LIB100 Semester Project In-Text Citations Practice Sheet In the space below, practice using at least three direct quotations from your six sources. Follow these direct quotations with an in-text citation in the APA format. CHAPTER 9: Organizing the Information You Evaluated, Part II LIB100 Professor Lisa Anderson with Merve Uludogan, Business Administration 164 Here’s What We Know from Chapter 8  How to finalize your Semester Project thesis statement, research questions and keywords  How to organize your Semester Project presentation mode  How to utilize time management skills to effectively organize your Semester Project  How to create an effective outline based on your selected mode of presentation By the End of This Chapter Here’s What You Will Know  How to determine when, where and how you need to cite a source  How to create an APA-style in-text citation  How to create an APA-style full citation  How to cite print books  How to cite print periodicals  How to use database citation tools  How to use open-web citation tools  How to cite websites  How to cite social media sites 165  The Cold, Unforgiving World of Citations In Chapter 8, you determined who your audience is for your Semester Project and locked down your presentation format. You also finalized your thesis statement, research questions and primary keywords for database searching. As Travis Bickle would say, you are getting your Semester Project “organizized.” In this chapter, we will continue our organization process by applying the formal rigor of APA-style citations. Citations are both unforgivingly precise and very important. Learning when and how to correctly cite research papers and projects is an essential skill that will reach well beyond this course. You will need this skill not only for the remainder of your academic career, but throughout your professional career as well. COME BACK AND READ THIS WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT WINGING IT: Citation style and formatting is a very precise and specific process. The final grading of your Semester Project submission is rubric-based, and a significant part of that rubric evaluates the levels of success in your citation proficiency. Your LIB100 professor will review your citations for precision and accuracy and score accordingly. In short, 166 there is no faking the correct formatting and placement of citations! Too often, students undervalue the importance of correct citations and formatting style, waiting until the very last moment to slap something together and hope no one notices. It never works; they do. In short, when it comes to citations, you can’t just fake it. Don’t fall into this trap! As you will soon see, there are many tools, templates and even entire websites that will help you correctly format citations. It is very important to the overall success of your S ...

1. LIB100
Semester Project
In-Text Citations Practice Sheet
In the space below, practice using at least three direct
quotations from your six sources. Follow these direct quotations
with an in-text citation in the APA format.
CHAPTER 9:
Organizing the Information You Evaluated, Part II
LIB100 Professor Lisa Anderson with Merve Uludogan,
Business Administration
164

2. Here’s What We Know from Chapter 8
research
questions and keywords
your
Semester Project
mode of
presentation
By the End of This Chapter Here’s What You Will Know
source
-style in-text citation
-style full citation
o cite print periodicals

3. -web citation tools
165
In Chapter 8, you determined who your audience is for your
Semester Project and
locked down your presentation format. You also finalized your
thesis statement, research
questions and primary keywords for database searching.
As Travis Bickle would say, you are getting your Semester
Project “organizized.”
In this chapter, we will continue our organization process by
applying the formal
rigor of APA-style citations. Citations are both unforgivingly
precise and very important.
Learning when and how to correctly cite research papers and
projects is an essential skill

4. that will reach well beyond this course. You will need this skill
not only for the remainder
of your academic career, but throughout your professional
career as well.
COME BACK AND READ THIS WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT
WINGING IT: Citation style and formatting is a very precise
and specific process. The
final grading of your Semester Project submission is
rubric-based, and a significant part of that rubric evaluates
the levels of success in your citation proficiency.
Your LIB100 professor will review your citations for
precision and accuracy and score accordingly. In short,
166
there is no faking the correct formatting and placement of
citations!
Too often, students undervalue the importance of correct
citations and formatting

5. style, waiting until the very last moment to slap something
together and hope no one
notices. It never works; they do.
In short, when it comes to citations, you can’t just fake it.
Don’t fall into this trap! As you will soon see, there are many
tools, templates and
even entire websites that will help you correctly format
citations. It is very important to the
overall success of your Semester Project that you invest the
time and effort into learning
the proper execution of research paper/project citations.
A number of organizations and institutions offer their own
citation styles. For
example, the American Medical Association (AMA) has its own
style. So does Harvard
University and the Institute for Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE).
Specialized sub-groups aside, there are generally considered to
be three main

6. citation styles, all of which you are likely to encounter at some
point during your academic
and professional careers.
The three main citation style formats are:
167
style is used
primarily in the hard and Social Sciences and in Education
ian: Developed by the Chicago University
Press in the early
20th century, this style is used primarily in areas of Business
and History
used primarily
in the field of Humanities
Rather than set your head spinning by requiring you to learn
three different citation
styles for your various research papers and projects (Chicago
for your Accounting class,

7. MLA for English and APA for Sociology), ASA adopted the
citation style used most
frequently for all courses at the College: APA.
If there is a nice thing about citation styles, it is that they are
all pretty much the
same. Once you learn one, you can adapt pretty easily to others.
The term “APA style” covers two basic areas:
where to place a
semi colon and what to italicize, the style sets the consistent
look of your
research paper or project. Each style has its own identifiable
features. The APA
168
style, for example, is known for it’s particularly spare (some
would say boring)
layout and peculiar aversion to upper case (capital) letters.

8. -out: Where you give credit where credit is due,
signifying when
you have drawn upon the work of others in support of your own.
In the APA
style, this acknowledgment is indicated in two ways – with the
in-text citation
(which, true to its name, is placed in your text) and the
bibliographic citation
(which is listed on your sources, or “Reference,” page at the
very end of your
paper or project.
In-text and bibliographic citations both play a role in the
crediting, or
acknowledging, of your sources and are connected to one
another.
How? Glad you asked!
Maybe an old fairy tale will help explain things here …

9. 169
-Text Citations: The Why, The When & The How
In the classic fairy tale, “Hansel & Gretel,” Hansel
leaves a trail of breadcrumbs as he and Gretel trek through
unfamiliar woods. Hansel’s plan is that, on their return trip, the
crumbs will lead them back to where they began and out of
the woods, keeping them from getting lost. Unfortunately,
birds eat the breadcrumbs and Hansel and Gretel get
seriously lost and almost eaten themselves by a crazy witch,
but that’s another story. Our point here is that the idea of the
breadcrumbs as a guide leading you back to an important
place is a good one.
In-text citations are a lot like Hansel’s
breadcrumbs. In-text citations consist of two to three

10. little pieces of information inserted into your text
(hence the name) that act like little breadcrumbs to
guide your reader or audience back to the full
citation on your Reference page.
Nice try, H
170
An APA-style in-text citation consists of two to three
components – author’s last
name, date of publication, and the page number or numbers the
excerpt you are using
appears on in the original text, if you are including it as a direct
quotation. If you are
paraphrasing or summarizing the source content, you need
include only the author and
date of publication.
As an example, for our research project on e-cigarettes and
marketing to minors,
say we have chosen a passage from the article, “Marketing E-

11. Cigarettes to Teens” by
Rita Rubin that appeared on page 1389 of the October 8, 2014
issue of the Journal of the
American Medical Association.
We’ve decided we want to include the following
direct quote from this article as part of our Semester
Project paper on the tobacco industry’s practice of
marketing electronic cigarettes to minors.
We selected the following quote to include:
“A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) raises
‘the sound of an alarm’ about marketing electronic cigarettes to
adolescents, according
to an Aug. 29 statement from members of Congress who wrote a
report last year on the
subject. The new CDC data show that the number of US middle
school and high school
students who have tried e- cigarettes but not tobacco cigarettes
tripled between 2011 and
2013, for an estimate of 260,000 young people” (Rubin, 2014,
p.1389).

12. 171
Note the in-text citation at the very end of this chosen quote. It
consists of just three
pieces of information – the author, the year of publication, and
the page number the
quoted excerpt appears on in the original document
(REMEMBER: page numbers need
to be included only when you are using a direct quotation, as we
did in the example
above). An in-text citation identifies for your audience the
source of the information you
are using in as unobtrusive and economical way as possible.
Because no world is perfect, including that of publication
information, you will
encounter sources you want to use that are missing one or more
of the three pieces of
information included in in-text citations. Particularly when
using material published on web
sites, you may well find your article is lacking a stated author.
Or date of publication. Or
a page number.

13. Not to worry! APA has an in-text
citation answer for just about any combination
of information you may have, and your
LIB100 professor can guide you with specifics
on a case-by-case basis.
Now, how do in-text citations serve as “breadcrumbs”? Read on
…
172
Whenever you use outside sources in your research paper or
project, be it by direct
quotation or through paraphrasing, it is important that you
acknowledge or credit the
original source with a citation.
However, using the full source citation every time you need to

14. credit a source in
the text or body of your project could quickly become
cumbersome.
Imagine having to drop in something like this every time you
drew from the source:
Rubin, R. (2014). Marketing e-cigarettes to teens. Journal of the
American
Medical Association, 312(14), 1389.
This would get pretty ridiculous pretty fast. Yet you still need
to be transparent
about your sources. What to do?
Enter the in-text citation. Brief and compact, the in-text
citation guides your
audience to the full citation with just two to three pieces of
information:
ions are listed alphabetically by
the primary
author’s last name on the Reference page, this tells your reader
where to look
on your full listed bibliography.

15. 173
was published
(in the event you include two or more articles written by the
same author in the
same year, include an alphabetical add-on following the year –
2014a, 2014b,
etc.).
article page range
your direct quote was taken from. The full citation will indicate
the full page
range of the article. Your in-text citation indicates only the
specific page number
or numbers your direct quote appears on. If no direct quote is
used (if you are
summarizing or paraphrasing source content in your own
words), you need
include only the author and publication year.
As we noted earlier, publication information, like many other

16. things in this world, is
imperfect and often incomplete, especially when you move from
scholarly articles to open
web sites. The APA citation style recognizes this and has an
application for about any
variation of the author / year / pages combination when you
encounter missing
information. Your LIB100 professor can help you through this,
depending on what you
encounter.
Author. Year. Page number (as applicable). Little breadcrumbs
that don’t take up
much space but guide your reader out of the forest and back to
your full source.
174
Following are general guidelines for citing the most commonly-
retrieved sources

17. for your Semester Project.
Examples shown here are drawn from Purdue University’s
Online Writing Lab, or OWL.
You can access the APA-style portion of the OWL website by
Googling:
purdue owl apa
Only basic formatting guidelines are provided here. Consult
with your LIB100
professor and/or check the Purdue OWL APA website or other
reliable online sources
(such as the APA website at https://www.apastyle.org) for help
with any variations you
may encounter.
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.

18. 175
Example
Wilson, G. (2015). 100% information literacy success. Boston:
Cengage
Learning.
I. Journal Article
Author, A. A. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number (issue number), pages.
Example
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,
15(3), 5-13.
II. Magazine Article
Author, AA. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of article.
Title of Periodical,
volume number, pages.

19. Example
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s
schools. Time, 135,
28-31.
III. Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of
article. Title of Publication,
page numbers.
Example
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state
energy
policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
176
Among the many ways databases can be your very good friend
is in the area of
citations. Databases will provide citations for any article
contained within it, in the citation
style of your choice.

20. Let’s look briefly at the citation-generating process with each
of the ASA library’s
three main database vendors.
First, locate the article you wish to cite from the database. For
this example, we
are using an article for our e-cigarette marketing research
project titled, “Electronic
cigarette and traditional cigarette use among middle and high
school students in Florida,
2011-2014” (Fig. 1), next page.
177
Fig.1
Click on the title of the article, which will take you to the full
record page. In the
right column under “Tools” you will see a “Cite” button. Click
on this button (Fig. 2).

21. Fig. 2
On the Citation Format page, scroll down until you see the
“APA” format citation
option and select that (Fig. 3).
178
Fig.3
You can now paste this database-generated citation onto your
Reference page,
add the hanging indent and double spacing courtesy of MS
Word and … done! Right?
Well … almost, but not quite. Let’s look at what we have at
this point, direct from
the database:
Porter, L., Duke, J., Hennon, M., Dekevich, D., Crankshaw, E.,
Homsi, G., &
Farrelly, M. (2015). Electronic Cigarette and Traditional
Cigarette Use
among Middle and High School Students in Florida, 2011–2014.

22. Plos
ONE, 10(5), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124385
Even when Word has done its part with the hanging indent and
double spacing,
there is still something wrong with this picture. Can you spot it?
179
Let’s look again:
Porter, L., Duke, J., Hennon, M., Dekevich, D., Crankshaw, E.,
Homsi, G., &
Farrelly, M. (2015). Electronic Cigarette and Traditional
Cigarette Use
among Middle and High School Students in Florida, 2011–2014.
Plos
ONE, 10(5), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124385
That’s right, EBSCO blew the APA lowercase rule and we will
need to touch it up
so that it looks like this:

23. Porter, L., Duke, J., Hennon, M., Dekevich, D., Crankshaw, E.,
Homsi, G., &
Farrelly, M. (2015). Electronic cigarette and traditional
cigarette use
among middle and high school students in Florida, 2011–2014.
Plos
ONE, 10(5), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124385
The takeaway here? As we noted earlier in the text, database
citations are created
by humans and humans do make errors. When it comes to
citations, it seems EBSCO
makes errors more frequently than our other database vendors,
Gale and ProQuest, but
it is important that you double-check all database-generated
citations just to make sure
the formatting is correct.
180

24. As Fig. 4 below shows, generating citations through Gale
databases is similar to
using EBSCO. To access the citation for your selected article,
you first click on the
“Citation Tools” option on the right.
Fig. 4
Similar to EBSCO, but with one very important extra step you
need to take.
As shown on the following page, citation results in Gale
databases default to the
MLA, not APA, citation style (Fig. 5).
181
Fig. 5
When using the citation tool in Gale databases, it is very
important that you
remember to select the “APA 6th Edition” option from the drop-
down menu (Fig. 6). Then
you can select your properly-formatted citation and import it

25. into your Reference page.
Fig. 6
182
ProQuest also positions its citation button on the right side of
the document full
record page (Fig. 7).
Thoughtfully, ProQuest citations default to APA 6th edition, so
no additional
attention is needed here.
Overall, it seems ProQuest makes the fewest input errors when
transcribing
citations.
-Based Citation Tools
Out on the open web, databases can’t help you with citations.
You are on your
own. Fortunately, there are a number of web-based, free citation

26. formatting templates to
Fig. 7 Fig. 7
183
help you. While it may at first seem like “cheating” using these
aids, formatting templates
are actually little formatting proficiency exams.
How’s that? Think of it this way – in order for the template to
generate a correctly-
formatted citation, you must enter the correct information into
each of the template’s
fields. The templates will format whatever information you
enter, wherever you enter it.
Enter the publication title into the article title field? You get a
whack looking citation.
Templates are not going to fix that. So it is important that you
can correctly identify each
part of a citation when using formatting templates.
Two leading free, web-based, easy-to-use citation formatting
templates are

27. Noodletools Express: APA (Fig. 8) and Citation Machine (APA)
(Fig. 9). NOTE: when
using Citation Machine, be sure to select the “Manual Entry
Mode.”
Fig.8
http://my.noodletools.com/noodlebib/citeone_s.php?style=APA
184
Fig. 9
http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-book/manual
Citing websites is often so simple you may find it easier to just
create them yourself.
Here is the standard format for citing a website in the APA
style:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of document. Retrieved
from http://web
address

28. Where website citing can become challenging is when
information is incomplete
or completely missing. If, for example, no author is listed for
the web page or web page
185
article you are citing, lead with the title of the document. If
there is no date, indicate this
as “(n.d.)” (without the quotation marks) where the date should
go. If you encounter other
variations of incomplete information, consult with your LIB100
professor.
Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video
[Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtube.com/xxx
Example
Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost
girl caught on video

29. tape 14 [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
Sometimes with YouTube videos, there is a screen name only.
If so, cite as follows:
Example with Screen Name Only
Markapsolon. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on
video tape 14
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
For information on citing other forms of media, such as motion
pictures and
television broadcasts, check this Purdue OWL page:
186
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa
_formatting_and_style_guide/ref
erence_list_other_non_print_sources.html

30. This link from the APA website provides guidelines for citing
tweets and other
Twitter-spawned material:
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-twitter.aspx
In this chapter, you concluded your work on Step 4 and
organizing your Semester
Project by knowing when and how to apply in-text and full
citations in the APA style. You
learned how to cite print books and periodicals and how to use
database citation tools to
create citations. You learned also where to find web-based
citation templates for citing
websites, how to proofread them and where to find additional
help on correctly citing just
about anything you may have selected as a source for your
Semester Project.
You Know
In this week’s exercise, you will have the opportunity to
practice and perfect the in-

31. text and full Reference page citations for your Semester Project
in a penalty-free
environment. This practice environment will allow you to
correct any citation errors before
you submit your final Project.
187
In Chapter 10, we will take the final step of the five-step
research process with a
look at communicating your Project and acknowledging your
outside sources – including
intellectual property, copyright, fair use … and how to avoid
the “P-word.”
Yes, that’s right …
Reflections
When you write a research paper, it is mandatory to give credit
to the authors of the
materials that you use. In this manner, your professor will be
able to follow the track

32. of your research process. This chapter provides you with a
thorough explanation of
the citation process and a list of online tools to assist your
work. Please review the
following questions:
he information we use from research
sources?
fields are they
used?
-text” citation?
re on the ASA College’s website can help you with
citation?