history of contemporary architecture - 15. International-Style-part.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the International Style of architecture. It was introduced in the early 20th century and is characterized by features like asymmetry, abstract forms, flat roofs, large windows and lack of ornamentation. The style emerged from new construction techniques using steel and concrete. Key architects who helped develop the style included Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson. Examples of buildings highlighted include the Glass House, Unité d'Habitation and Bauhaus school.
history of contemporary architecture - 15. International-Style-part.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the International Style of architecture. It was introduced in the early 20th century and is characterized by features like asymmetry, abstract forms, flat roofs, large windows and lack of ornamentation. The style emerged from new construction techniques using steel and concrete. Key architects who helped develop the style included Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson. Examples of buildings highlighted include the Glass House, Unité d'Habitation and Bauhaus school.
history of contemporary architecture - 18. Frank-Lloyd-Wright.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for designing iconic buildings using organic and modern styles. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, the Johnson Wax Building, and the Guggenheim Museum. Wright broke from traditional architectural styles and emphasized allowing the interior and exterior to flow together, using asymmetrical designs, and focusing on the relationship between buildings and their natural surroundings. He had a significant influence on modern architecture in the United States during the early 20th century.
history of contemporary architecture - 16. Le Corbusier.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Le Corbusier was influenced by various architects and artistic movements in developing his early works and principles of architecture. He drew from Tony Garnier's industrial city ideas, Auguste Perret's reinforced concrete techniques, the German Werkbund group's machine aesthetics, Cubism's abstraction of forms, and De Stijl's use of pure geometry. These influences led him to establish five principles for a new architecture - pilotis, free plan, free facade, ribbon windows, and roof gardens. His Villa Savoye exemplified these principles and represented his vision of creating a house as a "machine for living in."
history of contemporary architecture - 13.-The-Bauhaus-School(1).pptDania Abdel-aziz
The Bauhaus School was an influential art and design school established in Germany after World War 1. It aimed to merge art, craft, and technology with a goal of reforming design education. The school had three directors over its existence from 1919 to 1932 and was forced to close under the Nazi regime. It emphasized simplicity, functionality, and experimentation through workshops. Bauhaus buildings featured flat roofs, cubic shapes, and minimal ornamentation which influenced the modern International Style of architecture.
history of contemporary architecture - Modern Architecture.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Modern architecture originated in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States and spread worldwide. It is characterized by an emphasis on simplicity, clarity of form, exposed structure, and the use of industrial materials like iron, steel, and concrete. Important early modern architects included Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe. Their pioneering designs embraced new technologies and rejected ornamentation in favor of forms following functions. I.M. Pei is a renowned modernist known for his large-scale, geometric glass and steel buildings that result from original design concepts rather than adherence to theory or style.
history of contemporary architecture - 18. The capitalist city, Megalopolis, ...Dania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the development of cities during the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism. Some key points:
- Urbanization rates increased dramatically in Western countries between the 1600s-1800s as millions migrated to cities. By the late 1800s, over half of England's population lived in cities.
- The growth of industrial cities led to poor living conditions for working classes, with overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and high disease rates. Wealthier classes established new residential districts on the edges of cities.
- As capitalism took hold, urban land became seen as a source of income. Central downtown areas focused on economic activity, and wealthy residents sought new neighborhoods on the outskirts.
-
history of contemporary architecture - 06. Art Nouveau - Part 1.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Art Nouveau was a style that originated in France in the late 19th century that rejected historical revival styles in favor of new organic forms inspired by nature. Key characteristics included flowing, curved lines; natural motifs like flowers; and an emphasis on craftsmanship. Pioneering Art Nouveau architects like Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Henry Van de Velde designed buildings, interiors, and objects that featured these organic forms and rejected traditional ornamentation. The style embraced many art forms and spread across Europe in the early 20th century before being replaced by modernist styles.
history of contemporary architecture - 09.Secession.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the Secession movement and Adolf Loos's role in developing the Pre-Modern style. The Secession movement rebelled against traditional historical styles of art, seeking to create a completely new abstract style. Loos rejected ornamentation in architecture, viewing it as a waste of resources. He developed a Pre-Modern style for Vienna in 1910 that was unornamented, functional, and suited the emerging social and economic conditions through his writings and built works.
history of contemporary architecture - 05. Arts and Crafts Movement.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The Arts and Crafts movement began in 1850 as a reaction against the poor conditions faced by factory workers during the Industrial Revolution. It sought to re-establish harmony between design and craftsmanship through handmade, affordable objects. Key figures like William Morris, Philip Webb, and John Ruskin promoted this philosophy. The Red House, designed by Webb in 1859, exemplified the movement's rejection of revivalist styles through its asymmetrical design and integration of craft elements.
history of contemporary architecture - 10. Futurism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Futurist architecture began in the early 20th century as a rejection of traditional styles and an embrace of modernity and technology. Antonio Sant'Elia was a key figure who translated the Futurist vision into bold urban designs, though most remained unbuilt. His 1914 Manifesto of Futurist Architecture advocated for an architecture of steel, glass and other modern materials that incorporated dynamic oblique lines over static horizontals and verticals. Sant'Elia's visionary but unbuilt works were highly influential and helped establish the foundations for modern architecture in the mid-20th century.
history of contemporary architecture - 02. Local Revivals .pptDania Abdel-aziz
Local revivals emerged simultaneously with neoclassicism in countries. Some architects felt neoclassicism did not respect local architecture. Gothic revivalism became popular as Gothic architecture was seen as more in line with local styles. Gothic cathedrals were restored and the Gothic Revival was advocated by figures like John Ruskin. A prominent Gothic Revival architect was Sir George Gilbert Scott, known for buildings like St Pancras Hotel. Other revivals included Greek Revival and classical revivalism in 17th century Italy. In the 19th century, there were reactions against revivalism through avant-garde styles, while some continued exploring classical orders through architects like Ledoux and in buildings like Villa Capra.
history of contemporary architecture - 03. Avant-Garde and Beaux Arts.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the emergence of avant-garde architecture and Beaux-Arts style in opposition to revivalism. Avant-garde architects rejected copying historical styles and sought to synthesize the past in a modern way. One example of their approach is the Beaux-Arts style, which was taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and emphasized understanding rather than copying the past. A key example of Beaux-Arts architecture is the Paris Opera House, designed by Charles Garnier between 1862 and 1875, which became hugely influential with its symmetrical facade, sculptural elements, and use of classical details in a grand manner.
history of contemporary architecture - 02.1 Eclecticism .pptDania Abdel-aziz
The 19th century saw a proliferation of architectural styles as many historical elements and styles were adopted and exported to new places. Styles were chosen not just for fashion but for their symbolic meanings, with different styles representing concepts like justice, learning, and commerce. Eclecticism reigned as the dominant approach. Norman Shaw was a leading English architect of this period, skilled at handling richer surfaces and elaborate skylines for wealthy clients. Various movements also emerged that would influence modern architecture, including Japonism, Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, and garden cities, but European architecture remained confident and prosperous overall.
history of contemporary architecture - 17. Russian-Constructivism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Constructivism originated in Russia in 1919 as a rejection of autonomous art in favor of art serving social purposes. It greatly influenced 20th century art movements like the Bauhaus and De Stijl. Constructivism aimed to analyze materials and forms to design functional objects rather than focus on beauty or representation. It sought to express the experience of modern life through dynamism, space, and time. The movement developed a new form of art to support the democratic goals of the Russian Revolution but ended after Lenin's death. Key figures included Tatlin, Melnikov, and Lissitzky, and the movement influenced architecture, design, theater and more through use of industrial materials and minimal, geometric forms.
history of contemporary architecture - 13.-The-Bauhaus-School.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document summarizes the Bauhaus School, an influential art and design school that operated in Germany between 1919 and 1933. It was founded by Walter Gropius and brought together various crafts and arts to merge function and aesthetics. The school emphasized simplicity, functionality and experimentation with new materials and forms. It rejected ornamentation in favor of clean geometric designs and had a significant influence on modern architecture and design. The school was forced to close under Nazi rule due to its left-leaning philosophies.
history of contemporary architecture - 04. Structural Changes for Cities.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses several key structural changes in cities during the 19th century as a result of industrialization and new building materials and techniques. The industrial revolution led to the emergence of engineering as a new discipline separate from architecture. New materials like steel and cast iron allowed for larger spans and more open floor plans in structures like bridges, factories, and exhibition buildings. Major projects from this era emphasized the use of iron, steel, and glass, including Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace for the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Gustave Eiffel's iconic Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Paris World's Fair, demonstrated the capabilities of structural ironwork. Reinforced concrete was also developed, changing construction methods. These territorial,
history of contemporary architecture - 11. Expressionism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Expressionism was an early 20th century art movement centered in Germany that sought to convey deep emotional content through abstraction and distortion rather than realism. In architecture, Expressionist buildings often had sculptural, irrational forms that were personalized and idiosyncratic. Bruno Taut was a German architect active during this period who is considered an Expressionist. Some of his notable works include the Glass Pavilion built in 1914, made of concrete and brightly colored glass, and the Horseshoe Estate residential development built in Berlin between 1925-1927, featuring curved buildings arranged around a central pond. Expressionist architecture tended to use materials like glass, steel and brick, and forms that were individualistic compared to other styles of the time.
history of contemporary architecture - 14. Cubism + De Stijl.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Cubism had three key influences on architecture according to the document:
1. It rejected traditional techniques of perspective and modeling, instead emphasizing the two-dimensionality of the canvas.
2. Architects like Le Corbusier were influenced by Cubism's fracturing of objects into geometric forms and use of multiple perspectives.
3. Movements like De Stijl and Purism directly incorporated Cubist ideas like planar elements, primary colors, and intersecting geometric planes into architectural works.
history of contemporary architecture - 01. Neo Classicism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an overview of territorial, technical, and cultural changes in the 19th century and their effects on city design. It discusses how the invention of trains and factories led to rapid urbanization and population growth. New building materials like cast iron enabled open floor plans and large interior spaces. Culturally, Neoclassicism emerged as the dominant style, though some movements sought national identity through local revivals. The document provides examples of Neoclassical works like Ledoux's ideal city plan, Jefferson's University of Virginia campus design, and Schinkel's Altes Museum in Berlin to illustrate these trends in architecture during this time period.
history of contemporary architecture - 19. Desert Modernism, Minimalism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Desert Modernism is a mid-20th century architectural style that emerged in southern California and the American Southwest. It incorporates local desert landscapes and climates, featuring expansive windows, overhangs, and the use of natural materials like stone and wood. Architects like Richard Neutra and William Cody designed homes in this style to take advantage of warm, sunny conditions while providing shelter. Neutra's Kaufmann House exemplifies the style with its open floor plan and connection between indoor and outdoor spaces.
history of contemporary architecture - 18. Frank-Lloyd-Wright.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for designing iconic buildings using organic and modern styles. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, the Johnson Wax Building, and the Guggenheim Museum. Wright broke from traditional architectural styles and emphasized allowing the interior and exterior to flow together, using asymmetrical designs, and focusing on the relationship between buildings and their natural surroundings. He had a significant influence on modern architecture in the United States during the early 20th century.
history of contemporary architecture - 16. Le Corbusier.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Le Corbusier was influenced by various architects and artistic movements in developing his early works and principles of architecture. He drew from Tony Garnier's industrial city ideas, Auguste Perret's reinforced concrete techniques, the German Werkbund group's machine aesthetics, Cubism's abstraction of forms, and De Stijl's use of pure geometry. These influences led him to establish five principles for a new architecture - pilotis, free plan, free facade, ribbon windows, and roof gardens. His Villa Savoye exemplified these principles and represented his vision of creating a house as a "machine for living in."
history of contemporary architecture - 13.-The-Bauhaus-School(1).pptDania Abdel-aziz
The Bauhaus School was an influential art and design school established in Germany after World War 1. It aimed to merge art, craft, and technology with a goal of reforming design education. The school had three directors over its existence from 1919 to 1932 and was forced to close under the Nazi regime. It emphasized simplicity, functionality, and experimentation through workshops. Bauhaus buildings featured flat roofs, cubic shapes, and minimal ornamentation which influenced the modern International Style of architecture.
history of contemporary architecture - Modern Architecture.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Modern architecture originated in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States and spread worldwide. It is characterized by an emphasis on simplicity, clarity of form, exposed structure, and the use of industrial materials like iron, steel, and concrete. Important early modern architects included Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe. Their pioneering designs embraced new technologies and rejected ornamentation in favor of forms following functions. I.M. Pei is a renowned modernist known for his large-scale, geometric glass and steel buildings that result from original design concepts rather than adherence to theory or style.
history of contemporary architecture - 18. The capitalist city, Megalopolis, ...Dania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the development of cities during the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism. Some key points:
- Urbanization rates increased dramatically in Western countries between the 1600s-1800s as millions migrated to cities. By the late 1800s, over half of England's population lived in cities.
- The growth of industrial cities led to poor living conditions for working classes, with overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and high disease rates. Wealthier classes established new residential districts on the edges of cities.
- As capitalism took hold, urban land became seen as a source of income. Central downtown areas focused on economic activity, and wealthy residents sought new neighborhoods on the outskirts.
-
history of contemporary architecture - 06. Art Nouveau - Part 1.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Art Nouveau was a style that originated in France in the late 19th century that rejected historical revival styles in favor of new organic forms inspired by nature. Key characteristics included flowing, curved lines; natural motifs like flowers; and an emphasis on craftsmanship. Pioneering Art Nouveau architects like Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Henry Van de Velde designed buildings, interiors, and objects that featured these organic forms and rejected traditional ornamentation. The style embraced many art forms and spread across Europe in the early 20th century before being replaced by modernist styles.
history of contemporary architecture - 09.Secession.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the Secession movement and Adolf Loos's role in developing the Pre-Modern style. The Secession movement rebelled against traditional historical styles of art, seeking to create a completely new abstract style. Loos rejected ornamentation in architecture, viewing it as a waste of resources. He developed a Pre-Modern style for Vienna in 1910 that was unornamented, functional, and suited the emerging social and economic conditions through his writings and built works.
history of contemporary architecture - 05. Arts and Crafts Movement.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The Arts and Crafts movement began in 1850 as a reaction against the poor conditions faced by factory workers during the Industrial Revolution. It sought to re-establish harmony between design and craftsmanship through handmade, affordable objects. Key figures like William Morris, Philip Webb, and John Ruskin promoted this philosophy. The Red House, designed by Webb in 1859, exemplified the movement's rejection of revivalist styles through its asymmetrical design and integration of craft elements.
history of contemporary architecture - 10. Futurism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Futurist architecture began in the early 20th century as a rejection of traditional styles and an embrace of modernity and technology. Antonio Sant'Elia was a key figure who translated the Futurist vision into bold urban designs, though most remained unbuilt. His 1914 Manifesto of Futurist Architecture advocated for an architecture of steel, glass and other modern materials that incorporated dynamic oblique lines over static horizontals and verticals. Sant'Elia's visionary but unbuilt works were highly influential and helped establish the foundations for modern architecture in the mid-20th century.
history of contemporary architecture - 02. Local Revivals .pptDania Abdel-aziz
Local revivals emerged simultaneously with neoclassicism in countries. Some architects felt neoclassicism did not respect local architecture. Gothic revivalism became popular as Gothic architecture was seen as more in line with local styles. Gothic cathedrals were restored and the Gothic Revival was advocated by figures like John Ruskin. A prominent Gothic Revival architect was Sir George Gilbert Scott, known for buildings like St Pancras Hotel. Other revivals included Greek Revival and classical revivalism in 17th century Italy. In the 19th century, there were reactions against revivalism through avant-garde styles, while some continued exploring classical orders through architects like Ledoux and in buildings like Villa Capra.
history of contemporary architecture - 03. Avant-Garde and Beaux Arts.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses the emergence of avant-garde architecture and Beaux-Arts style in opposition to revivalism. Avant-garde architects rejected copying historical styles and sought to synthesize the past in a modern way. One example of their approach is the Beaux-Arts style, which was taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and emphasized understanding rather than copying the past. A key example of Beaux-Arts architecture is the Paris Opera House, designed by Charles Garnier between 1862 and 1875, which became hugely influential with its symmetrical facade, sculptural elements, and use of classical details in a grand manner.
history of contemporary architecture - 02.1 Eclecticism .pptDania Abdel-aziz
The 19th century saw a proliferation of architectural styles as many historical elements and styles were adopted and exported to new places. Styles were chosen not just for fashion but for their symbolic meanings, with different styles representing concepts like justice, learning, and commerce. Eclecticism reigned as the dominant approach. Norman Shaw was a leading English architect of this period, skilled at handling richer surfaces and elaborate skylines for wealthy clients. Various movements also emerged that would influence modern architecture, including Japonism, Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, and garden cities, but European architecture remained confident and prosperous overall.
history of contemporary architecture - 17. Russian-Constructivism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Constructivism originated in Russia in 1919 as a rejection of autonomous art in favor of art serving social purposes. It greatly influenced 20th century art movements like the Bauhaus and De Stijl. Constructivism aimed to analyze materials and forms to design functional objects rather than focus on beauty or representation. It sought to express the experience of modern life through dynamism, space, and time. The movement developed a new form of art to support the democratic goals of the Russian Revolution but ended after Lenin's death. Key figures included Tatlin, Melnikov, and Lissitzky, and the movement influenced architecture, design, theater and more through use of industrial materials and minimal, geometric forms.
history of contemporary architecture - 13.-The-Bauhaus-School.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document summarizes the Bauhaus School, an influential art and design school that operated in Germany between 1919 and 1933. It was founded by Walter Gropius and brought together various crafts and arts to merge function and aesthetics. The school emphasized simplicity, functionality and experimentation with new materials and forms. It rejected ornamentation in favor of clean geometric designs and had a significant influence on modern architecture and design. The school was forced to close under Nazi rule due to its left-leaning philosophies.
history of contemporary architecture - 04. Structural Changes for Cities.pptDania Abdel-aziz
The document discusses several key structural changes in cities during the 19th century as a result of industrialization and new building materials and techniques. The industrial revolution led to the emergence of engineering as a new discipline separate from architecture. New materials like steel and cast iron allowed for larger spans and more open floor plans in structures like bridges, factories, and exhibition buildings. Major projects from this era emphasized the use of iron, steel, and glass, including Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace for the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Gustave Eiffel's iconic Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Paris World's Fair, demonstrated the capabilities of structural ironwork. Reinforced concrete was also developed, changing construction methods. These territorial,
history of contemporary architecture - 11. Expressionism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Expressionism was an early 20th century art movement centered in Germany that sought to convey deep emotional content through abstraction and distortion rather than realism. In architecture, Expressionist buildings often had sculptural, irrational forms that were personalized and idiosyncratic. Bruno Taut was a German architect active during this period who is considered an Expressionist. Some of his notable works include the Glass Pavilion built in 1914, made of concrete and brightly colored glass, and the Horseshoe Estate residential development built in Berlin between 1925-1927, featuring curved buildings arranged around a central pond. Expressionist architecture tended to use materials like glass, steel and brick, and forms that were individualistic compared to other styles of the time.
history of contemporary architecture - 14. Cubism + De Stijl.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Cubism had three key influences on architecture according to the document:
1. It rejected traditional techniques of perspective and modeling, instead emphasizing the two-dimensionality of the canvas.
2. Architects like Le Corbusier were influenced by Cubism's fracturing of objects into geometric forms and use of multiple perspectives.
3. Movements like De Stijl and Purism directly incorporated Cubist ideas like planar elements, primary colors, and intersecting geometric planes into architectural works.
history of contemporary architecture - 01. Neo Classicism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an overview of territorial, technical, and cultural changes in the 19th century and their effects on city design. It discusses how the invention of trains and factories led to rapid urbanization and population growth. New building materials like cast iron enabled open floor plans and large interior spaces. Culturally, Neoclassicism emerged as the dominant style, though some movements sought national identity through local revivals. The document provides examples of Neoclassical works like Ledoux's ideal city plan, Jefferson's University of Virginia campus design, and Schinkel's Altes Museum in Berlin to illustrate these trends in architecture during this time period.
history of contemporary architecture - 19. Desert Modernism, Minimalism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Desert Modernism is a mid-20th century architectural style that emerged in southern California and the American Southwest. It incorporates local desert landscapes and climates, featuring expansive windows, overhangs, and the use of natural materials like stone and wood. Architects like Richard Neutra and William Cody designed homes in this style to take advantage of warm, sunny conditions while providing shelter. Neutra's Kaufmann House exemplifies the style with its open floor plan and connection between indoor and outdoor spaces.