The document summarizes several older data storage technologies including magnetic tape, floppy disks, optical disks, and USB flash drives. It then discusses a new experimental atomic-scale magnetic memory that can store a bit using just 12 atoms, which is over 100 times denser than today's hard drives. The technology works by harnessing antiferromagnetism at the atomic scale. Potential applications include supercomputers, online databases, military databases, and satellites. However, issues remain around integrating the scanning tunneling microscope required to read and write bits as well as operating the memory above absolute zero.

1. A Presentation on

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Older Data Storing
Technology
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic recorders have been around in one
form or another since the end of the 19th
century and were used to make audio
recordings long before any of their other uses.
The first form to come into widespread use
was the analog tape. In an analog tape, a strip
of plastic coated with a thin magnet coating is
wound between two reels. To make a
recording, the motor in the tape recorder
unwinds the tape past an electromagnet,
called the write head, at a steady rate.

4. A recording medium consisting of a thin tape with
a coating of a fine magnetic material, used for
recording analogue or digital data. Data is
stored in frames across the width of the tape.
The frames are grouped into blocks or records
which are separated from other blocks by
gaps.

5. Floppy Disk
A floppy disk is a thin magnetic-coated
disk contained in a flexible or semi-
rigid protective jacket.
Data is stored in tracks and sectors.
Double sided high density 3.5" disks
can hold 1.44 Mb of data.

6. Optical Disk
An optical disk is impressed with a
series of spiral pits in a flat surface.
A master disk is burnt by high-intensity
laser beams in bit-patterns from which
subsequent copies are formed which
can be read optically by laser.

7. Pen Drive
Flash memory combines a number of older technologies, with
lower cost, lower power consumption and small size made
possible by advances in microprocessor technology. The
memory storage was based on
earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies.
 Standard-A USB plug – provides a physical interface to the
host computer.
 USB mass storage controller – a small microcontroller with a
small amount of on-chip ROM and RAM.
 NAND flash memory chip(s) – stores data (NAND flash is
typically also used in digital cameras).
 Crystal oscillator – produces the device's main 12 MHz clock
signal and controls the device's data output through
a phase-locked loop.

9. What is Atomic-Scale Memory
Storage?
 Using an unconventional form of magnetism called
antiferromagnetism, scientists demonstrated a
new, experimental atomic-scale magnet memory that
is at least 100 times denser than today’s hard disk
drives and solid state memory chips.
 IBM researchers have demonstrated a new kind of
memory bit that uses only 12 atoms. Until now, it was
unknown how many atoms it would take to build a
reliable magnetic memory bit, IBM said. Through
their research, they found the answer to be 12. The
accomplishment is the culmination of nearly 30 years
of nanotechnology research, IBM said

10. How It Works??

11. With properties similar to those of magnets on a
refrigerator, ferromagnets use a magnetic
interaction between its constituent atoms that
align all their spins – the origin of the atoms’
magnetism – in a single direction. Ferromagnets
have worked well for magnetic data storage but
a major obstacle for miniaturizing this down to
atomic dimensions is the interaction of
neighbouring bits with each other. The
magnetization of one magnetic bit can strongly
affect that of its neighbour as a result of its
magnetic field. Harnessing magnetic bits at the
atomic scale to hold information or perform
useful computing operations requires precise
control of the interactions between the bits.

13. Writing and reading a
magnetic byte
Figure shows a magnetic byte imaged 5 times
in different magnetic states to store the ASCII
code for each letter of the word THINK, a
corporate mantra used by IBM since 1914.
The team achieved this using 96 iron atoms −
one bit was stored by 12 atoms and there are
eight bits in each byte.

14. The Basic Concept
The researchers started with one iron atom
and used the tip of scanning tunneling
microscope to switch magnetic information
in successive atoms. They worked their
way up until eventually they succeeded in
storing one bit of magnetic information
reliably in 12 atoms. The tip of the
scanning tunneling microscope was then
used to switch the magnetic information in
the bits from a zero to a one and back
again, allowing researchers to store
information.

16. Smashing Moore’s Law
Which says that the number of transistors
on a microchip will
approximately double every two years.

17. Potential Area of Usage
Super Computers:

18. Online Database:

19. Military Database:

20. Satellites:

21. ISSUES
 The technique lends itself to the development of new
magnetic storage and spintronic devices, the IBM
researchers wrote in the paper. However, the use of
the method for commercial production faces some
hurdles: for example, small, energy-thrifty mobile
devices cannot support the infrastructure needed for
the scanning and tunnelling microscope required.
 Another issue is that the test device works at 1
Kelvin, just a degree above absolute zero. Even so,
the researchers found that a bit of information can be
encoded at room temperature with groups of 150
atoms, which is still much smaller than the million
atoms required in contemporary electronics.

22. ANY QUESTION

23. Submitted By
ASHISH SINGH
PRN-0900001099
B-TECH SEM VII COMPUTER-I
Under the Guidance of -:
Prof. ASHWANI C. MADANE
BVDU COE , PUNE