-0011/9/2003 0:00120058021/10/2003 0:001/21/2003
0:00 AS71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 80MG/L
5400507-0011/20/2005 0:00132058101/21/2005 0:002/8/2005
0:00 BS71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 86MG/L
5400507-00111/8/2007 0:001345580211/15/2007
0:0012/14/2007 0:00 AS71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 83MG/L
5400507-0012/15/2008 0:00111058022/16/2008 0:0011/25/2008
0:00 A 71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 84MG/L
5400507-00110/13/2008 0:001440580210/14/2008
0:0011/25/2008 0:00 A 71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 89MG/L
5400507-0011/12/2009 0:00150058021/15/2009 0:003/13/2009
0:00 A 71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 76MG/L
5400507-0014/16/2009 0:00130058024/17/2009 0:009/17/2009
0:00 A 71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 92MG/L
5400507-00110/5/2009 0:001300580210/8/2009 0:0012/2/2009
0:00 A 71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 99MG/L
5400507-00111/8/2010 0:001315586711/16/2010 0:0012/2/2010
0:00 S71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 95.2MG/L
5400507-00110/4/2011 0:001312586710/10/2011
0:0010/19/2011 0:00 S71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 65.6MG/L
5400507-00110/15/2012 0:001400586710/17/2012
0:0011/24/2012 0:00 S71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 92.5MG/L
5400507-00110/21/2013 0:001100586710/22/2013
0:0011/19/2013 0:00 S71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 91.6MG/L
5400507-00112/16/2014 0:00945586712/17/2014 0:001/12/2015
0:00 S71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 104MG/L
5400507-0015/4/2015 0:00100058675/5/2015 0:006/12/2015
0:00 S71850NITRATE (AS NO3) 105MG/L
ITS 835 enterprise risk management
Chapter 22
ERM - JAA Inc. –A Case Study in Creating Value from

8. Uncertainty
University of Cumberlands
1
introduction
Business background
Initial steps
Evolution of Risk Management
Introduction of ISO 31000 and HB 436 to JAA
Bringing everything together
University of Cumberlands
2
Business background
JAA is a clothing wholesaler and retailer
Founded in 1972
Went public in 1998
Three operating segments
U.S. wholesale
U.S. retail
International (wholesale and retail)
57 retail stores in 10 countries
University of Cumberlands
3
Initial steps
Strategic objectives
Maintain market leadership
Sustain technology leadership
Strengthen global presence
Deliver quality service
A leader in compliance with all laws and regulation
Establish a governance system

9. Multiple committees, each with specific responsibilities
University of Cumberlands
4
Governance framework
University of Cumberlands
5
Evolution of risk management
Lack of strategic risk management led to many problems
Communication
Missed/lost opportunities
Lack of commitment to objectives
Declining quality
Identified gaps in risk management
Engaged in aggressive internal training
Soft skills
Team building
Management planning
University of Cumberlands
6
Introductions of iso 31000 and hb 436
JAA adopted ISO 31000
HB 436 provided extensive implementation guidance
ISO 31000 was basically an upgrade of the framework JAA was
already using
ISO 31000 framework formalized JAA’s ERM
Defined organization and process
University of Cumberlands
7

10. Using context for risk criteria
University of Cumberlands
8
Bringing everyone together
University of Cumberlands
9
Risk map
University of Cumberlands
10
Risk attitude
University of Cumberlands
11
https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/ca/nwis/qwdata/?site_no=11274
000&agency_cd=USGS&inventory_output=0&rdb_inventory_ou
tput=file&TZoutput=0&pm_cd_compare=Greater%20than&radi
o_parm_cds=all_parm_cds&format=html_table&qw_attributes=
0&qw_sample_wide=wide&rdb_qw_attributes=0&date_format=
YYYY-MM-

11. DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=brief_list
That’s another link with data about nitrate in this location in
different tomings
Assignment 2: Investigation and Project Proposal
(Due presentation (3 minutes): 10/23, Statement:10/23)
Research statement and project proposal.
You are required to write a 3-page research statement including:
(1) General Investigation Interest: e.g., Environmental
Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Geotechnical
Engineering, Geology etc.
(2) Specific Investigation Interest: Detailed description of your
research direction.
(3) Title of your master project (thesis) and abstract (if it is
available).
(4) Proposal of the course project: this project must include the
following components
· DATA of water flow, water quality, soil quality or air quality
· At least one contaminant with the concentration data must be
mainly investigated.
· The project must target a specific domain (location) and a high
quality satellite map is required.
· The proposal must include:
· Project title
· Specific problem statement
· Brief site description
· Methodology to be used
· Data plan
· Expected results and conclusion

12. In this Assignment the topic I chose was “Water contamination,
Nitrate in water, in the San Joaquin valley” I chose a specific
location in the valley. What he needs in this 3-page paper is a
proposal of the problem with data analysis.
This data analysis is not to only to show data, but to explain
how high nitrate is and its change over time.
For the methodology not physical methods, but methods that
will show on number and more on data analysis. And for the
results, just how do you expect the data to change after the
methodology is applied to it, like how will it change the nitrate
concentration in the data.
The website I pulled data from was
https://waterwatch.usgs.gov/?m=real&r=ca&w=map