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FLORIDA’S ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES Updated January 2016 FLORIDA FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION COMMISSION Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 1 CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 2  NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF SPECIES ................................................................................. 4  OFFICIAL LISTS ......................................................................................................................... 5  VERTEBRATES ....................................................................................................................... 5  FISH ....................................................................................................................................... 5  AMPHIBIANS....................................................................................................................... 5  REPTILES ............................................................................................................................. 5  BIRDS .................................................................................................................................... 6  MAMMALS........................................................................................................................... 7  INVERTEBRATES .................................................................................................................. 8  CORALS ................................................................................................................................ 8  CRUSTACEANS................................................................................................................... 9  INSECTS ............................................................................................................................... 9  MOLLUSKS .......................................................................................................................... 9  KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS .................................................................. 10  SPECIES ADDED, REVISED, OR REMOVED SINCE 2010 ............................................... 11  Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 2 PREFACE This document consolidates the official State of Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List of wildlife. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) maintains the state list of animals designated as Federally-designated Endangered or Threatened, State-designated Threatened, or State-designated Species of Special Concern, in accordance with Rules 68A-27.003, and 68A-27.005, respectively, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.), https://www.flrules.org/Default.asp. On November 8, 2010 new Threatened species rules approved by the Commission went into effect (https://www.flrules.org.

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FLORIDA’S ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES Updated January 2016 FLORIDA FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION COMMISSION Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 1 CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................... ....................................... 2 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF SPECIES ................................................................................. 4 OFFICIAL LISTS ............................................................................................... .......................... 5 VERTEBRATES
............................................................................................... ........................ 5 FISH ............................................................................................... ........................................ 5 AMPHIBIANS......................................................................... .............................................. 5 REPTILES ............................................................................................... .............................. 5 BIRDS ............................................................................................... ..................................... 6 MAMMALS............................................................................ ............................................... 7 INVERTEBRATES ............................................................................................... ................... 8 CORALS ............................................................................................... ................................. 8 CRUSTACEANS..................................................................... .............................................. 9 INSECTS ............................................................................................... ................................ 9 MOLLUSKS ............................................................................................... ........................... 9 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS .................................................................. 10 SPECIES ADDED, REVISED, OR REMOVED SINCE 2010 ............................................... 11
Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 2 PREFACE This document consolidates the official State of Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List of wildlife. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) maintains the state list of animals designated as Federally- designated Endangered or Threatened, State-designated Threatened, or State-designated Species of Special Concern, in accordance with Rules 68A-27.003, and 68A-27.005, respectively, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.), https://www.flrules.org/Default.asp. On November 8, 2010 new Threatened species rules approved by the Commission went into effect (https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=68 A-27). The list of wildlife contained herein reflect the changes to the rules. All Federally listed species that occur in Florida are now included on Florida’s list as Federally- designated Endangered or Federally- designated Threatened species. In addition, the State has a listing process to identify species that are not Federally listed but at risk of extinction. These species will be called State-designated
Threatened. All State-designated species and have recently undergone biological status reviews that were presented at the June 2011 Commission meeting and approved. Based on the status reviews and other information, staff recommended that 40 of the 61 species evaluated be included on Florida's Threatened list in addition to the three species (gopher tortoise, Miami blue butterfly and Panama City crayfish) that were reviewed in the past decade. Staff recommended that 16 species be removed from the existing list. Three of these were classified as State- designated Threatened species at the time, and 13 are still classified as State Species of Special Concern. These listing status changes will not occur until species action plans and a comprehensive Imperiled Species Management plan are approved for all of the 60 species evaluated that do not have recent management plans completed. FWC will continue to maintain a separate Species of Special Concern category until all the species have been reviewed and those species are either designated as State-designated Threatened, or given a management plan and removed from the list. The State lists of plants, which are designated Endangered, Threatened, and Commercially Exploited, are administered and maintained by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (DOACS) via Chapter 5B- 40, F.A.C. This list of plants can be obtained at http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions- Offices/Florida-Forest-Service/Our-
Forests/Forest-Health/Florida-Statewide-Endangered-and- Threatened-Plant-Conservation- Program/Florida-s-Federally-Listed-Plant-Species. The Federal agencies that share the authority to list species as Endangered and Threatened are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA-NMFS) and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The NOAA-NMFS is responsible for listing most marine species. The Federal list of animals and plants is administered by the USFWS, and this list is published in 50 CFR 17 (animals) and 50 CFR 23 (plants). Additional information regarding Federal listings can be located at the following websites; NOAA-NMFS - http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/listed.htm and USFWS - http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/reports/ad-hoc- species- report?kingdom=V&kingdom=I&status=E&status=T&status=Em E&status=EmT&status=EXPE &status=EXPN&status=SAE&status=SAT&mapstatus=3&fcritha b=on&fstatus=on&fspecrule=o n&finvpop=on&fgroup=on&header=Listed+Animals. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 3 they appear in the Florida Administrative Code, Title 68A. Common and/or scientific names following this and located within parentheses ( ) are names as used by USFWS, or other commonly used names.
Bradley J. Gruver, Ph. D., SCP Section Leader Caly Coffey, Assistant Listed Species Coordinator Species Conservation Planning Section Division of Habitat and Species Conservation Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Cover Photos by FWC Staff: Key Largo Woodrat, Burrowing Owls, Okaloosa Darter, Schaus’ swallowtail butterfly, Short-tailed Snake. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 4 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF SPECIES Listed by the State of Florida as Federally-designated Endangered (FE), Federally-designated Threatened (FT), Federally-designated Threatened due to Similarity of Appearance [FT(S/A)], Federal Non-Essential Experimental Population (FXN), State- designated Threatened (ST), or State Species of Special Concern (SSC). STATUS DESIGNATION FISH
AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS INVERTEBRATES TOTAL FE 3 1 4 8 23 12 51 FT 2 1 6 6 1 15 31 FT(S/A) 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 FXN 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ST 3 0 7 5 2 0 17 SSC 6 4 6 16 6 4 42 TOTAL 14 6 24 36 32 34 146 Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 5 FLORIDA’S ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES OFFICIAL LIST VERTEBRATES FISH Common Name Scientific Name Status Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus FE
Blackmouth shiner Notropis melanostomus ST Bluenose shiner Pteronotropis welaka SSC Crystal darter Crystallaria asprella ST Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus [=oxyrhynchus] desotoi FT Harlequin darter Etheostoma histrio SSC Key silverside Menidia conchorum ST Lake Eustis pupfish Cyprinodon hubbsi SSC Okaloosa darter Etheostoma okalossae FT Rivulus Rivulus marmoratus SSC Saltmarsh topminnow Fundulus jenkinsi SSC Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum FE Smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinate FE Southern tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi maculaticeps SSC AMPHIBIANS Common Name Scientific Name Status Florida bog frog Lithobates okaloosae SSC Frosted flatwoods salamander Ambystoma cingulatum FT Georgia blind salamander Haideotriton wallacei SSC Gopher frog Lithobates capito SSC Pine barrens treefrog Hyla andersonii SSC Reticulated flatwoods salamander Ambystoma bishopi FE REPTILES Common Name Scientific Name Status Alligator snapping turtle Macrochelys temminckii SSC
American alligator Alligator mississippiensis FT(S/A) American crocodile Crocodylus acutus FT Atlantic salt marsh snake Nerodia clarkii taeniata FT Barbour’s map turtle Graptemys barbouri SSC Bluetail mole skink Eumeces egregius lividus FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 6 Common Name Scientific Name Status Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi FT Florida brownsnake1 Storeria victa ST Florida Keys mole skink Eumeces egregius egregius SSC Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus SSC Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus ST Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas FE Hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata FE Kemp’s ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys kempii FE Key ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus acricus ST Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea FE Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta FT Peninsula ribbon snake1 Thamnophis sauritus sackenii ST Red rat snake1 Elaphe guttata SSC Rim rock crowned snake Tantilla oolitica ST Sand skink Neoseps reynoldsi FT Short-tailed snake Stilosoma extenuatum ST Striped mud turtle1 Kinosternon baurii ST Suwannee cooter Pseudemys suwanniensis SSC BIRDS
Common Name Scientific Name Status American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus SSC Audubon’s crested caracara Polyborus plancus audubonii FT Bachman’s wood warbler Vermivora bachmanii FE Black skimmer Rynchops niger SSC Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis SSC Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia SSC Cape Sable seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis FE Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis FE Everglade snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus FE Florida grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum floridanus FE Florida sandhill crane Grus canadensis pratensis ST Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma coerulescens FT Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis FE Kirtland’s wood warbler (Kirtland’s warbler) Dendroica kirtlandii (Setophaga kirtlandii) FE Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 7 Common Name Scientific Name Status Least tern Sterna antillarum ST Limpkin Aramus guarauna SSC Little blue heron Egretta caerulea SSC Marian’s marsh wren Cistothorus palustris marianae SSC Osprey2 Pandion haliaetus SSC Piping plover Charadrius melodus FT Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis FE
Reddish egret Egretta rufescens SSC Roseate spoonbill Platalea ajaja SSC Roseate tern Sterna dougallii dougallii FT Rufa red knot Calidris canutus rufa FT Scott’s seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae SSC Snowy egret Egretta thula SSC Snowy plover Charadrius nivosus (Charadrius alexandrinus) ST Southeastern American kestrel Falco sparverius paulus ST Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor SSC Wakulla seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus juncicola SSC White-crowned pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala ST Whooping crane Grus americana FXN White ibis Eudocimus albus SSC Worthington’s marsh wren Cistothorus palustris griseus SSC Wood stork Mycteria americana FT MAMMALS Common Name Scientific Name Status Anastasia Island beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus phasma FE Big Cypress fox squirrel Sciurus niger avicennia ST Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis FE Choctawhatchee beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus allophrys FE Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus SSC Everglades mink Neovison vison evergladensis ST Finback whale Balaenoptera physalus FE Florida bonneted (mastiff) bat Eumops [=glaucinus] floridanus FE Florida mouse Podomys floridanus SSC
Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 8 Common Name Scientific Name Status Florida panther Puma [=Felis] concolor coryi FE Florida salt marsh vole Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli FE Gray bat Myotis grisescens FE Gray wolf Canis lupus FE Homosassa shrew Sorex longirostris eonis SSC Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae FE Indiana bat Myotis sodalis FE Key deer Odocoileus virginianus clavium FE Key Largo cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola FE Key Largo woodrat Neotoma floridana smalli FE Lower Keys rabbit Sylvilagus palustris hefneri FE North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis FE Perdido Key beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis FE Red wolf Canis rufus FE Rice rat Oryzomys palustris natator FE1 Sanibel Island rice rat Oryzomys palustris sanibeli SSC Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis FE Sherman’s fox squirrel Sciurus niger shermani SSC Sherman’s short-tailed shrew Blarina [=carolinensis] shermani SSC Southeastern beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris FT Sperm whale Physeter catodon [=macrocephalus] FE St. Andrew beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis FE West Indian manatee (Florida manatee)
Trichechus manatus (Trichechus manatus latirostris) FE INVERTEBRATES CORALS Common Name Scientific Name Status Boulder star coral Orbicella franksi FT Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata FT Lobed star coral Orbicella annularis FT Mountainous star coral Orbicella faveolata FT Pillar coral Dendrogyra cylindricus ST Rough cactus coral Mycetophyllia ferox FT Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 9 CRUSTACEANS Common Name Scientific Name Status Black Creek crayfish (Spotted royal crayfish) Procambarus pictus SSC Panama City crayfish Procambarus econfinae SSC Santa Fe Cave crayfish Procambarus erythrops SSC Squirrel Chimney Cave shrimp Palaemonetes cummingi FT
INSECTS Common Name Scientific Name Status American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus FE Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak Strymon acisbartrami FE Cassius blue butterfly Leptotes cassius theonus FT(S/A) Ceraunus blue butterfly Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus FT(S/A) Miami blue butterfly Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri FE Nickerbean blue butterfly Cyclargus ammon FT(S/A) Schaus’ swallowtail butterfly Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus FE MOLLUSKS Common Name Scientific Name Status Chipola slabshell (mussel) Elliptio chiplolaensis FT Choctaw bean Villosa choctawensis FE Fat threeridge (mussel) Amblema neislerii FE Florida treesnail Liguus fasciatus SSC Fuzzy pigtoe Pleurobema strodeanum FT Gulf moccasinshell (mussel) Medionidus penicillatus FE Narrow pigtoe Fusconai escambia FT Ochlockonee moccasinshell (mussel) Medionidus simpsonianus FE Oval pigtoe (mussel) Pleurobema pyriforme FE Purple bankclimber (mussel) Elliptoideus sloatianus FT Round ebonyshell Fusconaia rotulata FE Shinyrayed pocketbook (mussel) Lampsilis subangulata FE
Southern kidneyshell Ptychobranchus jonesi FE Southern sandshell Hamiota australis FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 10 Common Name Scientific Name Status Stock Island tree snail Orthalicus reses [not incl. nesodryas] FT Tapered pigtoe Fusconaia burki FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 10 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS List Abbreviations FWC = Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission FE = Federally-designated Endangered FT = Federally-designated Threatened FXN = Federally-designated Threatened Nonessential Experimental Population FT(S/A) = Federally-designated Threatened species due to similarity of appearance ST = State-designated Threatened SSC = State Species of Special Concern
List Notations 1 Lower keys population only. 2 Monroe County population only. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 11 SPECIES ADDED, REVISED, OR REMOVED SINCE 2010 The Florida black bear was removed from Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List on August 23, 2012 after approval by the Commission at the June 2012 Commission meeting. A new Florida Black Bear Management Plan was also approved at this meeting. The Miami blue butterfly was emergency listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on August 10, 2011. On April 6, 2012, the Miami blue was officially listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Effective September 9, 2012 the FWC listed the Miami blue butterfly as Federally-designated Endangered on Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List. The Cassius blue butterfly, ceraunus blue butterfly, and nickerbean blue butterfly were
emergency listed as Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance to the Miami blue by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on August 10, 2011. On April 6, 2012, these three species were officially listed as Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance to the Miami blue by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These three species were listed on Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List as Federally-designated Threatened by Similarity of Appearance to the Miami blue butterfly effective September 9, 2012, and as such only the following prohibitions apply to these three species: a. Incidental take, that is, take that results from, but is not a purpose of, carrying out an otherwise lawful activity will not apply to cassius blue butterfly, ceraunus blue butterfly, and nickerbean blue butterfly. b. Collection of the cassius blue butterfly, ceraunus blue butterfly, and nickerbean blue butterfly is prohibited in coastal counties south of Interstate 4 and extending to the boundaries of the State of Florida at the endpoints of Interstate 4 at Tampa and Daytona Beach. Specifically, such activities are prohibited in the following counties: Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Collier, De Soto, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lee, Manatee, Pinellas, Sarasota, St. Lucie, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, and Volusia The Okaloosa darter was reclassified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on effective May 2,
2011 from Endangered to Threatened. A special rule under Section 4d of the Endangered Species Act was also adopted that allows Eglin Air Force Base to continue activities with a reduced regulatory burden and will provide a net benefit to the Okaloosa darter. Several species of mussels were Federally listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on October 10, 2012. These species include the: round ebonyshell, southern kidneyshell, Choctaw bean (all Endangered), tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, southern sandshell, and fuzzy pigtoe (all Threatened). The Florida bonneted bat was Federally listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on October 2, 2013 after receiving a petition for emergency listing. The wood stork was reclassified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on June 30, 2014, from Endangered to Threatened. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 12 The rufa red knot was Federally listed as Threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on January 12, 2015.
Running head: APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 1 How to Do that Annoying APA Format Stuff: A Brief Overview of the 6th Edition Scott W. Plunkett California State University, Northridge Noh Wahnelse and I. M. N. Oyed University of Invisible Students Author Note Scott W. Plunkett, Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge. Noh Wahnelse, Department of Paranormal Experiences and Life Events, University of Invisible Students. I. M. N. Oyed, Department of Anger Management, University of Invisible Students.
Special thanks to Bill White in the Management Department at Liberty University for suggestions to the content of this document. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Scott W. Plunkett, Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8255. E-mail: [email protected] Updated 08/14/2013 A maximum of 50 characters Authors’ names should appear in order of their contribution to the manuscript. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 2 Abstract The abstract provides a brief, comprehensive summary of the paper. Abstracts should be between 150 and 250 words; although this requirement varies depending on the source (e.g., journal). For a research study, the abstract should generally summarize the introduction, hypotheses, methods,
results, and discussion. Otherwise, the abstract should highlight the major ideas of the paper. For example, this paper is designed to enlighten people how to use APA formatting through a somewhat silly example. Important considerations such as formatting, headings, citations within the text, and references are addressed (not undressed). Keywords: APA, citing, formatting, 6th edition, referencing APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 3 How to Do That Annoying APA Format Stuff: A Brief Overview of the 6th Edition This document is an overview of how to do an APA formatted paper as outlined in the Sixth Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). My hope is that this document will help you in your academic and professional endeavors. I know learning APA styles seems like a hassle and can be scary (Dracula, Frankenstein, & Werewolf, 2006), but there are legitimate reasons the style was established (not just to cause you grief).
Following the style guidelines provides a consistent structure for papers from different authors across many disciplines. This is especially important for editors and readers. Plus, your grade may depend upon your ability to follow these guidelines. Whoa! I bet THAT got your attention! Overview of Headings There are five levels of heading recommended by APA. These are Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Level 4, and Level 5. All major headings (i.e., Level 1 Headings) are bold, centered, and title case. What is title case? Well, it means that each of the main words is capitalized (e.g., “Each of the Main Words is Capitalized”). Subsection Headings All subsection headings (i.e., Level 2 Headings) are left justified, bold, and title case. Notice there are no extra lines or spacing between headings and the preceding or following paragraphs. All text is double-spaced. Sub-sub headings. The sub-sub headings (i.e., Level 3 Headings) are (a) indented, (b)
bold, (c) sentence case (i.e., only the first letter of the sub-sub heading is capitalized), and (d) followed by a period. The text immediately follows sub-sub headings on the same line. By the way, these headings are actually not called “sub-sub headings”; I just like saying sub-sub. I also like saying “bubbles.” APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 4 I didn’t really have anything to say in this paragraph, but I wanted to show that the next paragraph would be indented as usual. So, with that in mind, bubbles, bubbles, bubbles. Other Notes About Headings You should try to avoid having only one subsection. It is best to have at least two subsections in any section. Otherwise, there is little reason to use a subsection heading. This document assumes that your paper will only use three levels of headings. If you are using more levels of headings then refer to page 62 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
General Formatting Guidelines This section will give a few notes regarding some general formatting junk that you may want to know. Woo hoo! What a bonus! Margins and Fonts Margins and fonts. The top, bottom, left, and right margins should be one inch. Use 12- point font. You should use a conservative, serif font type (e.g., Times New Roman, Cambria). By the way, serif font means that each letter has a little ledge to stand on. Sans (i.e., without) serif fonts (e.g., Helvetica, Calibri, and Arial) should not be used (except in tables and figures) because they are more difficult to read and increase eyestrain (bummer!). Do not use script fonts because some are just annoying (e.g., Braggadocia) while others are hard to take serious (e.g., Comic Sans). Paragraphs and Spacing Paragraphs should be indented 5-7 spaces or 1/2 inch. Make sure your indent is consistent throughout the whole paper. The best way to do this is to use
the tab key on your computer. All ‘sub-sub’ (hey, I got to say it again) headings should be indented the same as other paragraphs. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 5 Citations and the Reference Section If a document you cite has only one or two authors, then cite it like so (Knowitall & Allknowing, 2002; Urkel, 1998). Notice that I used a semi-colon to separate the two different citations. Also, the citations are in alphabetical order by first author’s last name within the parentheses (i.e., “Knowitall & Allknowing” came before “Urkel”). If there are three to five authors, then cite all the authors and date (Letterman, Leno, O’Brian, & Plunkett, 2005). If you use the same source cite again that has three or more authors, just put the first author followed by “et al.” (e.g., Letterman et al., 2005). For six or more authors, use the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” the first time you use the citation (Picky et al., 2002) and throughout the document (Pickey et al., 2002). According to Knowitall and
Allknowing, if you cite the same source in the same paragraph, but the authors are not in the parentheses (such as in this sentence), then you do not have to give the year again. If there are two citations from the same author in the same sentence, then you can cite it as such (Spears, 2004, 2007). Here is a quirky situation. If you are citing two citations that have the same author and the same year, such as Gas (2001a) and Gas (2001b), then distinguish them by putting an “a” and “b” after the date. This way you will know which “Gas” I am referring to. No Date, Group Author, and No Authors and/or Date Although it can be sad when you have no date (boo hoo sob sob), there is a solution (yippee!). When citing a source with no date, then use ‘n.d.’ instead of the year (Lonely & Needy, n.d.). According to Bert and Ernie (2006), if you are citing a group or organization that authored a document, then spell out the group’s name each time. The only exception would be if (a) the group’s name is lengthy and unwieldy, or (b) the
abbreviation is easily understandable. If APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 6 citing this type of group/organization, then use the full name the first time followed by the abbreviation in brackets (e.g., Department of Air Quality [DAQ], 2003). The subsequent source cites would just use the abbreviation (DAQ, 2003). When citing a source that has no author or editor (e.g., a dictionary or encyclopedia), then just put the name of the book followed by the date. For example, plagiarism refers to copying somebody else’s work or ideas and trying to pass it off as your own (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 1993). How to Cite Quotations Here is how you cite an exact quote: “I am sorry, but I am never going to apologize” (Spears, 2007, p. 23). If the quote is more than 40 words, then you should (a) omit the quotation marks, (b) use a block quote on the next line, and (c) indent the block quote 1/2 inch. Here is a
quote from my webpage. Quality instruction combines a thorough knowledge of the content, a mature perspective, recitation, theatrics, humor, and teacher-student contact that is adapted to both the subject matter being presented and the unique personality of each class. The instructor has a responsibility to the students to provide an open, affirming, intellectually-invigorating environment which inspires and facilitates life-long learning. (Plunk’s Teaching Philosophy, n.d., para. 1) I also indicated the paragraph number instead of page number since it was an online article. Since the author was not stated, I just used the title of the page in place of the author. Please note that the paragraph symbol (¶) is no longer acceptable . Use the word “para.” instead of the symbol “¶.” APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 7 Internet Citations and Personal Interviews
If you are citing an entire Web site, it is satisfactory to give the address of the site just in the text and not in the references. For example, Plunk’s Home Page is a wealth of information (http://www.csun.edu/plunk). The reference list in the paper should only include full citations from references cited in the paper. One exception is a personal interview. If you interview someone, then you only need to cite the interview in the text and not in the reference section (I. B. Smart, personal communication, September 18, 2007). Overview of Other APA Junk Commas should be used between words in a series of three or more items. For example, use commas to separate the following spies: James Bond, Jason Bourne, Austin Powers, and Inspector Gadget (see Figure 1). Make sure to put a comma before the word “and” or the word “or’” when connecting three or more words/phrases. This is not APA, but I feel compelled to share my knowledge. Specifically, e.g. and i.e. are often confused. If you use e.g., then you are basically saying “for example” or “such as.”
However, i.e. means “that is.” So, let’s say that I am speaking about fruits (e.g., apples, oranges, lemons), then I would want to use e.g. (i.e., for example). If you are providing a list within a paragraph, then you should (a) use small letters, and (b) enclose the letters in parentheses. On the other hand, if you are providing a list that is in separate paragraphs, then: 1. Use Arabic numbers followed by a period. Notice in this example there are no parentheses. 2. Although I prefer a hanging indent, APA style has the succeeding lines flush left such as in this example. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 8 Last Comments If you have any questions, ask your professor (Bird, 2006; Snuffleupagus, 2006; Urkel, 1982). Remember, “The instructor has a responsibility to the students to provide an open, affirming, intellectually-invigorating environment which
inspires and facilitates learning” (Plunk’s Teaching Philosophy, n.d., para. 1). If you find an error on this page, let me know because all people make errors (S. W. Plunkett, personal communication, September 9, 2010). APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 9 References Note: Items appearing in red are just to help you figure out which type of citation is being demonstrated. The items in red should not be included in your reference sections. American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Electronic references made easy. Retrieved April 18, 2004, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html (online document created by a private organization with no date – notice that there is a retrieval date because this document is likely to change) Bert, I., & Ernie, U. (2006, March). An examination of same- sex, heterosexual male relationships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Sesame Street Society, Los Angeles, CA. (Unpublished paper presented at an annual meeting)
Bird, B. (2006). Towering over the world and loving it: An autobiographical case study. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Sesame Street, Burbank, CA. (dissertation not abstracted in DAI –Note: A thesis would be the same except say “master’s thesis”) Department of Air Quality. (2003). How to live a happy and healthy life: Free of gas at last (DAQ Publication No. 51-0091). Washington DC: Author. (government report published by the same government agency) Dracula, C., Frankenstein, C., & Werewolf, I. M. (2006, March). An examination of misrepresented figures in history: Persecution instead of love. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Monsters and Clowns Society, Los Angeles, CA. (Poster session presented at meeting) Gas, P. U. (2001a). Can you say stinky? In P. U. Skunkett & P. U. Skunk (Eds.), Famous people leaving lasting impression (pp. 26-47). Gasfield, IL: LePew Press. (edited book chapter – the reason the “a” is in the date is because there are two citations
by Gas, P. U. in the same year. The “a” and “b” distinguish them from each other in the text of the paper) Gas, P. U. (2001b). Garlic, rotten eggs, and dung. The history of the scientific study of smells. Retrieved from http://pu_skunk.com/smellyworld/stinky.pdf (online document with author – notice the retrieval date is not included because this is a final version of the document) APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 10 Knowitall, I., & Allknowing, I. M. (2002, January 5). Answers to everything you ever wanted to know. Omniscient Magazine, 21(1), 22–29. (magazine) Letterman, D., Leno, J., O’Brian, C., & Plunkett, S. W. (1982). How I handle all those people who want my autograph: It is a curse. The Journal of Notable People, 1(2), 75–84. doi:10.99/s99999-999-9999-9 (journal article with multiple authors – notice there is a digital object identifier [DOI] listed. If an article does not have a DOI, then no DOI will be listed) Lonely, I. M., & Needy, I. M. (n.d.). Dating guide for the busy tech professional. Silicon Valley,
CA: Pathetic Geek Press. (brochure with two authors and no date) Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. (book, no author or editor) Picky, I. M., Anal, I. B., Ucheat, I. C., Losepoints, U., Cry, U., Giveup, U., … Kwitter, U. R. (2002). The anal-retentive professor. Prague, Czech Republic: Freud Press. (book with more than 7 authors – only the first six and the last author are listed with … in between) Plunk’s teaching philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2003, from http://www.csun.edu/plunk/teach.html (online article with no author or date. Because it is not a final version of the document, the retrieval date is included) Plunkett, S. W. (1982). The cool dude manuscript. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Coolness, The Players University, Enid, OK. (unpublished manuscript at a university) Spears, B. J. (2000, December). Loss of innocence, underwear, and hair: A first person account. Psychology Yesterday, 20–25. (monthly periodical with no
volume number) Spears, B. J. (2007). The Plunk is a madman: Writings of a scorned woman. Berkeley, CA: Jilted Women's Press. Retrieved from http://mensuckbigtime.org/index.asp (electronic version of book) Snuffleupagus, A. (2006). Coming out of my life as an invisible woolly mammoth: An autobiographical case study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section Z. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 11 Parapsychology, 75(2), 418. (dissertation abstracted in DAI – Note: 75 is the volume number, 2 is the issue number, and 418 is the page number) Urkel, S. Q. (1998). Fashion faux pas: Dressing for success in a sea of polyester. The Journal of Research Nerds, 5(3), 122–123. doi:10.9999/s99999-999-9999-9 (journal article with one author)
APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 12 Table 1 Summary of Multiple Regression Analyses Examining Factors Related to Reproductive Abilities of Famous Cartoon Animals (N = 100 raters) Animals Pepé Le Pew Foghorn Leghorn Brian (Family Guy) Winnie the Pooh Motivation .43** .04 .45** .00 Sexiness .23** .00 .02 .00 Accent .22** .00 .00 .00 Cleverness .08* .10* .42** .01 Total R2 .55 .05 .48 .00 F value 123.09** 2.10* 94.70** .21 Note. Standardized beta coefficients are shown. No animals were harmed in this study. *p < .05. **p < .01. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 13
Figure 1. Ratings of spies from 1 (low) to 10 (high). 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 James Bond Jason Bourne Austin Powers Inspector Gadget Coolness Hotness Style Toughness
Cleverness 1 Project II Guidelines Florida Endangered Species Introduction This project is about elaborating a complete Profile of ONE endangered species of your choosing. In the Florida List species are cited as either endangered or threatened. Based on the information that you gather you will Asess and Classify your species using the IUCN categories explained in the document provided (Pages 14- 15) or IUCN website (www.iucn.org ). This is a more detailed and international system than the one used for the list. Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), species can be listed as either
endangered or threatened, but the IUCN provides a more accurate approach to classifying the status of a species. Structure The structure is going to be as follows. You should also use subheadings under Methods and must be used to break down the Results. Introduction Objectives Mention what you are going to do. Material and Methods How the work was done. Results (Profile) Include graphs, maps, tables, pictures and descriptions. References http://www.iucn.org/
2 Details of Structure Introduction Introduction is sometimes called the State of the Art chapter, so please use two or three parragraphs to introduce your topic, in this case your species, why it is endangered, it´s taxonomic position, it´s a Bird, a Mammal, a Plant, etc… It´s importance beyond the fact that it´s a key species, if it is the case, like economic importance. Objectives Mention what you are going to do. You are going to make a Profile as complete as possible, on a local (statewide preferably) species giving preference to updated information about it printed or online, and then you will make an assessment of such species using the IUCN categories available at the IUCN website.
Material and Method It means Procedures. How the work was done, when and where. This is a home- based Project, or Library based, for which several websites as well as printed papers and books are consulted. It was done during the Spring Semester for the Bio 2010 class, at the MDC Kendall Campus. Results (Profile) (Must have the following components): Distribution: Inside and outside the US. Please include maps! Distribution and Abundance are Critical topics in order to declare a Species as Endangered. Abundance: How many individuals are usually found on natural populations. Make an emphasis on the genetics implications of Endangerement, decrease of diversity leading to diseases, etc. Biometry: Measurements available on the web, papers or books you review. You
are encouraged to make charts out of those measurements. Morphology: Description of the species including pictures. Emphasize remarkable aspects! Comments or Remarks: Data on economic importance or other. 3 Assessment: According to IUCN categories, but proposed by you as a Team or Individual. It doesn´t have to be accurate, but please justify your decision. References Don´t forget we must cite the sources that you used for elaborating the Profile or making the assessment. General Paper must be at least 6 full pages to a maximum of 12 pages that is written on Arial, Size 12, double- spaced and in APA format but without an Abstract. All research material is to be included and properly cited when the paper is turned
in for the rough draft evaluation (If you send it in advance!) and the final. Documents, the Word Report and the PP presentation are to be turned in as e-documents not HARD COPIES, let´s try to go paperless as much as we can. The oral presentation of the paper is 5 min in length, with at least 6 to 12 slides and each student is to be fully prepared on the subject to give his/her presentation. Teams will be called at random. All students must attend all the presentations to receive full credit for his/her presentation. Is also about sharing knowledge! IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA
Version 3.1 Second edition Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission As approved by the 51st meeting of the IUCN Council Gland, Switzerland 9 February 2000 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2012 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Red List logo: © 2008 Copyright: © 2001, 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources First published 2001 Second edition 2012
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial uses is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1435-6 Cover design: Chadi Abi Faraj, IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation Cover illustration: The Diversity of Life by Federico Gemma Layout by: Chadi Abi Faraj Printed by: Colchester Print Group Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/publications The text of this book is printed on 115 gsm 50-50 recycled silk paper made from wood fibre from well-
managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). iii Preface The first edition of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 was published in 2001, after its formal adoption by the IUCN Council in February 2000. Since then it has been used as the standard for global Red List assessments published on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. It is also used alongside the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (IUCN 2003, 2012), by many countries around the world as a standard system for national Red List assessments. Over the last decade, the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria have been used to assess an increasingly more diverse range of taxa occurring in a wide variety of habitats. In addition, ongoing technological advances continue to provide more scope for improving data analysis. Therefore it is necessary for the IUCN Red List to adapt to maintain and further develop its usefulness as a conservation tool. However, it is also essential that the central rules for assessing extinction risk for the IUCN Red List remain stable to be able to compare changes in Red List status over time.
This second edition of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 retains the same assessment system presented in the 2001 publication. To allow for occasional changes in documentation requirements for assessments, information that was previously outlined in Annex 3 has been moved to a separate reference document: Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List Assessments and Species Accounts. To ensure full understanding of IUCN Red List assessments, it is very important to refer to all of the following documents: IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1(1) (IUCN 2001 and later editions) The latest version of the (2) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (available from www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf; check the IUCN Red List website for regular updates of this document) The latest version of the (3) Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List Assessments and Species Accounts (available from www. iucnredlist.org/documents/RL_Standards_Consistency.pdf; check the IUCN Red List website for regular updates of this document) For national and regional level assessments using the IUCN Red
List Categories and Criteria, the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0 (IUCN 2012 and later versions) must also be used. All of the above documents are freely available to download from the IUCN Red List website (www.iucnredlist.org). Note that documents (2) and (3) above are regularly updated, therefore it is important to check the website for the current versions. iv Acknowledgements IUCN gratefully acknowledges the dedication and efforts of the Red List Criteria Review Working Group (CRWG) in attending numerous workshops to discuss and debate the merits and demerits of the Red List Criteria. The members of the CRWG were: Resit Akçakaya, Jonathan Baillie, William Bond, Nigel Collar, Ulf Gärdenfors, Kevin Gaston, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Elodie Hudson, Bob Irvin, David Keith, Russell Lande, Charlotte Lusty, Nigel Leader-Williams, Georgina Mace, Michael Maunder, Larry Master, E.J. Milner- Gulland, Sanjay Molur, Howard Powles, André Punt, Jon Paul Rodríguez, Mary Seddon, Alison Stattersfield, Simon Stuart, John Wang, and Tetsukazu
Yahara. Particular thanks must go to Dr Georgina Mace, who chaired the CRWG and who ably steered an extremely complex process through to a successful conclusion. The review process culminated in the adoption of this revised set of Red List Categories and Criteria by the IUCN Council. The work of the CRWG and the hosting of the review workshops were made possible through generous financial support from the Canadian Wildlife Service; Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development, Germany (BMZ); Global Guardian Trust; New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia; New South Wales Scientific Committee, Australia; Ministry of the Environment, Finland; Ministry of the Environment, Sweden; Swedish Species Information Centre; and WWF Sweden. The review process was co-ordinated by the IUCN Red List Programme Officer funded by the UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA); the Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International; and WWF UK. IUCN is indebted to the hundreds of scientists who participated in the criteria review workshops or who submitted comments and suggestions during the review process. This combined input has resulted in a far more robust, user friendly and widely applicable system. As a result of the review process, several new topics have become the focus of active
research and publication in the academic community. As a greater clarity emerges on tricky and unresolved issues, these will be addressed in a comprehensive set of user guidelines. The intention is to keep this revised system stable to enable genuine changes in the status of species to be detected rather than to have such changes obscured by the constant medication of the criteria. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 are available in booklet form in the following language versions: English, French and Spanish from the IUCN Publications Services (www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/). They are also available to download from the IUCN Red List website in English, French and Spanish, at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- documents/categories-and-criteria. 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The general aim of the system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk. However, while the
Red List may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk, it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection. Extensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms. However, it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency, the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species. Hence, in certain individual cases, the risk of extinction may be under- or over- estimated. 2. Before 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists had been in place, with some modification, for almost 30 years. Although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized (Fitter and Fitter 1987), the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Steering Committee to develop a more objective approach. The IUCN Council adopted the new Red List system in 1994. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria have several specific aims: to provide a system that can be applied consistently by different people; �
to improve objectivity by providing users with clear guidance on how to evaluate � different factors which affect the risk of extinction; to provide a system which will facilitate comparisons across widely different taxa; � to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how � individual species were classified. 3. Since their adoption by IUCN Council in 1994, the IUCN Red List Categories have become widely recognized internationally, and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by IUCN, as well as by numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations. Such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements, and SSC was mandated by the 1996 World Conservation Congress (WCC Res. 1.4) to conduct a review of the system (IUCN 1996). This document presents the revisions accepted by the IUCN Council. The proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting, consultation and validation. The production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion, especially as each draft has been used for classifying some 2
set of species for conservation purposes. To clarify matters, and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary, a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows: Version 1.0: Mace and Lande (1991) The first paper discussing a new basis for the categories, and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates. Version 2.0: Mace et al. (1992) A major revision of Version 1.0, including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non-threatened categories. Version 2.1: IUCN (1993) Following an extensive consultation process within SSC, a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria, and fuller explanation of basic principles was included. A more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non- threatened categories Version 2.2: Mace and Stuart (1994) Following further comments received and additional validation exercises, some minor changes to the criteria were made. In addition, the Susceptible category present in Versions 2.0 and 2.1 was subsumed into the
Vulnerable category. A precautionary application of the system was emphasised. Version 2.3: IUCN (1994) IUCN Council adopted this version, which incorporated changes as a result of comments from IUCN members, in December 1994. The initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details, such as date of publication and ISBN number, but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999. This version was used for the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (Baillie and Groombridge 1996), The World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998) and the 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Hilton-Taylor 2000). Version 3.0: IUCN/SSC Criteria Review Working Group (1999) Following comments received, a series of workshops were convened to look at the IUCN Red List Criteria following which, changes were proposed affecting the criteria, the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty. Version 3.1: IUCN (2001) The IUCN Council adopted this latest version, which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the IUCN and SSC memberships and from a final
meeting of the Criteria Review Working Group, in February 2000. All new assessments from January 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number. 3 4. In the rest of this document, the proposed system is outlined in several sections. Section II, the Preamble, presents basic information about the context and structure of the system, and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species. Section III provides definitions of key terms used. Section IV presents the categories, while Section V details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories. Annex 1 provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria; Annex 2 suggests a standard format for citing the Red List Categories and Criteria; and Annex 3 refers to the required and recommended supporting information for taxa to be included on IUCN’s global Red List and where to find further guidance on these. It is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed.
4 II. PREAMBLE The information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered, etc.), criteria (A to E), and subcriteria (1, 2, etc.; a, b, etc.; i, ii, etc.). 1. Taxonomic level and scope of the categorization process The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or below the species level. In the following information, definitions and criteria the term ‘taxon’ is used for convenience, and may represent species or lower taxonomic levels, including forms that are not yet formally described. There is sufficient range among the different criteria to enable the appropriate listing of taxa from the complete taxonomic spectrum, with the exception of micro-organisms. The criteria may also be applied within any specified geographical or political area, although in such cases special notice should be taken of point 14. In presenting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic unit and area under consideration should be specified in accordance with the documentation guidelines (see Annex 3). The categorization process should only be applied to wild populations inside their natural range, and to populations resulting from benign introductions. The latter are defined in the IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions
(IUCN 1998) as ‘...an attempt to establish a species, for the purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, but within an appropriate habitat and eco- geographical area. This is a feasible conservation tool only when there is no remaining area left within a species’ historic range’. 2. Nature of the categories Extinction is a chance process. Thus, a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time-frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one (without effective conservation action). However, the persistence of some taxa in high-risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate. All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are described as ‘threatened’. The threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see Figure 1). 3. Role of the different criteria For listing as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies
a taxon for listing at that 5 level of threat. Each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria. Even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa (some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come), there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon. The relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met, not whether all are appropriate or all are met. Because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon, each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria, and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed. 4. Derivation of quantitative criteria The different criteria (A-E) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit. The quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation, and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels, even if no formal justification for these values exists. The levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but
against a common standard. Broad consistency between them was sought. Figure 1. Structure of the categories 6 5. Conservation actions in the listing process The criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. It is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened. Conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements (see Annex 3). 6. Data quality and the importance of inference and projection The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, the absence of high-quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future (including their rate of change), or of factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so long as these can reasonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past,
present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation. Taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences (catastrophes) should be identified by the criteria (e.g. small distributions, few locations). Some threats need to be identified particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because their effects are irreversible or nearly so (e.g. pathogens, invasive organisms, hybridization). 7. Problems of scale Classification based on the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by problems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which the distributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the smaller the area will be that they are found to occupy, and the less likely it will be that range estimates (at least for ‘area of occupancy’: see Definitions, point 10) exceed the thresholds specified in the criteria. Mapping at finer scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is unrecorded. Conversely, coarse-scale mapping reveals fewer unoccupied areas, resulting in range estimates that are more likely to exceed the thresholds for the threatened categories. The choice of scale at which range is estimated may thus, itself, influence the outcome of Red List assessments and could be a source of inconsistency and
bias. It is impossible to provide any strict but general rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appropriate scale will depend on the taxon in question, and the origin and comprehensiveness of the distribution data. 7 8. Uncertainty The data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty. Such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors: natural variation, vagueness in the terms and definitions used, and measurement error. The way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation. Details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in Annex 1, and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles. In general, when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments, the range of possible outcomes should be specified. A single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented; it should be both precautionary and credible. When data are very uncertain, the category of ‘Data Deficient’ may be assigned.
However, in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category. It is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and/or other causal factors; therefore the liberal use of ‘Data Deficient’ is discouraged. 9. Implications of listing Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made, though for different reasons. Until such time as an assessment is made, taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non-threatened. It may be appropriate (especially for Data Deficient forms) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed. 10. Documentation All assessments should be documented. Threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met. No assessment can be accepted for the IUCN Red List as valid unless at least one criterion is given. If more than one criterion or subcriterion is met, then each should be listed. If a re- evaluation indicates that the
documented criterion is no longer met, this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat (downlisting). Instead, the taxon should be re-evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status. The factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria, especially where inference and projection are used, should be documented (see Annexes 2 and 3). The documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in Annex 3. 8 11. Threats and priorities The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action. The category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances, whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs, logistics, chances of success, and other biological characteristics of the subject. 12. Re-evaluation Re-evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals. This is especially important for taxa listed under Near Threatened, Data Deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be
deteriorating. 13. Transfer between categories The following rules govern the movement of taxa between categories: A. A taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more. B. If the original classification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether, without delay (but see Point 10 above). C. Transfer from categories of lower to higher risk should be made without delay. 14. Use at regional level The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were designed for global taxon assessments. However, many people are interested in applying them to subsets of global data, especially at regional, national or local levels. To do this it is important to refer to guidelines prepared by the IUCN/SSC Regional Applications Working Group and the National Red List Working Group of the IUCN SSC Red List Committee (e.g. Gärdenfors et al. 2001; IUCN 2003, 2012). When applied at national or regional levels
it must be recognized that a global category may not be the same as a national or regional category for a particular taxon. For example, taxa classified as Least Concern globally might be Critically Endangered within a particular region where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only because they are at the margins of their global range. Conversely, taxa classified as Vulnerable on the basis of their global declines in numbers or range might be Least Concern within a particular region where their populations are stable. It is also important to note that taxa endemic to regions or nations will be assessed globally in any regional or national applications of the criteria, and in these cases great care must be taken to check that an assessment has not 9 already been undertaken by a Red List Authority (RLA), and that the categorization is agreed with the relevant RLA (e.g. an SSC Specialist Group known to cover the taxon). 10 III. DEFINITIONS 1. Population and Population Size (Criteria A, C and D)
The term ‘population’ is used in a specific sense in the Red List Criteria that is different to its common biological usage. Population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily owing to differences between life forms, population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only. In the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used. 2. Subpopulations (Criteria B and C) Subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange (typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less). 3. Mature individuals (Criteria A, B, C and D) The number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity, the following points should be borne in mind: Mature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted (e.g. � densities are too low for fertilization). In the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios, it is appropriate � to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals,
which take this into account. Where the population size fluctuates, use a lower estimate. In most cases this will � be much less than the mean. Reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals, except where � such units are unable to survive alone (e.g. corals). In the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some � point in their life cycle, the estimate should be made at the appropriate time, when mature individuals are available for breeding. Re-introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are � counted as mature individuals. 11 4. Generation (Criteria A, C and E) Generation length is the average age of parents of the current cohort (i.e. newborn individuals in the population). Generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. Generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual, except in taxa that breed only once. Where generation length varies under threat,
the more natural, i.e. pre- disturbance, generation length should be used. 5. Reduction (Criterion A) A reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount (%) stated under the criterion over the time period (years) specified, although the decline need not be continuing. A reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this. The downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction. 6. Continuing decline (Criteria B and C) A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected future decline (which may be smooth, irregular or sporadic) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken. Fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines, but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this. 7. Extreme fluctuations (Criteria B and C) Extreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i.e. a tenfold increase or decrease). 8. Severely fragmented (Criterion B)
The phrase ‘severely fragmented’ refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations (in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information). These small subpopulations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of recolonization. 9. Extent of occurrence (Criteria A and B) Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy (see Figure 2). This 12 measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa (e.g. large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat) (but see ‘area of occupancy’, point 10 below). Extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence). Figure 2. Two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy.
(A) is the spatial distribution of known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence. (B) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence, which is the measured area within this boundary. (C) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares. 10. Area of occupancy (Criteria A, B and D) Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its ‘extent of occurrence’ (see point 9 above) which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats. In some cases (e.g. irreplaceable colonial nesting sites, crucial feeding sites for migratory taxa) the area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations of a taxon. The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon, the nature of threats and the available data (see point 7 in the Preamble). To avoid inconsistencies and 13 bias in assessments caused by estimating area of occupancy at
different scales, it may be necessary to standardize estimates by applying a scale- correction factor. It is difficult to give strict guidance on how standardization should be done because different types of taxa have different scale-area relationships. 11. Location (Criteria B and D) The term ‘location’ defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present. The size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations. Where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event, location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat. 12. Quantitative analysis (Criterion E) A quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history, habitat requirements, threats and any specified management options. Population viability analysis (PVA) is one such technique. Quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data. In a situation in which there is limited information, such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk (for instance, estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat). In presenting the results of quantitative analyses, the assumptions
(which must be appropriate and defensible), the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented. 14 IV. THE CATEGORIES1 A representation of the relationships between the categories is shown in Figure 1. EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame
appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. 1 Note: As in previous IUCN categories, the abbreviation of each category (in parenthesis) follows the English denominations when translated into other languages (see Annex 2). 15 VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a
threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. 16 V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 17 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and estimate indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b): 18 a. Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals, OR (ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: (a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 19 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the
time period must include both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 20 (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2,500 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):
a. Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals, OR (ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat 21 (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥30% projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or three generation period,
whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km2, and estimates indicating
at least two of a-c: 22 a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):
a. Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals, OR (ii) all mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following: 1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1,000 mature individuals. 2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. 23 Annex 1: Uncertainty
The Red List Criteria should be applied to a taxon based on the available evidence concerning its numbers, trend and distribution. In cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for example, deterioration of its only known habitat, a threatened listing may be justified, even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself. In all these instances there are uncertainties associated with the available information and how it was obtained. These uncertainties may be categorized as natural variability, semantic uncertainty and measurement error (Akçakaya et al. 2000). This section provides guidance on how to recognize and deal with these uncertainties when using the criteria. More information is available in the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (downloadable from www.iucnredlist.org/documents/ RedListGuidelines.pdf; check the IUCN Red List website for regular updates of this document). Natural variability results from the fact that species’ life histories and the environments in which they live change over time and space. The effect of this variation on the criteria is limited, because each parameter refers to a specific time or spatial scale. Semantic uncertainty arises from vagueness in the definition of terms or lack of consistency in different assessors’ usage of them. Despite attempts to make the definitions of the terms used in the criteria exact, in some cases this is not possible without the loss of
generality. Measurement error is often the largest source of uncertainty; it arises from the lack of precise information about the parameters used in the criteria. This may be due to inaccuracies in estimating the values or a lack of knowledge. Measurement error may be reduced or eliminated by acquiring additional data. For further details, see Akçakaya et al. (2000) and Burgman et al. (1999). One of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values. The best estimate itself might be a range, but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values. When data are very uncertain, the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values. There are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range. It may be based on confidence intervals, the opinion of a single expert, or the consensus opinion of a group of experts. Whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation. When interpreting and using uncertain data, attitudes toward risk and uncertainty may play an important role. Attitudes have two components. First, assessors need to consider whether they will include the full range of plausible values in assessments, or whether they will exclude extreme values from consideration (known as dispute tolerance). An assessor with a low dispute tolerance would include all values, thereby increasing the uncertainty,
whereas an assessor with a high dispute tolerance would exclude extremes, reducing the uncertainty. Second, assessors need to consider whether they have a precautionary or evidentiary attitude to risk (known as risk tolerance). A precautionary attitude will classify 24 a taxon as threatened unless it is certain that it is not threatened, whereas an evidentiary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened only when there is strong evidence to support a threatened classification. Assessors should resist an evidentiary attitude and adopt a precautionary but realistic attitude to uncertainty when applying the criteria, for example, by using plausible lower bounds, rather than best estimates, in determining population size, especially if it is fluctuating. All attitudes should be explicitly documented. An assessment using a point estimate (i.e. single numerical value) will lead to a single Red List Category. However, when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria, a range of categories may be obtained, reflecting the uncertainties in the data. A single category, based on a specific attitude to uncertainty, should always be listed along with the criteria met, while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation (see Annex 3).
Where data are so uncertain that any category is plausible, the category of ‘Data Deficient’ should be assigned. However, it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened. Although Data Deficient is not a threatened category, it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing; moreover, it requires documentation with whatever available information exists. 25 Annex 2: Citation of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria In order to promote the use of a standard format for citing the Red List Categories and Criteria the following forms of citation are recommended: 1. The Red List Category may be written out in full or abbreviated as follows (when translated into other languages, the abbreviations should follow the English denominations): Extinct, EX Near Threatened, NT Extinct in the Wild, EW Least Concern, LC Critically Endangered, CR Data Deficient, DD
Endangered, EN Not Evaluated, NE Vulnerable, VU 2. Under Section V (the criteria for Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria. These criteria and subcriteria (all three levels) form an integral part of the Red List assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category. Under the criteria A to C, and D under Vulnerable, the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers (1-4) and if more than one is met, they are separated by means of the ‘+’ symbol. The second level is indicated by the use of the lower-case alphabet characters (a- e). These are listed without any punctuation. A third level of the hierarchy under criteria B and C involves the use of lower case roman numerals (i-v). These are placed in parentheses (with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed. Where more than one criterion is met, they should be separated by semicolons. The following are examples of such usage: EX CR D EN B1ac(i,ii,iii) VU C2a(ii)
CR A2c+3c; B1ab(iii) EN B2b(iii)c(ii) EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN A1c; B1ab(iii); C2a(i) VU A2c+3c EN B1ab(i)c(ii,v)+2ab(i)c(ii,v) CR C1+2a(ii) CR A1cd VU D1+2 EN A2c; D VU D2 EN A2abc+3bc+4abc; B1b(iii,iv,v)c(ii,iii,iv)+2b(iii,iv,v)c(ii,iii,iv) 26 Annex 3: Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments All assessments published on the IUCN Red List are freely available for public use. To ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow Red List assessment data to be analysed, thus making the IUCN Red List a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions, a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. The reference document Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN
Red List Assessments and Species Accounts is available to download from the Red List website (www.iucnredlist.org) and provides guidance on the following: Required supporting information for all IUCN Red List assessments. � Required supporting information under specific conditions (e.g. taxa assessed � under specific Red List Categories or Criteria, plant assessments, reassessed taxa, etc.). Recommended supporting information, if sufficient time and data are available. � Tools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the IUCN Red List, � including the IUCN Species Information Service (SIS) and RAMAS® Red List (Akçakaya and Ferson 2001). General formatting and style guidelines for documenting IUCN Red List � assessments. Note that the Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List Assessments and Species Accounts will be updated on a regular basis. Users should check the IUCN Red List website for the most current version of this reference document.
27 Annex 4: Summary of the IUCN Red List Criteria See pages 28-29 for a summary of the five criteria (A-E) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an IUCN Red List threatened category (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable). 28 SU M M A R Y O F TH E FI V E C R
IT ER IA ( A -E ) U SE D T O E VA LU A TE I F A T A X O
N B EL O N G S IN A N I U C N R ED L IS T TH R EA TE N
ED C A TE G O R Y (C R IT IC A LL Y E N D A N G ER ED , E
N D A N G ER ED O R V U LN ER A B LE ).1 A N D a t le as
t o n e o f C 1 o r C 2 C 2. A n o b se rv ed , e st im at
ed , p ro je ct ed o r i n fe rr ed c o n ti n u in g d ec lin
e A N D a t le as t 1 o f t h e fo llo w in g 3 c o n d
it io n s: N u m b er o f m at u re in d iv id u al s C 1.
A n o b se rv ed , e st im at ed o r p ro je ct ed c o n ti n u
in g d ec lin e o f a t le as t (u p to a m ax . o f 1 00 y ea rs
in fu tu re ): (i ) N u m b er o f m at u re in d iv id u al s
in e ac h s u b p o p u la ti o n (a ) (i i) % o f m at u
re in d iv id u al s in o n e su b p o p u la ti o n = (b
) E xt re m e �u ct u at io n s in t h e n u m b er o f m at
u re in d iv id u al s C . S m al l p o p u la ti o n s iz e
an d d ec lin e < 2 50 25 % in 3 y ea rs o r 1 g en er at
io n (w h ic h ev er is lo n g er ) ≤ 5 0 90 –1 00 % < 2 ,5
00 20 % in 5 y ea rs o r 2 g en er at io n s (w h ic h ev er
is lo n g er ) ≤ 2 50 95 –1 00 % < 1 0, 00 0 10 % in 1 0
ye ar s o r 3 g en er at io n s (w h ic h ev er is lo n g er
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  • 1. FLORIDA’S ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES Updated January 2016 FLORIDA FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION COMMISSION Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 1 CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................... ....................................... 2 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF SPECIES ................................................................................. 4 OFFICIAL LISTS ............................................................................................... .......................... 5 VERTEBRATES
  • 2. ............................................................................................... ........................ 5 FISH ............................................................................................... ........................................ 5 AMPHIBIANS......................................................................... .............................................. 5 REPTILES ............................................................................................... .............................. 5 BIRDS ............................................................................................... ..................................... 6 MAMMALS............................................................................ ............................................... 7 INVERTEBRATES ............................................................................................... ................... 8 CORALS ............................................................................................... ................................. 8 CRUSTACEANS..................................................................... .............................................. 9 INSECTS ............................................................................................... ................................ 9 MOLLUSKS ............................................................................................... ........................... 9 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS .................................................................. 10 SPECIES ADDED, REVISED, OR REMOVED SINCE 2010 ............................................... 11
  • 3. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 2 PREFACE This document consolidates the official State of Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List of wildlife. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) maintains the state list of animals designated as Federally- designated Endangered or Threatened, State-designated Threatened, or State-designated Species of Special Concern, in accordance with Rules 68A-27.003, and 68A-27.005, respectively, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.), https://www.flrules.org/Default.asp. On November 8, 2010 new Threatened species rules approved by the Commission went into effect (https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=68 A-27). The list of wildlife contained herein reflect the changes to the rules. All Federally listed species that occur in Florida are now included on Florida’s list as Federally- designated Endangered or Federally- designated Threatened species. In addition, the State has a listing process to identify species that are not Federally listed but at risk of extinction. These species will be called State-designated
  • 4. Threatened. All State-designated species and have recently undergone biological status reviews that were presented at the June 2011 Commission meeting and approved. Based on the status reviews and other information, staff recommended that 40 of the 61 species evaluated be included on Florida's Threatened list in addition to the three species (gopher tortoise, Miami blue butterfly and Panama City crayfish) that were reviewed in the past decade. Staff recommended that 16 species be removed from the existing list. Three of these were classified as State- designated Threatened species at the time, and 13 are still classified as State Species of Special Concern. These listing status changes will not occur until species action plans and a comprehensive Imperiled Species Management plan are approved for all of the 60 species evaluated that do not have recent management plans completed. FWC will continue to maintain a separate Species of Special Concern category until all the species have been reviewed and those species are either designated as State-designated Threatened, or given a management plan and removed from the list. The State lists of plants, which are designated Endangered, Threatened, and Commercially Exploited, are administered and maintained by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (DOACS) via Chapter 5B- 40, F.A.C. This list of plants can be obtained at http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions- Offices/Florida-Forest-Service/Our-
  • 5. Forests/Forest-Health/Florida-Statewide-Endangered-and- Threatened-Plant-Conservation- Program/Florida-s-Federally-Listed-Plant-Species. The Federal agencies that share the authority to list species as Endangered and Threatened are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA-NMFS) and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The NOAA-NMFS is responsible for listing most marine species. The Federal list of animals and plants is administered by the USFWS, and this list is published in 50 CFR 17 (animals) and 50 CFR 23 (plants). Additional information regarding Federal listings can be located at the following websites; NOAA-NMFS - http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/listed.htm and USFWS - http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/reports/ad-hoc- species- report?kingdom=V&kingdom=I&status=E&status=T&status=Em E&status=EmT&status=EXPE &status=EXPN&status=SAE&status=SAT&mapstatus=3&fcritha b=on&fstatus=on&fspecrule=o n&finvpop=on&fgroup=on&header=Listed+Animals. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 3 they appear in the Florida Administrative Code, Title 68A. Common and/or scientific names following this and located within parentheses ( ) are names as used by USFWS, or other commonly used names.
  • 6. Bradley J. Gruver, Ph. D., SCP Section Leader Caly Coffey, Assistant Listed Species Coordinator Species Conservation Planning Section Division of Habitat and Species Conservation Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Cover Photos by FWC Staff: Key Largo Woodrat, Burrowing Owls, Okaloosa Darter, Schaus’ swallowtail butterfly, Short-tailed Snake. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 4 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF SPECIES Listed by the State of Florida as Federally-designated Endangered (FE), Federally-designated Threatened (FT), Federally-designated Threatened due to Similarity of Appearance [FT(S/A)], Federal Non-Essential Experimental Population (FXN), State- designated Threatened (ST), or State Species of Special Concern (SSC). STATUS DESIGNATION FISH
  • 7. AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS INVERTEBRATES TOTAL FE 3 1 4 8 23 12 51 FT 2 1 6 6 1 15 31 FT(S/A) 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 FXN 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ST 3 0 7 5 2 0 17 SSC 6 4 6 16 6 4 42 TOTAL 14 6 24 36 32 34 146 Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 5 FLORIDA’S ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES OFFICIAL LIST VERTEBRATES FISH Common Name Scientific Name Status Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus FE
  • 8. Blackmouth shiner Notropis melanostomus ST Bluenose shiner Pteronotropis welaka SSC Crystal darter Crystallaria asprella ST Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus [=oxyrhynchus] desotoi FT Harlequin darter Etheostoma histrio SSC Key silverside Menidia conchorum ST Lake Eustis pupfish Cyprinodon hubbsi SSC Okaloosa darter Etheostoma okalossae FT Rivulus Rivulus marmoratus SSC Saltmarsh topminnow Fundulus jenkinsi SSC Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum FE Smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinate FE Southern tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi maculaticeps SSC AMPHIBIANS Common Name Scientific Name Status Florida bog frog Lithobates okaloosae SSC Frosted flatwoods salamander Ambystoma cingulatum FT Georgia blind salamander Haideotriton wallacei SSC Gopher frog Lithobates capito SSC Pine barrens treefrog Hyla andersonii SSC Reticulated flatwoods salamander Ambystoma bishopi FE REPTILES Common Name Scientific Name Status Alligator snapping turtle Macrochelys temminckii SSC
  • 9. American alligator Alligator mississippiensis FT(S/A) American crocodile Crocodylus acutus FT Atlantic salt marsh snake Nerodia clarkii taeniata FT Barbour’s map turtle Graptemys barbouri SSC Bluetail mole skink Eumeces egregius lividus FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 6 Common Name Scientific Name Status Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi FT Florida brownsnake1 Storeria victa ST Florida Keys mole skink Eumeces egregius egregius SSC Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus SSC Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus ST Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas FE Hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata FE Kemp’s ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys kempii FE Key ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus acricus ST Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea FE Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta FT Peninsula ribbon snake1 Thamnophis sauritus sackenii ST Red rat snake1 Elaphe guttata SSC Rim rock crowned snake Tantilla oolitica ST Sand skink Neoseps reynoldsi FT Short-tailed snake Stilosoma extenuatum ST Striped mud turtle1 Kinosternon baurii ST Suwannee cooter Pseudemys suwanniensis SSC BIRDS
  • 10. Common Name Scientific Name Status American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus SSC Audubon’s crested caracara Polyborus plancus audubonii FT Bachman’s wood warbler Vermivora bachmanii FE Black skimmer Rynchops niger SSC Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis SSC Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia SSC Cape Sable seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis FE Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis FE Everglade snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus FE Florida grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum floridanus FE Florida sandhill crane Grus canadensis pratensis ST Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma coerulescens FT Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis FE Kirtland’s wood warbler (Kirtland’s warbler) Dendroica kirtlandii (Setophaga kirtlandii) FE Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 7 Common Name Scientific Name Status Least tern Sterna antillarum ST Limpkin Aramus guarauna SSC Little blue heron Egretta caerulea SSC Marian’s marsh wren Cistothorus palustris marianae SSC Osprey2 Pandion haliaetus SSC Piping plover Charadrius melodus FT Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis FE
  • 11. Reddish egret Egretta rufescens SSC Roseate spoonbill Platalea ajaja SSC Roseate tern Sterna dougallii dougallii FT Rufa red knot Calidris canutus rufa FT Scott’s seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae SSC Snowy egret Egretta thula SSC Snowy plover Charadrius nivosus (Charadrius alexandrinus) ST Southeastern American kestrel Falco sparverius paulus ST Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor SSC Wakulla seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus juncicola SSC White-crowned pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala ST Whooping crane Grus americana FXN White ibis Eudocimus albus SSC Worthington’s marsh wren Cistothorus palustris griseus SSC Wood stork Mycteria americana FT MAMMALS Common Name Scientific Name Status Anastasia Island beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus phasma FE Big Cypress fox squirrel Sciurus niger avicennia ST Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis FE Choctawhatchee beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus allophrys FE Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus SSC Everglades mink Neovison vison evergladensis ST Finback whale Balaenoptera physalus FE Florida bonneted (mastiff) bat Eumops [=glaucinus] floridanus FE Florida mouse Podomys floridanus SSC
  • 12. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 8 Common Name Scientific Name Status Florida panther Puma [=Felis] concolor coryi FE Florida salt marsh vole Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli FE Gray bat Myotis grisescens FE Gray wolf Canis lupus FE Homosassa shrew Sorex longirostris eonis SSC Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae FE Indiana bat Myotis sodalis FE Key deer Odocoileus virginianus clavium FE Key Largo cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola FE Key Largo woodrat Neotoma floridana smalli FE Lower Keys rabbit Sylvilagus palustris hefneri FE North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis FE Perdido Key beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis FE Red wolf Canis rufus FE Rice rat Oryzomys palustris natator FE1 Sanibel Island rice rat Oryzomys palustris sanibeli SSC Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis FE Sherman’s fox squirrel Sciurus niger shermani SSC Sherman’s short-tailed shrew Blarina [=carolinensis] shermani SSC Southeastern beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris FT Sperm whale Physeter catodon [=macrocephalus] FE St. Andrew beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis FE West Indian manatee (Florida manatee)
  • 13. Trichechus manatus (Trichechus manatus latirostris) FE INVERTEBRATES CORALS Common Name Scientific Name Status Boulder star coral Orbicella franksi FT Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata FT Lobed star coral Orbicella annularis FT Mountainous star coral Orbicella faveolata FT Pillar coral Dendrogyra cylindricus ST Rough cactus coral Mycetophyllia ferox FT Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 9 CRUSTACEANS Common Name Scientific Name Status Black Creek crayfish (Spotted royal crayfish) Procambarus pictus SSC Panama City crayfish Procambarus econfinae SSC Santa Fe Cave crayfish Procambarus erythrops SSC Squirrel Chimney Cave shrimp Palaemonetes cummingi FT
  • 14. INSECTS Common Name Scientific Name Status American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus FE Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak Strymon acisbartrami FE Cassius blue butterfly Leptotes cassius theonus FT(S/A) Ceraunus blue butterfly Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus FT(S/A) Miami blue butterfly Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri FE Nickerbean blue butterfly Cyclargus ammon FT(S/A) Schaus’ swallowtail butterfly Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus FE MOLLUSKS Common Name Scientific Name Status Chipola slabshell (mussel) Elliptio chiplolaensis FT Choctaw bean Villosa choctawensis FE Fat threeridge (mussel) Amblema neislerii FE Florida treesnail Liguus fasciatus SSC Fuzzy pigtoe Pleurobema strodeanum FT Gulf moccasinshell (mussel) Medionidus penicillatus FE Narrow pigtoe Fusconai escambia FT Ochlockonee moccasinshell (mussel) Medionidus simpsonianus FE Oval pigtoe (mussel) Pleurobema pyriforme FE Purple bankclimber (mussel) Elliptoideus sloatianus FT Round ebonyshell Fusconaia rotulata FE Shinyrayed pocketbook (mussel) Lampsilis subangulata FE
  • 15. Southern kidneyshell Ptychobranchus jonesi FE Southern sandshell Hamiota australis FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 10 Common Name Scientific Name Status Stock Island tree snail Orthalicus reses [not incl. nesodryas] FT Tapered pigtoe Fusconaia burki FT Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 10 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS List Abbreviations FWC = Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission FE = Federally-designated Endangered FT = Federally-designated Threatened FXN = Federally-designated Threatened Nonessential Experimental Population FT(S/A) = Federally-designated Threatened species due to similarity of appearance ST = State-designated Threatened SSC = State Species of Special Concern
  • 16. List Notations 1 Lower keys population only. 2 Monroe County population only. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 11 SPECIES ADDED, REVISED, OR REMOVED SINCE 2010 The Florida black bear was removed from Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List on August 23, 2012 after approval by the Commission at the June 2012 Commission meeting. A new Florida Black Bear Management Plan was also approved at this meeting. The Miami blue butterfly was emergency listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on August 10, 2011. On April 6, 2012, the Miami blue was officially listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Effective September 9, 2012 the FWC listed the Miami blue butterfly as Federally-designated Endangered on Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List. The Cassius blue butterfly, ceraunus blue butterfly, and nickerbean blue butterfly were
  • 17. emergency listed as Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance to the Miami blue by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on August 10, 2011. On April 6, 2012, these three species were officially listed as Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance to the Miami blue by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These three species were listed on Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List as Federally-designated Threatened by Similarity of Appearance to the Miami blue butterfly effective September 9, 2012, and as such only the following prohibitions apply to these three species: a. Incidental take, that is, take that results from, but is not a purpose of, carrying out an otherwise lawful activity will not apply to cassius blue butterfly, ceraunus blue butterfly, and nickerbean blue butterfly. b. Collection of the cassius blue butterfly, ceraunus blue butterfly, and nickerbean blue butterfly is prohibited in coastal counties south of Interstate 4 and extending to the boundaries of the State of Florida at the endpoints of Interstate 4 at Tampa and Daytona Beach. Specifically, such activities are prohibited in the following counties: Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Collier, De Soto, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lee, Manatee, Pinellas, Sarasota, St. Lucie, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, and Volusia The Okaloosa darter was reclassified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on effective May 2,
  • 18. 2011 from Endangered to Threatened. A special rule under Section 4d of the Endangered Species Act was also adopted that allows Eglin Air Force Base to continue activities with a reduced regulatory burden and will provide a net benefit to the Okaloosa darter. Several species of mussels were Federally listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on October 10, 2012. These species include the: round ebonyshell, southern kidneyshell, Choctaw bean (all Endangered), tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, southern sandshell, and fuzzy pigtoe (all Threatened). The Florida bonneted bat was Federally listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on October 2, 2013 after receiving a petition for emergency listing. The wood stork was reclassified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on June 30, 2014, from Endangered to Threatened. Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species List 12 The rufa red knot was Federally listed as Threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on January 12, 2015.
  • 19. Running head: APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 1 How to Do that Annoying APA Format Stuff: A Brief Overview of the 6th Edition Scott W. Plunkett California State University, Northridge Noh Wahnelse and I. M. N. Oyed University of Invisible Students Author Note Scott W. Plunkett, Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge. Noh Wahnelse, Department of Paranormal Experiences and Life Events, University of Invisible Students. I. M. N. Oyed, Department of Anger Management, University of Invisible Students.
  • 20. Special thanks to Bill White in the Management Department at Liberty University for suggestions to the content of this document. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Scott W. Plunkett, Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8255. E-mail: [email protected] Updated 08/14/2013 A maximum of 50 characters Authors’ names should appear in order of their contribution to the manuscript. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 2 Abstract The abstract provides a brief, comprehensive summary of the paper. Abstracts should be between 150 and 250 words; although this requirement varies depending on the source (e.g., journal). For a research study, the abstract should generally summarize the introduction, hypotheses, methods,
  • 21. results, and discussion. Otherwise, the abstract should highlight the major ideas of the paper. For example, this paper is designed to enlighten people how to use APA formatting through a somewhat silly example. Important considerations such as formatting, headings, citations within the text, and references are addressed (not undressed). Keywords: APA, citing, formatting, 6th edition, referencing APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 3 How to Do That Annoying APA Format Stuff: A Brief Overview of the 6th Edition This document is an overview of how to do an APA formatted paper as outlined in the Sixth Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). My hope is that this document will help you in your academic and professional endeavors. I know learning APA styles seems like a hassle and can be scary (Dracula, Frankenstein, & Werewolf, 2006), but there are legitimate reasons the style was established (not just to cause you grief).
  • 22. Following the style guidelines provides a consistent structure for papers from different authors across many disciplines. This is especially important for editors and readers. Plus, your grade may depend upon your ability to follow these guidelines. Whoa! I bet THAT got your attention! Overview of Headings There are five levels of heading recommended by APA. These are Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Level 4, and Level 5. All major headings (i.e., Level 1 Headings) are bold, centered, and title case. What is title case? Well, it means that each of the main words is capitalized (e.g., “Each of the Main Words is Capitalized”). Subsection Headings All subsection headings (i.e., Level 2 Headings) are left justified, bold, and title case. Notice there are no extra lines or spacing between headings and the preceding or following paragraphs. All text is double-spaced. Sub-sub headings. The sub-sub headings (i.e., Level 3 Headings) are (a) indented, (b)
  • 23. bold, (c) sentence case (i.e., only the first letter of the sub-sub heading is capitalized), and (d) followed by a period. The text immediately follows sub-sub headings on the same line. By the way, these headings are actually not called “sub-sub headings”; I just like saying sub-sub. I also like saying “bubbles.” APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 4 I didn’t really have anything to say in this paragraph, but I wanted to show that the next paragraph would be indented as usual. So, with that in mind, bubbles, bubbles, bubbles. Other Notes About Headings You should try to avoid having only one subsection. It is best to have at least two subsections in any section. Otherwise, there is little reason to use a subsection heading. This document assumes that your paper will only use three levels of headings. If you are using more levels of headings then refer to page 62 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
  • 24. General Formatting Guidelines This section will give a few notes regarding some general formatting junk that you may want to know. Woo hoo! What a bonus! Margins and Fonts Margins and fonts. The top, bottom, left, and right margins should be one inch. Use 12- point font. You should use a conservative, serif font type (e.g., Times New Roman, Cambria). By the way, serif font means that each letter has a little ledge to stand on. Sans (i.e., without) serif fonts (e.g., Helvetica, Calibri, and Arial) should not be used (except in tables and figures) because they are more difficult to read and increase eyestrain (bummer!). Do not use script fonts because some are just annoying (e.g., Braggadocia) while others are hard to take serious (e.g., Comic Sans). Paragraphs and Spacing Paragraphs should be indented 5-7 spaces or 1/2 inch. Make sure your indent is consistent throughout the whole paper. The best way to do this is to use
  • 25. the tab key on your computer. All ‘sub-sub’ (hey, I got to say it again) headings should be indented the same as other paragraphs. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 5 Citations and the Reference Section If a document you cite has only one or two authors, then cite it like so (Knowitall & Allknowing, 2002; Urkel, 1998). Notice that I used a semi-colon to separate the two different citations. Also, the citations are in alphabetical order by first author’s last name within the parentheses (i.e., “Knowitall & Allknowing” came before “Urkel”). If there are three to five authors, then cite all the authors and date (Letterman, Leno, O’Brian, & Plunkett, 2005). If you use the same source cite again that has three or more authors, just put the first author followed by “et al.” (e.g., Letterman et al., 2005). For six or more authors, use the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” the first time you use the citation (Picky et al., 2002) and throughout the document (Pickey et al., 2002). According to Knowitall and
  • 26. Allknowing, if you cite the same source in the same paragraph, but the authors are not in the parentheses (such as in this sentence), then you do not have to give the year again. If there are two citations from the same author in the same sentence, then you can cite it as such (Spears, 2004, 2007). Here is a quirky situation. If you are citing two citations that have the same author and the same year, such as Gas (2001a) and Gas (2001b), then distinguish them by putting an “a” and “b” after the date. This way you will know which “Gas” I am referring to. No Date, Group Author, and No Authors and/or Date Although it can be sad when you have no date (boo hoo sob sob), there is a solution (yippee!). When citing a source with no date, then use ‘n.d.’ instead of the year (Lonely & Needy, n.d.). According to Bert and Ernie (2006), if you are citing a group or organization that authored a document, then spell out the group’s name each time. The only exception would be if (a) the group’s name is lengthy and unwieldy, or (b) the
  • 27. abbreviation is easily understandable. If APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 6 citing this type of group/organization, then use the full name the first time followed by the abbreviation in brackets (e.g., Department of Air Quality [DAQ], 2003). The subsequent source cites would just use the abbreviation (DAQ, 2003). When citing a source that has no author or editor (e.g., a dictionary or encyclopedia), then just put the name of the book followed by the date. For example, plagiarism refers to copying somebody else’s work or ideas and trying to pass it off as your own (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 1993). How to Cite Quotations Here is how you cite an exact quote: “I am sorry, but I am never going to apologize” (Spears, 2007, p. 23). If the quote is more than 40 words, then you should (a) omit the quotation marks, (b) use a block quote on the next line, and (c) indent the block quote 1/2 inch. Here is a
  • 28. quote from my webpage. Quality instruction combines a thorough knowledge of the content, a mature perspective, recitation, theatrics, humor, and teacher-student contact that is adapted to both the subject matter being presented and the unique personality of each class. The instructor has a responsibility to the students to provide an open, affirming, intellectually-invigorating environment which inspires and facilitates life-long learning. (Plunk’s Teaching Philosophy, n.d., para. 1) I also indicated the paragraph number instead of page number since it was an online article. Since the author was not stated, I just used the title of the page in place of the author. Please note that the paragraph symbol (¶) is no longer acceptable . Use the word “para.” instead of the symbol “¶.” APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 7 Internet Citations and Personal Interviews
  • 29. If you are citing an entire Web site, it is satisfactory to give the address of the site just in the text and not in the references. For example, Plunk’s Home Page is a wealth of information (http://www.csun.edu/plunk). The reference list in the paper should only include full citations from references cited in the paper. One exception is a personal interview. If you interview someone, then you only need to cite the interview in the text and not in the reference section (I. B. Smart, personal communication, September 18, 2007). Overview of Other APA Junk Commas should be used between words in a series of three or more items. For example, use commas to separate the following spies: James Bond, Jason Bourne, Austin Powers, and Inspector Gadget (see Figure 1). Make sure to put a comma before the word “and” or the word “or’” when connecting three or more words/phrases. This is not APA, but I feel compelled to share my knowledge. Specifically, e.g. and i.e. are often confused. If you use e.g., then you are basically saying “for example” or “such as.”
  • 30. However, i.e. means “that is.” So, let’s say that I am speaking about fruits (e.g., apples, oranges, lemons), then I would want to use e.g. (i.e., for example). If you are providing a list within a paragraph, then you should (a) use small letters, and (b) enclose the letters in parentheses. On the other hand, if you are providing a list that is in separate paragraphs, then: 1. Use Arabic numbers followed by a period. Notice in this example there are no parentheses. 2. Although I prefer a hanging indent, APA style has the succeeding lines flush left such as in this example. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 8 Last Comments If you have any questions, ask your professor (Bird, 2006; Snuffleupagus, 2006; Urkel, 1982). Remember, “The instructor has a responsibility to the students to provide an open, affirming, intellectually-invigorating environment which
  • 31. inspires and facilitates learning” (Plunk’s Teaching Philosophy, n.d., para. 1). If you find an error on this page, let me know because all people make errors (S. W. Plunkett, personal communication, September 9, 2010). APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 9 References Note: Items appearing in red are just to help you figure out which type of citation is being demonstrated. The items in red should not be included in your reference sections. American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Electronic references made easy. Retrieved April 18, 2004, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html (online document created by a private organization with no date – notice that there is a retrieval date because this document is likely to change) Bert, I., & Ernie, U. (2006, March). An examination of same- sex, heterosexual male relationships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Sesame Street Society, Los Angeles, CA. (Unpublished paper presented at an annual meeting)
  • 32. Bird, B. (2006). Towering over the world and loving it: An autobiographical case study. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Sesame Street, Burbank, CA. (dissertation not abstracted in DAI –Note: A thesis would be the same except say “master’s thesis”) Department of Air Quality. (2003). How to live a happy and healthy life: Free of gas at last (DAQ Publication No. 51-0091). Washington DC: Author. (government report published by the same government agency) Dracula, C., Frankenstein, C., & Werewolf, I. M. (2006, March). An examination of misrepresented figures in history: Persecution instead of love. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Monsters and Clowns Society, Los Angeles, CA. (Poster session presented at meeting) Gas, P. U. (2001a). Can you say stinky? In P. U. Skunkett & P. U. Skunk (Eds.), Famous people leaving lasting impression (pp. 26-47). Gasfield, IL: LePew Press. (edited book chapter – the reason the “a” is in the date is because there are two citations
  • 33. by Gas, P. U. in the same year. The “a” and “b” distinguish them from each other in the text of the paper) Gas, P. U. (2001b). Garlic, rotten eggs, and dung. The history of the scientific study of smells. Retrieved from http://pu_skunk.com/smellyworld/stinky.pdf (online document with author – notice the retrieval date is not included because this is a final version of the document) APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 10 Knowitall, I., & Allknowing, I. M. (2002, January 5). Answers to everything you ever wanted to know. Omniscient Magazine, 21(1), 22–29. (magazine) Letterman, D., Leno, J., O’Brian, C., & Plunkett, S. W. (1982). How I handle all those people who want my autograph: It is a curse. The Journal of Notable People, 1(2), 75–84. doi:10.99/s99999-999-9999-9 (journal article with multiple authors – notice there is a digital object identifier [DOI] listed. If an article does not have a DOI, then no DOI will be listed) Lonely, I. M., & Needy, I. M. (n.d.). Dating guide for the busy tech professional. Silicon Valley,
  • 34. CA: Pathetic Geek Press. (brochure with two authors and no date) Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. (book, no author or editor) Picky, I. M., Anal, I. B., Ucheat, I. C., Losepoints, U., Cry, U., Giveup, U., … Kwitter, U. R. (2002). The anal-retentive professor. Prague, Czech Republic: Freud Press. (book with more than 7 authors – only the first six and the last author are listed with … in between) Plunk’s teaching philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2003, from http://www.csun.edu/plunk/teach.html (online article with no author or date. Because it is not a final version of the document, the retrieval date is included) Plunkett, S. W. (1982). The cool dude manuscript. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Coolness, The Players University, Enid, OK. (unpublished manuscript at a university) Spears, B. J. (2000, December). Loss of innocence, underwear, and hair: A first person account. Psychology Yesterday, 20–25. (monthly periodical with no
  • 35. volume number) Spears, B. J. (2007). The Plunk is a madman: Writings of a scorned woman. Berkeley, CA: Jilted Women's Press. Retrieved from http://mensuckbigtime.org/index.asp (electronic version of book) Snuffleupagus, A. (2006). Coming out of my life as an invisible woolly mammoth: An autobiographical case study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section Z. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 11 Parapsychology, 75(2), 418. (dissertation abstracted in DAI – Note: 75 is the volume number, 2 is the issue number, and 418 is the page number) Urkel, S. Q. (1998). Fashion faux pas: Dressing for success in a sea of polyester. The Journal of Research Nerds, 5(3), 122–123. doi:10.9999/s99999-999-9999-9 (journal article with one author)
  • 36. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 12 Table 1 Summary of Multiple Regression Analyses Examining Factors Related to Reproductive Abilities of Famous Cartoon Animals (N = 100 raters) Animals Pepé Le Pew Foghorn Leghorn Brian (Family Guy) Winnie the Pooh Motivation .43** .04 .45** .00 Sexiness .23** .00 .02 .00 Accent .22** .00 .00 .00 Cleverness .08* .10* .42** .01 Total R2 .55 .05 .48 .00 F value 123.09** 2.10* 94.70** .21 Note. Standardized beta coefficients are shown. No animals were harmed in this study. *p < .05. **p < .01. APA FORMAT EXAMPLE 13
  • 37. Figure 1. Ratings of spies from 1 (low) to 10 (high). 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 James Bond Jason Bourne Austin Powers Inspector Gadget Coolness Hotness Style Toughness
  • 38. Cleverness 1 Project II Guidelines Florida Endangered Species Introduction This project is about elaborating a complete Profile of ONE endangered species of your choosing. In the Florida List species are cited as either endangered or threatened. Based on the information that you gather you will Asess and Classify your species using the IUCN categories explained in the document provided (Pages 14- 15) or IUCN website (www.iucn.org ). This is a more detailed and international system than the one used for the list. Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), species can be listed as either
  • 39. endangered or threatened, but the IUCN provides a more accurate approach to classifying the status of a species. Structure The structure is going to be as follows. You should also use subheadings under Methods and must be used to break down the Results. Introduction Objectives Mention what you are going to do. Material and Methods How the work was done. Results (Profile) Include graphs, maps, tables, pictures and descriptions. References http://www.iucn.org/
  • 40. 2 Details of Structure Introduction Introduction is sometimes called the State of the Art chapter, so please use two or three parragraphs to introduce your topic, in this case your species, why it is endangered, it´s taxonomic position, it´s a Bird, a Mammal, a Plant, etc… It´s importance beyond the fact that it´s a key species, if it is the case, like economic importance. Objectives Mention what you are going to do. You are going to make a Profile as complete as possible, on a local (statewide preferably) species giving preference to updated information about it printed or online, and then you will make an assessment of such species using the IUCN categories available at the IUCN website.
  • 41. Material and Method It means Procedures. How the work was done, when and where. This is a home- based Project, or Library based, for which several websites as well as printed papers and books are consulted. It was done during the Spring Semester for the Bio 2010 class, at the MDC Kendall Campus. Results (Profile) (Must have the following components): Distribution: Inside and outside the US. Please include maps! Distribution and Abundance are Critical topics in order to declare a Species as Endangered. Abundance: How many individuals are usually found on natural populations. Make an emphasis on the genetics implications of Endangerement, decrease of diversity leading to diseases, etc. Biometry: Measurements available on the web, papers or books you review. You
  • 42. are encouraged to make charts out of those measurements. Morphology: Description of the species including pictures. Emphasize remarkable aspects! Comments or Remarks: Data on economic importance or other. 3 Assessment: According to IUCN categories, but proposed by you as a Team or Individual. It doesn´t have to be accurate, but please justify your decision. References Don´t forget we must cite the sources that you used for elaborating the Profile or making the assessment. General Paper must be at least 6 full pages to a maximum of 12 pages that is written on Arial, Size 12, double- spaced and in APA format but without an Abstract. All research material is to be included and properly cited when the paper is turned
  • 43. in for the rough draft evaluation (If you send it in advance!) and the final. Documents, the Word Report and the PP presentation are to be turned in as e-documents not HARD COPIES, let´s try to go paperless as much as we can. The oral presentation of the paper is 5 min in length, with at least 6 to 12 slides and each student is to be fully prepared on the subject to give his/her presentation. Teams will be called at random. All students must attend all the presentations to receive full credit for his/her presentation. Is also about sharing knowledge! IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA
  • 44. Version 3.1 Second edition Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission As approved by the 51st meeting of the IUCN Council Gland, Switzerland 9 February 2000 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2012 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Red List logo: © 2008 Copyright: © 2001, 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources First published 2001 Second edition 2012
  • 45. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial uses is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1435-6 Cover design: Chadi Abi Faraj, IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation Cover illustration: The Diversity of Life by Federico Gemma Layout by: Chadi Abi Faraj Printed by: Colchester Print Group Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/publications The text of this book is printed on 115 gsm 50-50 recycled silk paper made from wood fibre from well-
  • 46. managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). iii Preface The first edition of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 was published in 2001, after its formal adoption by the IUCN Council in February 2000. Since then it has been used as the standard for global Red List assessments published on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. It is also used alongside the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (IUCN 2003, 2012), by many countries around the world as a standard system for national Red List assessments. Over the last decade, the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria have been used to assess an increasingly more diverse range of taxa occurring in a wide variety of habitats. In addition, ongoing technological advances continue to provide more scope for improving data analysis. Therefore it is necessary for the IUCN Red List to adapt to maintain and further develop its usefulness as a conservation tool. However, it is also essential that the central rules for assessing extinction risk for the IUCN Red List remain stable to be able to compare changes in Red List status over time.
  • 47. This second edition of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 retains the same assessment system presented in the 2001 publication. To allow for occasional changes in documentation requirements for assessments, information that was previously outlined in Annex 3 has been moved to a separate reference document: Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List Assessments and Species Accounts. To ensure full understanding of IUCN Red List assessments, it is very important to refer to all of the following documents: IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1(1) (IUCN 2001 and later editions) The latest version of the (2) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (available from www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf; check the IUCN Red List website for regular updates of this document) The latest version of the (3) Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List Assessments and Species Accounts (available from www. iucnredlist.org/documents/RL_Standards_Consistency.pdf; check the IUCN Red List website for regular updates of this document) For national and regional level assessments using the IUCN Red
  • 48. List Categories and Criteria, the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0 (IUCN 2012 and later versions) must also be used. All of the above documents are freely available to download from the IUCN Red List website (www.iucnredlist.org). Note that documents (2) and (3) above are regularly updated, therefore it is important to check the website for the current versions. iv Acknowledgements IUCN gratefully acknowledges the dedication and efforts of the Red List Criteria Review Working Group (CRWG) in attending numerous workshops to discuss and debate the merits and demerits of the Red List Criteria. The members of the CRWG were: Resit Akçakaya, Jonathan Baillie, William Bond, Nigel Collar, Ulf Gärdenfors, Kevin Gaston, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Elodie Hudson, Bob Irvin, David Keith, Russell Lande, Charlotte Lusty, Nigel Leader-Williams, Georgina Mace, Michael Maunder, Larry Master, E.J. Milner- Gulland, Sanjay Molur, Howard Powles, André Punt, Jon Paul Rodríguez, Mary Seddon, Alison Stattersfield, Simon Stuart, John Wang, and Tetsukazu
  • 49. Yahara. Particular thanks must go to Dr Georgina Mace, who chaired the CRWG and who ably steered an extremely complex process through to a successful conclusion. The review process culminated in the adoption of this revised set of Red List Categories and Criteria by the IUCN Council. The work of the CRWG and the hosting of the review workshops were made possible through generous financial support from the Canadian Wildlife Service; Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development, Germany (BMZ); Global Guardian Trust; New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia; New South Wales Scientific Committee, Australia; Ministry of the Environment, Finland; Ministry of the Environment, Sweden; Swedish Species Information Centre; and WWF Sweden. The review process was co-ordinated by the IUCN Red List Programme Officer funded by the UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA); the Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International; and WWF UK. IUCN is indebted to the hundreds of scientists who participated in the criteria review workshops or who submitted comments and suggestions during the review process. This combined input has resulted in a far more robust, user friendly and widely applicable system. As a result of the review process, several new topics have become the focus of active
  • 50. research and publication in the academic community. As a greater clarity emerges on tricky and unresolved issues, these will be addressed in a comprehensive set of user guidelines. The intention is to keep this revised system stable to enable genuine changes in the status of species to be detected rather than to have such changes obscured by the constant medication of the criteria. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 are available in booklet form in the following language versions: English, French and Spanish from the IUCN Publications Services (www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/). They are also available to download from the IUCN Red List website in English, French and Spanish, at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- documents/categories-and-criteria. 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The general aim of the system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk. However, while the
  • 51. Red List may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk, it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection. Extensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms. However, it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency, the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species. Hence, in certain individual cases, the risk of extinction may be under- or over- estimated. 2. Before 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists had been in place, with some modification, for almost 30 years. Although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized (Fitter and Fitter 1987), the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Steering Committee to develop a more objective approach. The IUCN Council adopted the new Red List system in 1994. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria have several specific aims: to provide a system that can be applied consistently by different people; �
  • 52. to improve objectivity by providing users with clear guidance on how to evaluate � different factors which affect the risk of extinction; to provide a system which will facilitate comparisons across widely different taxa; � to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how � individual species were classified. 3. Since their adoption by IUCN Council in 1994, the IUCN Red List Categories have become widely recognized internationally, and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by IUCN, as well as by numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations. Such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements, and SSC was mandated by the 1996 World Conservation Congress (WCC Res. 1.4) to conduct a review of the system (IUCN 1996). This document presents the revisions accepted by the IUCN Council. The proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting, consultation and validation. The production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion, especially as each draft has been used for classifying some 2
  • 53. set of species for conservation purposes. To clarify matters, and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary, a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows: Version 1.0: Mace and Lande (1991) The first paper discussing a new basis for the categories, and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates. Version 2.0: Mace et al. (1992) A major revision of Version 1.0, including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non-threatened categories. Version 2.1: IUCN (1993) Following an extensive consultation process within SSC, a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria, and fuller explanation of basic principles was included. A more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non- threatened categories Version 2.2: Mace and Stuart (1994) Following further comments received and additional validation exercises, some minor changes to the criteria were made. In addition, the Susceptible category present in Versions 2.0 and 2.1 was subsumed into the
  • 54. Vulnerable category. A precautionary application of the system was emphasised. Version 2.3: IUCN (1994) IUCN Council adopted this version, which incorporated changes as a result of comments from IUCN members, in December 1994. The initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details, such as date of publication and ISBN number, but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999. This version was used for the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (Baillie and Groombridge 1996), The World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998) and the 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Hilton-Taylor 2000). Version 3.0: IUCN/SSC Criteria Review Working Group (1999) Following comments received, a series of workshops were convened to look at the IUCN Red List Criteria following which, changes were proposed affecting the criteria, the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty. Version 3.1: IUCN (2001) The IUCN Council adopted this latest version, which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the IUCN and SSC memberships and from a final
  • 55. meeting of the Criteria Review Working Group, in February 2000. All new assessments from January 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number. 3 4. In the rest of this document, the proposed system is outlined in several sections. Section II, the Preamble, presents basic information about the context and structure of the system, and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species. Section III provides definitions of key terms used. Section IV presents the categories, while Section V details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories. Annex 1 provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria; Annex 2 suggests a standard format for citing the Red List Categories and Criteria; and Annex 3 refers to the required and recommended supporting information for taxa to be included on IUCN’s global Red List and where to find further guidance on these. It is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed.
  • 56. 4 II. PREAMBLE The information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered, etc.), criteria (A to E), and subcriteria (1, 2, etc.; a, b, etc.; i, ii, etc.). 1. Taxonomic level and scope of the categorization process The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or below the species level. In the following information, definitions and criteria the term ‘taxon’ is used for convenience, and may represent species or lower taxonomic levels, including forms that are not yet formally described. There is sufficient range among the different criteria to enable the appropriate listing of taxa from the complete taxonomic spectrum, with the exception of micro-organisms. The criteria may also be applied within any specified geographical or political area, although in such cases special notice should be taken of point 14. In presenting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic unit and area under consideration should be specified in accordance with the documentation guidelines (see Annex 3). The categorization process should only be applied to wild populations inside their natural range, and to populations resulting from benign introductions. The latter are defined in the IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions
  • 57. (IUCN 1998) as ‘...an attempt to establish a species, for the purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, but within an appropriate habitat and eco- geographical area. This is a feasible conservation tool only when there is no remaining area left within a species’ historic range’. 2. Nature of the categories Extinction is a chance process. Thus, a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time-frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one (without effective conservation action). However, the persistence of some taxa in high-risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate. All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are described as ‘threatened’. The threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see Figure 1). 3. Role of the different criteria For listing as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies
  • 58. a taxon for listing at that 5 level of threat. Each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria. Even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa (some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come), there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon. The relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met, not whether all are appropriate or all are met. Because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon, each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria, and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed. 4. Derivation of quantitative criteria The different criteria (A-E) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit. The quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation, and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels, even if no formal justification for these values exists. The levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but
  • 59. against a common standard. Broad consistency between them was sought. Figure 1. Structure of the categories 6 5. Conservation actions in the listing process The criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. It is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened. Conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements (see Annex 3). 6. Data quality and the importance of inference and projection The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, the absence of high-quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future (including their rate of change), or of factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so long as these can reasonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past,
  • 60. present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation. Taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences (catastrophes) should be identified by the criteria (e.g. small distributions, few locations). Some threats need to be identified particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because their effects are irreversible or nearly so (e.g. pathogens, invasive organisms, hybridization). 7. Problems of scale Classification based on the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by problems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which the distributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the smaller the area will be that they are found to occupy, and the less likely it will be that range estimates (at least for ‘area of occupancy’: see Definitions, point 10) exceed the thresholds specified in the criteria. Mapping at finer scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is unrecorded. Conversely, coarse-scale mapping reveals fewer unoccupied areas, resulting in range estimates that are more likely to exceed the thresholds for the threatened categories. The choice of scale at which range is estimated may thus, itself, influence the outcome of Red List assessments and could be a source of inconsistency and
  • 61. bias. It is impossible to provide any strict but general rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appropriate scale will depend on the taxon in question, and the origin and comprehensiveness of the distribution data. 7 8. Uncertainty The data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty. Such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors: natural variation, vagueness in the terms and definitions used, and measurement error. The way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation. Details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in Annex 1, and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles. In general, when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments, the range of possible outcomes should be specified. A single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented; it should be both precautionary and credible. When data are very uncertain, the category of ‘Data Deficient’ may be assigned.
  • 62. However, in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category. It is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and/or other causal factors; therefore the liberal use of ‘Data Deficient’ is discouraged. 9. Implications of listing Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made, though for different reasons. Until such time as an assessment is made, taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non-threatened. It may be appropriate (especially for Data Deficient forms) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed. 10. Documentation All assessments should be documented. Threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met. No assessment can be accepted for the IUCN Red List as valid unless at least one criterion is given. If more than one criterion or subcriterion is met, then each should be listed. If a re- evaluation indicates that the
  • 63. documented criterion is no longer met, this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat (downlisting). Instead, the taxon should be re-evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status. The factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria, especially where inference and projection are used, should be documented (see Annexes 2 and 3). The documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in Annex 3. 8 11. Threats and priorities The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action. The category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances, whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs, logistics, chances of success, and other biological characteristics of the subject. 12. Re-evaluation Re-evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals. This is especially important for taxa listed under Near Threatened, Data Deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be
  • 64. deteriorating. 13. Transfer between categories The following rules govern the movement of taxa between categories: A. A taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more. B. If the original classification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether, without delay (but see Point 10 above). C. Transfer from categories of lower to higher risk should be made without delay. 14. Use at regional level The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were designed for global taxon assessments. However, many people are interested in applying them to subsets of global data, especially at regional, national or local levels. To do this it is important to refer to guidelines prepared by the IUCN/SSC Regional Applications Working Group and the National Red List Working Group of the IUCN SSC Red List Committee (e.g. Gärdenfors et al. 2001; IUCN 2003, 2012). When applied at national or regional levels
  • 65. it must be recognized that a global category may not be the same as a national or regional category for a particular taxon. For example, taxa classified as Least Concern globally might be Critically Endangered within a particular region where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only because they are at the margins of their global range. Conversely, taxa classified as Vulnerable on the basis of their global declines in numbers or range might be Least Concern within a particular region where their populations are stable. It is also important to note that taxa endemic to regions or nations will be assessed globally in any regional or national applications of the criteria, and in these cases great care must be taken to check that an assessment has not 9 already been undertaken by a Red List Authority (RLA), and that the categorization is agreed with the relevant RLA (e.g. an SSC Specialist Group known to cover the taxon). 10 III. DEFINITIONS 1. Population and Population Size (Criteria A, C and D)
  • 66. The term ‘population’ is used in a specific sense in the Red List Criteria that is different to its common biological usage. Population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily owing to differences between life forms, population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only. In the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used. 2. Subpopulations (Criteria B and C) Subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange (typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less). 3. Mature individuals (Criteria A, B, C and D) The number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity, the following points should be borne in mind: Mature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted (e.g. � densities are too low for fertilization). In the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios, it is appropriate � to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals,
  • 67. which take this into account. Where the population size fluctuates, use a lower estimate. In most cases this will � be much less than the mean. Reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals, except where � such units are unable to survive alone (e.g. corals). In the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some � point in their life cycle, the estimate should be made at the appropriate time, when mature individuals are available for breeding. Re-introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are � counted as mature individuals. 11 4. Generation (Criteria A, C and E) Generation length is the average age of parents of the current cohort (i.e. newborn individuals in the population). Generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. Generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual, except in taxa that breed only once. Where generation length varies under threat,
  • 68. the more natural, i.e. pre- disturbance, generation length should be used. 5. Reduction (Criterion A) A reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount (%) stated under the criterion over the time period (years) specified, although the decline need not be continuing. A reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this. The downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction. 6. Continuing decline (Criteria B and C) A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected future decline (which may be smooth, irregular or sporadic) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken. Fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines, but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this. 7. Extreme fluctuations (Criteria B and C) Extreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i.e. a tenfold increase or decrease). 8. Severely fragmented (Criterion B)
  • 69. The phrase ‘severely fragmented’ refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations (in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information). These small subpopulations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of recolonization. 9. Extent of occurrence (Criteria A and B) Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy (see Figure 2). This 12 measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa (e.g. large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat) (but see ‘area of occupancy’, point 10 below). Extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence). Figure 2. Two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy.
  • 70. (A) is the spatial distribution of known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence. (B) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence, which is the measured area within this boundary. (C) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares. 10. Area of occupancy (Criteria A, B and D) Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its ‘extent of occurrence’ (see point 9 above) which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats. In some cases (e.g. irreplaceable colonial nesting sites, crucial feeding sites for migratory taxa) the area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations of a taxon. The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon, the nature of threats and the available data (see point 7 in the Preamble). To avoid inconsistencies and 13 bias in assessments caused by estimating area of occupancy at
  • 71. different scales, it may be necessary to standardize estimates by applying a scale- correction factor. It is difficult to give strict guidance on how standardization should be done because different types of taxa have different scale-area relationships. 11. Location (Criteria B and D) The term ‘location’ defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present. The size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations. Where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event, location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat. 12. Quantitative analysis (Criterion E) A quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history, habitat requirements, threats and any specified management options. Population viability analysis (PVA) is one such technique. Quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data. In a situation in which there is limited information, such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk (for instance, estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat). In presenting the results of quantitative analyses, the assumptions
  • 72. (which must be appropriate and defensible), the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented. 14 IV. THE CATEGORIES1 A representation of the relationships between the categories is shown in Figure 1. EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame
  • 73. appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. 1 Note: As in previous IUCN categories, the abbreviation of each category (in parenthesis) follows the English denominations when translated into other languages (see Annex 2). 15 VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
  • 74. NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a
  • 75. threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. 16 V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
  • 76. (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may
  • 77. not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 17 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and estimate indicating at least two of a-c:
  • 78. a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b): 18 a. Population structure in the form of one of the following:
  • 79. (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals, OR (ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: (a) direct observation
  • 80. (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 19 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the
  • 81. time period must include both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
  • 82. a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 20 (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2,500 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):
  • 83. a. Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals, OR (ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
  • 84. (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat 21 (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥30% projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or three generation period,
  • 85. whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km2, and estimates indicating
  • 86. at least two of a-c: 22 a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):
  • 87. a. Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals, OR (ii) all mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following: 1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1,000 mature individuals. 2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. 23 Annex 1: Uncertainty
  • 88. The Red List Criteria should be applied to a taxon based on the available evidence concerning its numbers, trend and distribution. In cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for example, deterioration of its only known habitat, a threatened listing may be justified, even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself. In all these instances there are uncertainties associated with the available information and how it was obtained. These uncertainties may be categorized as natural variability, semantic uncertainty and measurement error (Akçakaya et al. 2000). This section provides guidance on how to recognize and deal with these uncertainties when using the criteria. More information is available in the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (downloadable from www.iucnredlist.org/documents/ RedListGuidelines.pdf; check the IUCN Red List website for regular updates of this document). Natural variability results from the fact that species’ life histories and the environments in which they live change over time and space. The effect of this variation on the criteria is limited, because each parameter refers to a specific time or spatial scale. Semantic uncertainty arises from vagueness in the definition of terms or lack of consistency in different assessors’ usage of them. Despite attempts to make the definitions of the terms used in the criteria exact, in some cases this is not possible without the loss of
  • 89. generality. Measurement error is often the largest source of uncertainty; it arises from the lack of precise information about the parameters used in the criteria. This may be due to inaccuracies in estimating the values or a lack of knowledge. Measurement error may be reduced or eliminated by acquiring additional data. For further details, see Akçakaya et al. (2000) and Burgman et al. (1999). One of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values. The best estimate itself might be a range, but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values. When data are very uncertain, the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values. There are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range. It may be based on confidence intervals, the opinion of a single expert, or the consensus opinion of a group of experts. Whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation. When interpreting and using uncertain data, attitudes toward risk and uncertainty may play an important role. Attitudes have two components. First, assessors need to consider whether they will include the full range of plausible values in assessments, or whether they will exclude extreme values from consideration (known as dispute tolerance). An assessor with a low dispute tolerance would include all values, thereby increasing the uncertainty,
  • 90. whereas an assessor with a high dispute tolerance would exclude extremes, reducing the uncertainty. Second, assessors need to consider whether they have a precautionary or evidentiary attitude to risk (known as risk tolerance). A precautionary attitude will classify 24 a taxon as threatened unless it is certain that it is not threatened, whereas an evidentiary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened only when there is strong evidence to support a threatened classification. Assessors should resist an evidentiary attitude and adopt a precautionary but realistic attitude to uncertainty when applying the criteria, for example, by using plausible lower bounds, rather than best estimates, in determining population size, especially if it is fluctuating. All attitudes should be explicitly documented. An assessment using a point estimate (i.e. single numerical value) will lead to a single Red List Category. However, when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria, a range of categories may be obtained, reflecting the uncertainties in the data. A single category, based on a specific attitude to uncertainty, should always be listed along with the criteria met, while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation (see Annex 3).
  • 91. Where data are so uncertain that any category is plausible, the category of ‘Data Deficient’ should be assigned. However, it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened. Although Data Deficient is not a threatened category, it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing; moreover, it requires documentation with whatever available information exists. 25 Annex 2: Citation of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria In order to promote the use of a standard format for citing the Red List Categories and Criteria the following forms of citation are recommended: 1. The Red List Category may be written out in full or abbreviated as follows (when translated into other languages, the abbreviations should follow the English denominations): Extinct, EX Near Threatened, NT Extinct in the Wild, EW Least Concern, LC Critically Endangered, CR Data Deficient, DD
  • 92. Endangered, EN Not Evaluated, NE Vulnerable, VU 2. Under Section V (the criteria for Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria. These criteria and subcriteria (all three levels) form an integral part of the Red List assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category. Under the criteria A to C, and D under Vulnerable, the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers (1-4) and if more than one is met, they are separated by means of the ‘+’ symbol. The second level is indicated by the use of the lower-case alphabet characters (a- e). These are listed without any punctuation. A third level of the hierarchy under criteria B and C involves the use of lower case roman numerals (i-v). These are placed in parentheses (with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed. Where more than one criterion is met, they should be separated by semicolons. The following are examples of such usage: EX CR D EN B1ac(i,ii,iii) VU C2a(ii)
  • 93. CR A2c+3c; B1ab(iii) EN B2b(iii)c(ii) EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN A1c; B1ab(iii); C2a(i) VU A2c+3c EN B1ab(i)c(ii,v)+2ab(i)c(ii,v) CR C1+2a(ii) CR A1cd VU D1+2 EN A2c; D VU D2 EN A2abc+3bc+4abc; B1b(iii,iv,v)c(ii,iii,iv)+2b(iii,iv,v)c(ii,iii,iv) 26 Annex 3: Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments All assessments published on the IUCN Red List are freely available for public use. To ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow Red List assessment data to be analysed, thus making the IUCN Red List a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions, a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. The reference document Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN
  • 94. Red List Assessments and Species Accounts is available to download from the Red List website (www.iucnredlist.org) and provides guidance on the following: Required supporting information for all IUCN Red List assessments. � Required supporting information under specific conditions (e.g. taxa assessed � under specific Red List Categories or Criteria, plant assessments, reassessed taxa, etc.). Recommended supporting information, if sufficient time and data are available. � Tools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the IUCN Red List, � including the IUCN Species Information Service (SIS) and RAMAS® Red List (Akçakaya and Ferson 2001). General formatting and style guidelines for documenting IUCN Red List � assessments. Note that the Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List Assessments and Species Accounts will be updated on a regular basis. Users should check the IUCN Red List website for the most current version of this reference document.
  • 95. 27 Annex 4: Summary of the IUCN Red List Criteria See pages 28-29 for a summary of the five criteria (A-E) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an IUCN Red List threatened category (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable). 28 SU M M A R Y O F TH E FI V E C R