Descriptive Text Transcript of the
Mechanics of Style Quick Guide:
Presenting Statistics in Text
6 slides | 3 minutes, 16 seconds total
Note. The content being described by this descriptive text transcript includes uncommonly complex use of emphasis (i.e., boldface and italics don’t provide enough options because they have other purposes in APA Style). Therefore, in this transcript we also use highlight color and/or font to denote additional types of emphasis.
· Within this document, yellow highlight color indicates highlighted text in a text illustration.
· Within this document, Arial font indicates text in text illustrations.
Here is a test paragraph showing these additional forms of emphasis:
This test paragraph is formatted in Arial font. In this sentence, the word banana is emphasized with yellow highlight color.
For the best experience of this additional form of emphasis with a screen reader, use JAWS for Windows. In JAWS, to make sure that these attributes are announced, select the JAWS scheme called “Classic (attributes, fonts, colors)”. To select a JAWS scheme, use JAWSKey+Alt+S. Note that, due to how JAWS works, you need to reselect the scheme every time you launch JAWS.Slide 1: Welcome | 0 minutes, 4 seconds
Mechanics of Style Quick Guide: Presenting Statistics in Text
Learn how to presenting statistics with sufficient information, including
· when to report statistics in the narrative or in a table or graph,
· when to use words rather than symbols, and
· how to format statistics according to agreed upon standards.Slide 2: Overview | 0 minutes, 35 seconds
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: An excerpt of text containing statistics}
Statistics are presented in text in a format that is consistent and easy for the reader to understand.
When you report statistics,
· provide sufficient information and choose the most effective presentation for your analysis,
· use words or symbols to represent statistical terms depending on the context, and
· format statistics according to standards of content and form agreed on in the field.
Let’s go through each of these guidelines one by one.
Example Credit
Adapted from “Negotiating Power: Agenda Ordering and the Willingness to Negotiate in Asymmetric Intergroup Conflicts,” by N. Kteily, T. Saguy, J. Sidanius, and D. M. Taylor, 2013, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, p. 984. Copyright 2013 by the American Psychological Association.
This credit applies to Slides 2 and 3.Slide 3: Effective Presentation | 1 minute, 12 seconds
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: An excerpt of text containing statistics}
First, effective presentation.
What constitutes enough information depends on the analytic approach reported, but you can get a basic idea of what is needed by consulting other articles that used similar analyses.
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: An excerpt demonstrating how to report sufficient data in text}
Report statistics either in the narrative or in a table or graph. In general, present three or fewer numbers in a senten ...
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Descriptive Text Transcript of theMechanics of Style Quick Guide.docx
1. Descriptive Text Transcript of the
Mechanics of Style Quick Guide:
Presenting Statistics in Text
6 slides | 3 minutes, 16 seconds total
Note. The content being described by this descriptive text
transcript includes uncommonly complex use of emphasis (i.e.,
boldface and italics don’t provide enough options because they
have other purposes in APA Style). Therefore, in this transcript
we also use highlight color and/or font to denote additional
types of emphasis.
· Within this document, yellow highlight color indicates
highlighted text in a text illustration.
· Within this document, Arial font indicates text in text
illustrations.
Here is a test paragraph showing these additional forms of
emphasis:
This test paragraph is formatted in Arial font. In this sentence,
the word banana is emphasized with yellow highlight color.
For the best experience of this additional form of emphasis with
a screen reader, use JAWS for Windows. In JAWS, to make sure
that these attributes are announced, select the JAWS scheme
called “Classic (attributes, fonts, colors)”. To select a JAWS
scheme, use JAWSKey+Alt+S. Note that, due to how JAWS
works, you need to reselect the scheme every time you launch
JAWS.Slide 1: Welcome | 0 minutes, 4 seconds
Mechanics of Style Quick Guide: Presenting Statistics in Text
Learn how to presenting statistics with sufficient information,
including
· when to report statistics in the narrative or in a table or graph,
· when to use words rather than symbols, and
· how to format statistics according to agreed upon
standards.Slide 2: Overview | 0 minutes, 35 seconds
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: An excerpt of text containing
statistics}
2. Statistics are presented in text in a format that is consistent and
easy for the reader to understand.
When you report statistics,
· provide sufficient information and choose the most effective
presentation for your analysis,
· use words or symbols to represent statistical terms depending
on the context, and
· format statistics according to standards of content and form
agreed on in the field.
Let’s go through each of these guidelines one by one.
Example Credit
Adapted from “Negotiating Power: Agenda Ordering and the
Willingness to Negotiate in Asymmetric Intergroup Conflicts,”
by N. Kteily, T. Saguy, J. Sidanius, and D. M. Taylor, 2013,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, p. 984.
Copyright 2013 by the American Psychological Association.
This credit applies to Slides 2 and 3.Slide 3: Effective
Presentation | 1 minute, 12 seconds
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: An excerpt of text containing
statistics}
First, effective presentation.
What constitutes enough information depends on the analytic
approach reported, but you can get a basic idea of what is
needed by consulting other articles that used similar analyses.
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: An excerpt demonstrating how to
report sufficient data in text}
Report statistics either in the narrative or in a table or graph. In
general, present three or fewer numbers in a sentence, and
present four to 20 numbers in a table. For more than 20
numbers, a graph may be most effective. Choose the mode of
presentation that optimizes the reader’s understanding of the
data.
If you present statistics in a table, you do not need to repeat
them in the text, but be sure to mention the table in text and
emphasize any key points.
3. {TEXT ILLUSTRATION: Examples of reporting statistics in
text and in a table}
Example Credit
From “The Meaning and Role of Ideology in System
Justification and Resistance for High- and Low-Status People,”
by J. L. Zimmerman and C. Reyna, 2013, Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 105, p. 5. Copyright 2013 by the
American Psychological Association.Slide 4: Words Versus
Symbols | 0 minutes, 35 seconds
{ILLUSTRATION: Four blocks with letters on them}
Second, when to use words and when to use symbols for
statistical terms.
· Spell out the full statistical term when it is part of the
narrative
· Use a symbol when it appears in conjunction with a
mathematical operator, such as a plus sign or an equals sign.
· Make the symbol singular or plural, depending on the context.
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: Examples of when to use words or
symbols}
Statistical Terms That Are Part of a Narrative
The mean was 2.03 not The M was 2.03
We conducted a chi-square test not We conducted a χ2 test
The total sample was assessed not The N was assessed
The control condition sample size was 45 not The control
condition n was 45
Statistical Term Used With Mathematical Operators
Results were significant (M = 2.03, SD = 0.27) not Results were
significant (mean = 2.03, standard deviation = 0.27)
All participants (N = 250) gave consent not All participants
(total sample = 250) gave consent
Each condition (n = 28) received interventions not Each
condition (sample size = 28) received interventions
4. Singular and Plural Symbols
all ps < .05 not all p < .05Slide 5: Formatting | 0 minutes, 42
seconds
Finally, formatting statistics.
· In general, italicize symbols for variables.
· However, do not italicize Greek letters, subscripts and
superscripts that function as identifiers—that is, those that are
not variables—and abbreviations that are not variables.
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: Examples of when to italicize
statistics}
. . . treatment condition, F(1, 33) = 3.39, p = .075.
. . . the group means (Mboys = 4.56, Mgirls = 3.99) differed by
participant gender.
. . . demonstrating a statistically significant increase in activity
(ηp2 = .17).
. . . results for the control group (n = 8) are presented in Figure
2.
· Put one space on either side of a mathematical operator, such
as the plus, minus, equals, less than, and more than signs.
{TEXT ILLUSTRATION: Examples of spacing around
mathematical operators}
a + b = c not a+b=c
t(18) < 2.15, p < .05, d = 0.96, nott(18)<2.15, p<.05,
d=0.96Slide 6: Review | 0 minutes, 11 seconds
APA Style Mechanics: Presenting Statistics in Text
Following these guidelines will ensure that you present
statistics in text consistently and effectively in APA Style.
· Statistics should be presented in text in a format that is
consistent and easy for the reader to understand.
· Provide enough information for your statistic, and choose the
most effective presentation for your analysis that optimizes the
reader’s understanding of the data.
· In general, present three or fewer numbers in a sentence,
present four to 20 numbers in a table, and present more than 20
numbers in a graph.
6. Melissa Gerleman, department of Psychology, Liberty
University at Lynchburg Virginia.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed
to Melissa Gerleman, 4608 S Arden Ave, Sioux Falls, SD
57103. E-mail: [email protected]
Lessons learned about writing style
Questions and Answers
1. If someone wanted to know where to find the official criteria
for proper APA style, what source would be used? Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association.
2. How many levels of headings are identified in APA style?
What would be the proper style for each of those headings?
What is the purpose for using different levels of headings? This
publication manual shows up to 5 levels of headings. Level 1 is
centered, boldface, uppercase and lowercase. Level 2 is left-
aligned, boldface, uppercase and lowercase. Level 3 is indented,
boldface, lowercase heading with a period and starting the body
after the period. Level 4 is indented, boldface, italicized,
lowercase heading with a period and starting the body right
after the period. Level 5 is indented, italicized, lowercase
heading with a period and beginning the starting the body right
after the period. Different levels of headings are used to tell
readers the order of the contents within a paper.
3. What do the initials “DOI” represent? What is it, and why is
it important? “DOI” stands for Digital Object Identifier. It is
used to identify electronic documents and give the location on
the internet (Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 2010). This is important because it means an
author’s work can be found easily on the internet and readers
have what they need right at their fingertips.
4. What is the web address for the off-campus access EZ Proxy
login? https://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?pid=2955
5. What kinds of resources can you access through the Jerry
Falwell Library? This library offers books, scholarly writings
7. and peer reviewed, periodicals which include journals,
newsletters, and magazines.
6. What is ILLIAD? Identify what the acronym means and
explain reasons you would use this resource. ILLIAD is--
InterLibrary Loan internet accessible database (Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 2010). This
would be used when requesting a book or article that cannot be
found in the library. It means it is loaned from a different
library.
References
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
2010 Publication Manual of the American Psychological
AssociationPublication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (sixth ed.). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
201603280658291063002825
PSYC 255
APA Assignment Instructions
Reviewed for Spring B 2019
The main purpose of this assignment is for you to become
familiar with your APA Publication Manual, how to use it,
where to find information in it, and what kind of information it
contains.
Before completing this assignment, be sure you have viewed
and understand the APA tutorial website provided in the
Module/Week 1 Reading & Study folder. Review the content in
your APA Publication Manual while viewing the various slides.
This assignment must have a title page, plus two to three pages
of content, and a reference page, and it must be in current APA
8. format throughout.
Part 1 – Create a title page.
Based on the information in your current APA Publication
Manual and in the APA tutorial found in Module/Week 1, create
a properly-formatted title page in current APA format that
contains the following:
1. Title – format the following text in proper current APA
format as your title: “lessons learned about writing style.”
Hint: “lessons learned about writing style” as you see here is
deliberately not in proper current APA format.
2. Author note – using your own information, refer to Chapter 2
of your APA Publication Manual and create an author note.
3. Running head
4. Page number
5. Your name
6. Institution name
If you would like to see an example of a properly formatted title
page, refer to page 41 in your APA Publication Manual.
Part 2 – Create the body of the document.
The next 2–3 pages of your document will contain questions
(provided below), with answers (provided by you). Refer to
your course materials as needed to create a level one heading, in
current APA format, using the following phrase: “APA
formatting concepts” written in correct APA formatting.
Hint: The phrase “APA formatting concepts” as you see here is
deliberately not in current APA format. If you would like to see
examples of properly formatted levels of headings, refer to page
62 in your APA Publication Manual. Also, notice how the
levels of headings are demonstrated within the sample paper in
chapter two of your APA Publication Manual.
Write an introduction.
Next, you will need to create an appropriate level two heading
for each of the questions below. Your level two headings will
be unique and must serve to summarize the question that is
9. being asked. Each level two heading must be relevant, be
something you created, brief, and identify each question you are
answering. Hint: Do not copy/paste the assignment questions as
your headings.
When writing your answers, use complete sentences and proper
margins, indentations, spelling, grammar, and punctuation, as
required with current APA format.
1. Where in your APA Publication Manual do you find
instructions for the proper formatting for a personal
communication? For this question, explain what a personal
communication is, give examples of different types of personal
communications. Include details for what you do with the
reference and why, and for an in-text citation.
2. What is the purpose for using different levels of headings in
a properly formatted document, and how do you know which
heading to use? Use your APA Publication Manual to find the
answers to this question.
3. In your own words, explain what a DOI is. Why is it
important to you as a researcher? (Hint: See Chapter 6 in your
Publication Manual. Remember, explain this in your own words
to show that you understand what you are explaining.) Note:
This question has two parts, explaining what it is, and
explaining why it is important.
4. Visit the Jerry Falwell Library online. Browse around on
pages that will lead you to information about topics that you are
studying. Based on what you find on these pages, what kinds of
resources can you access through the Jerry Falwell Library?
Note: Be thorough; this is not a brief answer.
5. Suppose you need a resource that is not directly available in
the Jerry Falwell Library. Explain how you would acquire a
source that you need. Identify at least three ways you can find
scholarly sources.
6. Refer to your Publication Manual and provide the page
numbers where you will find information on how to format each
of the following. Provide information and examples for in-text
citations as well as the information for each reference. As you
10. write your answers, use a level three heading to introduce each
new item (no bullet points), and use complete sentences.
· An edited book
· Your Introduction to Research textbook
· An unpublished manuscript such as a graduate student’s thesis
at a university
· The APA Publication Manual itself
· A scholarly journal article with a DOI
Remember, organize this section of the assignment with
appropriate levels of headings. Do not number the questions. Do
not include any bullets. Use complete sentences in your
answers.
Part 3 – Create your reference page.
You will create a reference page, using proper headings, page
numbers, margins, indentations, etc., for the current APA
format for a reference page. Your reference page will list the
properly formatted reference for each of the following:
· Your Introduction to Research textbook
· The APA Publication Manual
Be sure that the running head and page numbers appear on all
pages. Save the document using your last name in the file name,
as: yourlastname_APAmodule3.
This assignment is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of
Module/Week 3.
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