A guide for people with coronary heart disease and their families. This module would help you understand your heart better. You would become aware of how the heart functions, how do the blood vessels get affected, difference between chest pain, heart attack, stroke and cardiac arrest and how to handle each of these situations. You would also understand the different risk factors for heart disease and the importance of controlling them to lead a healthy future life. This does not replace the advice given by your doctor specifically for you, but this would help you understand their advice better.

1. 1
LIVING WELL WITH
HEART DISEASE
A guide for people with coronary heart disease and
their families
Know your Heart

2. 2
Being told that you have a heart disease would
have come as a shock to you and your family.
After the procedure and hospital stay, you would
be feeling a bit relieved but you might also be
worried about your health.
This is the time to understand your condition better,
to take control of your health and to prevent any
chances of readmission to the hospital.
It has been seen that patients who have a clear
understanding of their after-hospital care
instructions, including how to take medicines and
when to follow-up, are 30 % less likely to be
readmitted or visit the emergency department
than patients who lack this information.*
At JCL Care, it is our mission to help you on this
new journey. We provide you with tools and
support to build your confidence, knowledge and
self-management skills, as you move from hospital
to home.
ADDING
MIND
TO YOUR
HEART
* Brian W. Jack, MD, Veerappa K. Chetty, PhD, David Anthony, MD, MSc, et al, “A Reengineered Hospital Discharge Program to Decrease
Rehospitalization,” Annals of Internal Medicine 150(3), Feb. 3, 2009, pp. 178-187,

3. 3
bryanbrandenburg.net/wikpedia-heart-3d
KNOW YOUR HEART

4. 4
This section would help you understand your heart better.
You would become aware of how the heart functions, how do
the blood vessels get affected, difference between chest pain,
heart attack, stroke and cardiac arrest and how to handle each
of these situations.
You would also understand the different risk factors for heart
disease and the importance of controlling them to lead a healthy
future life.
This does not replace the advice given by your doctor
specifically for you, but this would help you understand
their advice better.
About this module

5. KNOW YOUR HEART
Cardiovascular System 6
Heart 6
Blood vessels 7
Coronary Arteries 8
Heart Disease 9
Atherosclerosis 10
1. Coronary Artery Disease 12
Angina 12
Heart Attack 15
2. Carotid Artery Disease (Stroke) 19
Stroke- Warning Signs 19
3. Peripheral Artery Disease 20
4. Chronic Kidney Disease 21
Cardiac Arrest 22
Warning Signs 23
Heart Disease Risk Factors 24
High Blood Pressure 25
High Cholesterol 28
Diabetes 31
Obesity & Overweight 34
Physical Inactivity 35
Unhealthy Diet 36
Tobacco Smoke 37
Stress 38
5

6. Cardiovascular System
Heart
Heart is a hollow organ made up of muscles placed near the center of the chest
behind the breastbone1
. It is cone-shaped, pointing down to the left. The majority
of the heart lies in the left side of the chest.2
Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator [CC BY 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons
The heart is like a pump that supplies blood to all parts of the body. 1
A normal heart is roughly the size of a fist and on and average weighs around 300
grams.3
6

7. Blood Vessels
Our body needs a continuous supply of oxygen to survive. This oxygen is provided
by the blood which is carried by the blood vessels.1
Blood vessels are networks of hollow tubes that carry blood throughout the entire
body. The different types of blood vessels are Arteries, Veins and Capillaries.1
Kelvinsong (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Arteries carry blood that is rich in oxygen from the heart to the body.
All the body parts extracts this oxygen and use it to maintain their functioning.
Now the blood which is devoid of oxygen is carried back by the Veins to the heart
and the lungs to get more oxygen.
The transfer of blood from the arteries to the veins happen through a network of
very small vessels called as the Capillaries.
This cycle keeps working continuously throughout our life time.4
7

8. Coronary Arteries
Even the heart needs its own constant supply of oxygen to maintain its function of
pumping. The heart is supplied by the Coronary arteries that originate from the
aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the different parts of the heart. 5
8
BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29140356

9. Heart Disease
Diseases of the heart and the coronary arteries are called as Cardiovascular
diseases and are the leading cause of death worldwide. Most of these conditions
are related to a persons lifestyle and do not spread by person to person contact
(noncommunicable)6
. The incidence increases with age but is also found in
younger age group of people.
Coronary artery disease is one of the commonest heart disease. In this disease,
one or more of the coronary arteries get affected. As a result of which it becomes
narrow or get blocked leading to decreased blood flow and hence reduced
oxygen supply to the heart.8
Coronary artery disease can lead to:
• Chest pain- Angina
• Heart attack- Myocardial infarction
• Sudden heart stoppage- Cardiac arrest
As this progresses, coronary artery disease can weaken the heart muscle leading
to heart failure, a serious condition which hampers the normal pumping function of
the heart.8
The cause of the narrowing or blocking of the coronary arteries is a condition
called as Atherosclerosis.9
9

10. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the build up of fatty substance on the inside of the arteries, that
thickens and hardens the walls of the arteries. This build up of the fatty material is
called as a plaque.9
Atherosclerosis is responsible for causing heart attack and stroke. It can affect all
of the arteries but the most commonly affected are10
:
10
Coronary
Arteries
Carotid
Arteries
Peripheral
Arteries
Renal
Arteries
Supply
Angina,
Heart Attack
Stroke
Peripheral
Artery disease
Chronic Kidney
disease
Heart Brain
Legs, Arms,
Pelvis
Kidney
Block in the artery causes

11. The exact cause of Atherosclerosis is not known but the fatty material starts to build
up on the inside lining of the artery walls during our young age.
Over time this starts to become bigger.
NHLBI [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
A plaque can break off that leads to formation of a blood clot in that area called
as a thrombus. This leads to narrowing and blocking of the artery.11
Atherosclerosis does not cause any symptoms in the earlier phase. The symptoms
occur when the artery gets blocked by at least 50%. In most cases, the first
symptom of Atherosclerosis is a sharp pain in the chest, called as Angina.
11

12. 1. Coronary Artery Disease
Angina
Angina is a severe pain in the chest. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your
chest that may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back. Many times it gets
confused with indigestion.12
Angina is caused by the sudden drop in the blood flow to the heart. This causes
reduced oxygen to the heart affecting its normal functioning.13
It can happen on
its own or it can be a precursor to a heart attack.12
If not managed, it can weaken
and damage the heart further.
Angina can happen on exertion, stress, heavy meals, smoking or when the outside
temperature is very cold.13
Angina has to be taken as a serious warning signal.
12
Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762

13. Signs of Angina
The signs of angina may vary from person to person:
Severe pain in the chest14
• Feeling of pressure or squeezing in the chest
• Chest pain that spreads to the arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back
• Feeling like indigestion
Less common symptoms of angina may include:15
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue, Weakness
• Dizziness or light-headedness
• Nausea, vomiting, and sweating
• Palpitations
Angina and heart attack are different conditions, but both can be caused by
narrowing and blocking of the coronary arteries.
13

14. Types of Angina
Angina is classified into:14
Managing Angina
The main goals of treatment of Angina are to:16
• Reduce the intensity and frequency of your pain and discomfort
• Prevent or lower your risk for heart attack and death by managing your
underlying heart condition
Most of the times Angina subsides with rest or with medication. The drug used in
Angina is nitroglycerin which acts by widening the affected coronary arteries. This
leads to improvement in the blood flow.
Mild symptoms can be managed by lifestyle changes or by medicines.
Severe symptoms may require a medical procedure.
Unstable angina is an emergency condition that requires treatment in a hospital.
Stable Angina Unstable Angina
Occurs when the heart must work
harder, usually during physical exertion
Often occurs at rest, while sleeping at
night, or with little physical exertion
Episodes of pain tend to be alike Less predictable
Usually lasts a short time (5 minutes or
less)
Is more severe and lasts longer than
stable angina (as long as 30 minutes)
Is relieved by rest or medicine Usually isn’t relieved by rest or
medicine
14

15. Heart Attack
A heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood supply to a part of
the heart muscle. This is due to a block in one of the coronary arteries that leads to
the stoppage of oxygen supply to that part, called as ischemia.17
As a result the
affected part of the heart muscle begins to die as it is not getting enough oxygen
supply to match its demand.
A heart attack is a life
threatening condition
that needs medical
attention at the earliest
to stop and reverse the
damage to the heart.
Heart attack is also
called as Myocardial
infarction.
15
Blausen Medical Communications, Inc. - Donated via OTRS

16. A heart attack is mainly caused due to Atherosclerosis.18,19
The build up of the fatty material called as plaque in the inside of the artery causes
a block in the coronary artery so that little or no blood can pass through.
When the plaque breaks, blood starts accumulating at that site to try to repair the
damaged arterial wall . This forms a blood clot called as thrombus that totally
blocks the artery.18,19
Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/
2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
16

17. Heart Attack- Warning Signs20
If you are experiencing any of these signs, you should:
• Call your local emergency number or ambulance immediately or tell
someone near you to call
• Stop all the activity and sit or lie down in a position that is most comfortable
• If you take nitroglycerin, take the normal dosage immediately
• You can even inform your doctor and follow his advice till the emergency
support arrives
Heart attack requires emergency medical attention. The goal of the treatment is
to save as much viable heart muscle as possible and to prevent further
complications, hence the phrase "time is heart muscle"21
17
2. Lightheadedness,
nausea or vomiting
3. Jaw, neck or back pain
4. Discomfort or pain in arm
or shoulder
5. Shortness of breath
1. Pain or discomfort
in chest

18. Difference between Angina and Heart Attack
Angina on its own is not a heart attack but it can act as a precursor to a heart
attack. The main difference is the damage caused to the part of the heart.
In angina there is a temporary block of blood flow and no damage to the heart,
but in heart attack the lack of oxygen to the heart can last for a long time leading
to damage or death of the heart muscle.
Angina can be relieved by rest or by taking nitroglycerin whereas heart attack
requires immediate emergency intervention.
Stable Angina Heart Attack
No damage to the heart Damage to the heart muscle
Occurs when the heart must work
harder, usually during physical exertion
Most often at rest
Usually lasts a short time (5 minutes or
less)
Is more severe and lasts longer than
stable angina (more than 30 minutes)
Is relieved by rest or medicine Needs emergency intervention
18

19. 2. Carotid Artery Disease (Stroke)
It happens when the process of atherosclerosis
affects the arteries on each side of your neck
(the carotid arteries). These arteries supply
oxygen-rich blood to your brain. So when the
plaque builds up inside the arteries the blood
flow to your brain is reduced or blocked, you
may have a stroke.10
Stroke can cause signs and symptoms such as
an inability to move or feel on one side of the
body, problems understanding or speaking,
feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision.22
Stroke- Warning Signs
19
Blausen Medical Communications, CC BY 3.0, https://
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26986798
F A S
FACE
DROOPING
on one side
ARM
WEAKNESS
on one side
SPEECH
DIFFICULTY
Slurred or lost speech
TIME
TO CALL
an ambulance
T

20.
3. Peripheral Artery Disease
This happens when the plaque builds up in the inside of the major arteries that
supply oxygen-rich blood to your peripheries.
Most commonly it affects the arteries of the legs, but can also affect other arteries
such as that of the arms and hip.23
The most common symptom is leg pain on walking which resolves with rest, called
as intermittent claudication.24
Other symptoms would be skin ulcers, bluish and
cold skin, poor growth of the hair and nails in the affected leg.25
If not managed properly it may lead to complications such as infected tissue that
might warrant an amputation, coronary artery disease or a stroke.2
20
Jmarchn - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31200275

21. 4. Chronic Kidney Disease
Another significant location for atherosclerosis is the renal arteries that supply
blood to the kidneys.
OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
The formation of the plaque inside the renal arteries leads to decreased blood
flow in the kidneys and may cause chronic kidney disease. It remains
asymptomatic until late stages.10
Eventually this can lead to end-stage renal
disease or total kidney failure requiring dialysis.26
21

22. Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is an emergency situation.
Cardiac arrest is a life threatening situation that happens as the heart is unable to
contract effectively leading to sudden stoppage of blood flow.27
The symptoms are abnormal in nature or there is no breathing or there is loss of
consciousness. Some may present with severe pain in the chest, gasping or nausea
before the event happens.28
If not treated with minutes, it causes death.27
The most common cause of cardiac arrest is coronary artery disease that reduces
the blood flow to the heart. The other causes include extreme physical stress, that
increases the risk of abnormal electrical activity in the heart, severe blood loss and
heart failure.29
22

23. Warning Signs
Be aware of the following warning signs of a heart attack, cardiac arrest and
stroke so that you would to be able to manage the event at the earliest30
Heart Attack Stroke Cardiac Arrest
Chest Discomfort
Discomfort in the center
of the chest that lasts
more than a few minutes,
or that goes away and
comes back. It can feel
like tightness, pressure,
squeezing
Face Drooping
Does one side of the face
droop or is it numb? Ask the
person to smile
Sudden loss of
responsiveness
No response to
tapping on shoulders
Discomfort in other areas
of the upper body
Pain or discomfort in one
or both arms, the back,
neck, jaw or stomach
Arm Weakness
Is one arm weak or numb?
Ask the person to raise both
arms. Does one arm drift
downward?
No normal breathing
The victim does not
take a normal breath
when you tilt the head
up and check for at
least five seconds
Shortness of breath
With or without chest
discomfort
Speech Difficulty
Is speech slurred, are they
unable to speak, or are they
hard to understand? Ask the
person to repeat a simple
sentence, like "the sky is
blue." Is the sentence
repeated correctly?
Other Signs
Cold sweat, nausea or
lightheadedness
Time to call an ambulance
If the person shows any of
these symptoms, even if the
symptoms go away, call an
ambulance and get them
to the hospital immediately
23
If these signs are present,
Call your doctor or emergency service
immediately

24. Heart Disease Risk Factors
Risk factors are conditions or habits that make it more likely that you might develop
coronary heart disease. A single or multiple risk factors can even make the existing
condition worse.31
They are divided into 2 types:32
Modifiable risk factors
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Overweight & Obesity
• Unhealthy Diet
• Physical inactivity
• Tobacco use
• Stress
Non-modifiable risk factors
• Increasing age
• Gender
• Family history
Non-modifiable risk factors cannot be changed but the modifiable risk factors can
be treated or managed.
You need to take action to modify your risk factors to prevent load on your already
compromised heart.
24

25. High Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is defined as the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the walls
of the arteries. When this lateral force is very high for a long period it leads to high
blood pressure, also called as Hypertension.33
Types
It is measured as:34
• Systolic Pressure: blood pressure when the heart contracts, first number in the
reading
• Diastolic Pressure: blood pressure when the heart relaxes, second number in the
reading
25
Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762

26. Definition
Normal Blood Pressure
Normal blood pressure for adults is defined as a systolic pressure below 120 mmHg
and a diastolic pressure below 80 mmHg.
High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is defined as having blood pressures higher than 120/80
mmHg. The following table outlines and defines high blood pressure severity levels.
Stages in Adults35
(in mmHg)
Signs, Symptoms & Complications
Most of the times high blood pressure does not cause any symptoms and hence
the condition goes undetected.36
If the blood pressure persistently remains at a high level it becomes a major risk
factor for:37
• Coronary artery disease
• Stroke
• Heart Failure
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Chronic kidney disease
• Vision loss
Stages Systolic Diastolic
Prehypertension 120-139 OR 80-89
High blood pressure
Stage 1
140-159 OR 90-99
High blood pressure
Stage 2
160 or higher OR 100 or higher
26

27. Management
Healthy lifestyle habits can help you control high blood pressure. These habits
include:38
• Healthy eating
• Being physically active
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Limiting alcohol intake
• Managing and coping with stress
If your blood pressure stays high or when the lifestyle modification doesn't work,
your doctor would prescribe medication to control it and lower your risk of having
a heart attack or stroke.
If you’re already on hypertension medication, you should still adopt healthy
lifestyle habits to reduce your risk of a heart attack or stroke.
27

28. High Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of fatty substance in your blood.39
It is normally produced in the body and also derived from animal sources such as
meat, milk, cheese and plant sources such as palm oil, fried food, cakes and
cookies.40
Types
Cholesterol is carried through our blood by particles called as lipoproteins: 41
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- called as bad cholesterol because it contributes to
plaque formation
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL)- called as good cholesterol because it helps
remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries
28
BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?

29. High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood lead to atherosclerosis that increases the
risk of heart attack and stroke whereas high levels of HDL cholesterol reduces the
risk of cardiovascular disease.
• There is another fat in the body called as Triglyceride.
High levels of triglyceride combined with high levels of LDL cholesterol speed up
the process of atherosclerosis and increases the risk for heart attack and stroke.
Levels42
(in mg/dl)
Signs & Symptoms
High cholesterol on itself is asymptomatic, but longstanding elevation of serum
cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis.
Over time, elevated serum cholesterol leads to the formation of plaques in the
arteries causing Atherosclerosis.
A sudden blockage of a coronary artery may result in a heart attack. A blockage
of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke.
Desirable Borderline High Risk
Total Cholesterol <200 200-239 240
LDL Cholesterol 60-130 130-159 160-189
HDL Cholesterol 60 35-45 <35
Triglycerides <150 150-199 200-499
29

30. Temporary reduced blood supply (ischemia) due to the blocks can also affect
various organs:
• Brain (Transient ischemic attack)- temporary loss of vision, dizziness and
impairment of balance, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness or tingling,
usually on one side of the body43
• Heart- chest pain10
• Legs- calf pain when walking10
Management
The main goal of cholesterol lowering treatment is to lower your LDL level enough
to reduce your risk of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. 43
There are two main ways to lower your cholesterol:44
• Lifestyle modification- Cholesterol lowering diet, physical activity and weight
management
• Drug treatment- Cholesterol lowering drugs like Statins, along with lifestyle
modification
30

31. Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus or Diabetes is a group of diseases in which there are high sugar
levels in your blood over a prolonged period.45
The amount of glucose in your blood is controlled by a hormone called as insulin
which is made in your body.46
Types
There are three main types of diabetes mellitus: 47
• Type 1 DM - your body fail to produce any insulin. The cause is unknown.
• Type 2 DM - your body doesn’t make enough insulin, or it can’t use the insulin
properly. The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.
• Gestational diabetes - occurs when pregnant women without a previous history
of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels.
31
Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762

32. Levels48
(in mg/dl)
Signs & Symptoms
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are :49
• Polydipsia (increased thirst)
• Polyphagia (increased hunger)
• Polyuria (increased urination)
Other symptoms :
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
A1C (%) Fasting Plasma
Glucose
Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test
Diabetes 6.5 or above 126 or above 200 or above
Pre diabetes 5.7-6.4 100 to 125 140 to 199
Normal About 5 99 or below 139 or below
32

33. Management
The goal of management is to keep the blood sugar levels as close to normal,
without causing low blood sugar.50
This is achieved through lifestyle modification, such as healthy diet, physical
activity, weight loss. These lifestyle changes also has an effect on minimizing the
other risk factors such as hypertension and high cholesterol.50
In many cases, lifestyle changes must be complemented by a combination of
medications to control blood glucose levels, high blood pressure and high
cholesterol as well as to prevent heart attack and stroke.50
33

34. Obesity & Overweight
It refers to body weight that is greater than what is considered healthy for a certain
height which is measured by an index called as body mass index (BMI). BMI is
calculated by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height. A
BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI of 30 or higher (red) is considered
obese.51
BruceBlaus (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Obesity increases the likelihood of developing heart disease, stroke, diabetes.52
Your weight is the result of many factors such as your body metabolism, habits and
genetics. You can't change some factors, such as genetics but you can work on
the other factors by adopting a healthier lifestyle of being physically active and
eating healthy. In cases where lifestyle modification is not enough and obesity has
a serious effect on the health then weight loss medicines and surgery are the
options that can be explored.51
34

35. Physical Inactivity
It is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease.
flickr.com/photos/caitlinator/3677159744
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity done on a regular and consistent basis
plays a role in reducing the risk of heart and blood vessel disease. Even moderate-
intensity activities are known to be helpful if done regularly and long term.52
It is known to have an effect on controlling cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as
well as help lower blood pressure in some people.52
35

36. Unhealthy Diet
It is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease.
A healthy diet is one of the best weapons you have to fight cardiovascular
disease. The amount and type of food that you eat has an effect on the
controllable heart risk factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes and
overweight.52
Switch to fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fat free or low fat dairy products and
reduce or avoid solid fats, added sugars and salt.
For optimum results on your health combine healthy diet with adequate physical
activity.
36

37. Tobacco Smoke
Tobacco smoke contains tar, nicotine and other harmful chemicals that can
damage the lining of your coronary arteries. This can lead to the formation of the
plaque, increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke. It also acts with other risk
factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease.52
Smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients
with coronary heart disease.52
Smoking also creates a higher risk for peripheral arterial disease and aortic
aneurysm.52
Any amount of smoking, even light smoking or occasional smoking, damages the
heart and blood vessels. Secondhand smoke can also harm the heart and blood
vessels.55
37

38. Stress
Many studies have found a causal link between stress and illness.53
The exact mechanism is not known but the possible explanation is that living a
stressful life can cause people to adopt poor habits like unhealthy eating and
smoking, which in turn are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Stress on its own can also have negative effect on the blood and nervous system
and thus alter the normal functioning of the body.54
Acute stress results in reduced blood flow to the heart and increased chances of
blood clotting and atherosclerosis. If you already have atherosclerosis, acute stress
can make it worse and you might experience chest pains.54
38

39. References
1. What Is the Heart?. NIH - National Library of Medicine
2. Bianco, Carl. "How Your Heart Works". HowStuffWorks
3. Gary S Francis. Heart failure1. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(2):291-294. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00014-5
4. How the Heart Works. cdc.gov.
5. Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology
6. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). World Health Organization
7. Shraddha Chauhan, Dr. Bani Tamber Aeri. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in India and its economic
impact- A review. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 10, October
2013 ISSN 2250-3153
8. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)". cdc.gov.
9. Different heart diseases. World Heart Federation
10. What Is Atherosclerosis?. NIH - National Library of Medicine
11. What causes Atherosclerosis?. NIH - National Library of Medicine
12. What Is Angina?. NIH - National Library of Medicine
13. Mayo Clinic Staff. Angina. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/angina/DS00994
14. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Angina?. NIH - National Library of Medicine
15. Stable angina.Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov
16. How Is Angina Treated? NIH - National Library of Medicine
17. About Heart Attacks. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/
HeartAttack/AboutHeartAttacks/About-Heart-Attacks_UCM_002038_Article.jsp
18. Tsujita K, Kaikita K, Soejima H, Sugiyama S, Ogawa H (April 2010). "[Acute coronary syndrome-initiating
factors]". Nippon Rinsho (in Japanese). 68 (4): 607–14
19. Dohi T, Daida H (April 2010). "[Change of concept and pathophysiology in acute coronary syndrome]".
Nippon Rinsho (in Japanese). 68 (4): 592–6
20. Warning Signs of a Heart Attack. American Heart Association.http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/
HeartAttack/WarningSignsofaHeartAttack/Warning-Signs-of-a-Heart-Attack_UCM_002039_Article.jsp
21. Gulli, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons ; editors, Leaugeay Barnes, Joseph A. Ciotola,
Benjamin (2010-03-23). Emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured. (10th ed.). Sudbury, Mass.:
Jones and Bartlett. p. 575
22. "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?". http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
23. What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?". http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/. August 2, 2011.
24. Violi, F; Basili, S; Berger, JS; Hiatt, WR (2012). "Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral artery disease.". Handbook of
experimental pharmacology (210): 547–63.
25. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease?. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/. August 2, 2011
26. Matthew Hoffman.Your Arterial Lifeline, Are you at risk for hidden complications of atherosclerosis?.WebMD
27. What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016
28. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI
29. Sudden Cardiac Arrest. emedicinehealth. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/sudden_cardiac_arrest/
article_em.htm
39

40. 30. Warning Signs Of Heart Attack, Stroke & Cardiac Arrest. American Heart Association. http://
www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/911-Warnings-Signs-of-a-Heart-Attack_UCM_305346_SubHomePage.jsp
31. What Are the Risk Factors for Heart Disease?.http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/hearttruth/
lower-risk/risk-factors.htm
32. Cardiovascular disease risk factors. World Heart Federation. http://www.world-heart-federation.org/
cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/
33. Naish, Jeannette; Court, Denise Syndercombe (2014). Medical sciences (2 ed.). p. 562
34. Description of High Blood Pressure. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp
35. American Heart Association recommendation
36. High Blood Pressure Fact Sheet. CDC. February 19, 2015
37. Lackland, DT; Weber, MA (May 2015). "Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at
the core.". The Canadian journal of cardiology. 31 (5): 569–71
38. How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?.https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/treatment
39. What Is Cholesterol?. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbc
40.Cholesterol. World Heart Federation. http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/
cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/cholesterol
41.Good vs. Bad Cholesterol. American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/
Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/Good-vs-Bad-Cholesterol_UCM_305561_Article
42. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/heart-cholesterol-hbc-what-html#numbers
43. TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack). American Heart Association. http://www.strokeassociation.org/
STROKEORG/AboutStroke/TypesofStroke/TIA/TIA-Transient-Ischemic Attack_UCM_310942_Article.jsp
44. High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need To Know. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/heart-
cholesterol-hbc-what-html#treating
45. About diabetes. World Health Organization
46. About Diabetes. American Heart Association.http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Diabetes/
AboutDiabetes/About-Diabetes_UCM_002032_Article.jsp
47. Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en
48. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes
49.Symptoms, Diagnosis & Monitoring of Diabetes. American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/
HEARTORG/Conditions/Diabetes/SymptomsDiagnosisMonitoringofDiabetes/Symptoms-Diagnosis-Monitoring-
of-Diabetes_UCM_002035_Article.jsp
50. Prevention & Treatment of Diabetes. American Heart Association.
51. What Are Overweight and Obesity?.http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe
52. Understand Your Risks to Prevent a Heart Attack. American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/
HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/UnderstandYourRiskstoPreventaHeartAttack/Understand-Your-Risks-to-
Prevent-a-Heart-Attack_UCM_002040_Article.jsp
53. Schneiderman, N.; Ironson, G.; Siegel, S. D. (2005). "Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and
biological determinants". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 1: 607–628
54. Stress. World Heart Federation. http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/
cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/stress
55. How Does Smoking Affect the Heart and Blood Vessels?. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/smo
40

41. 41
ADDING
MIND
TO YOUR
HEART