The Use Of Bacteri Lactobacillus And Bifidobacterium Essay

The Use Of Bacteri Lactobacillus And Bifidobacterium Essay
For every eukaryotic cell in the human body, scientists estimate that there are about ten prokaryotic
cells present, which means that more than half of what makes up the human body is 30–40 trillion
bacteria and archaea. Recent research suggests that this diverse microbiota is both directly and
indirectly responsible for human mental and physical health. As the human body develops, so does
the microbe flora. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L acidophilus), L. fermentum, L. plantarum, and L.
rhanosus are just some of the dangerous sounding bacteria that are not just beneficial but essential to
proper human health. All of these helpful strains of bacteria are given the common name of
probiotics. Scientists are just now beginning to understand the immense effect of the gut bacteria in
human everyday lives and they, very well, may find that through manipulation of probiotics, any
disease could potentially be inhibited/cured.
There are two major groups of probiotic bacteria: Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Lactobacillus,
a rod–shaped, gram–positive bacterium, is the most popular probiotic used and can be found in
fermented foods, like kimchi, and yogurt. Bifidobacterium, a gram–positive, non–motile bacterium,
is the other probiotic choice approved for common usage. More and more bacteria are being added
to the list of potential probiotics. The benefits of probiotics range from prevention/remission of
infectious diarrhea, antibiotic–associated diarrhea, crohn's disease, hepatic
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Gut Microbiota Essay
Little over a century ago, Ilya Ilyich Metchnikoff, a Ukrainian biologist, identified the benefits of
gut–friendly bacteria present in fermented dairy products. Metchnikoff was the first person to
identify the relationship between a healthy gut microbiota and a person's general health.
(Mackowiak, 2013) In recent years, as consumers, we have been overrun with commercial probiotic
supplements, which come in different forms including powder and capsules. Countless research
studies have been carried out into the supposedly miraculously beneficial effects of commercial
probiotics on our gut microbiota. For every claim made by the food manufacturers of these miracle
health–giving products there is a counterclaim casting doubt on the validity of these. This essay will
endeavour to address two questions: firstly, is gut bacteria important and secondly, are externally
administered commercial probiotic supplements beneficial to our gut microbiota and are they
indeed, as is often claimed, paramount to maintaining good health?
Gut microbiota ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our immune system and digestive health are fully dependant on a healthy and balanced gut
microbiota; it provides an important source of a whole range of vitamins, in particular vitamins B
and K. (Hill, 1997). Although our gut microbiota is known to contain tens of trillions of
microorganisms, our gastrointestinal tract was sterile at birth with its bacterial colonisation process
beginning during and shortly after delivery. The type of bacteria found in the gut microbiota of
infants can almost entirely be attributed to how the infant is fed (Fuller & Perdigon, 2003). Research
has shown that there are significant differences in the gut microbiota of breast–fed and formula–fed
infants with breast–fed infants experiencing fewer gastrointestinal problems and being less prone to
infections (Stark & Lee, 1982; Benno et al., 1984 cited in Fuller & Perdigon,

The Effects Of Diet On Human Health Status Essay
Introduction
One of the most common and deadliest forms of cancer is CRC. It usually occurs in older adults,
and victims often experience abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, blood in the stool, and
passing excessive amounts of gas.1 CRC typically begins with colon polyps or ulcerative colitis,
both of which are risk factors; removal of these polyps can help decrease risk of CRC
development.2 However, these factors may not present themselves with symptoms, which is why
regular screening is necessary for adults 50 years of age or older.1
Some studies indicate nearly 80% of CRC incidents (in western civilizations) are on account of
diet.3 Though a common part of the American diet, red and processed meats have been associated
with multiple diseases, including CRC and many other cancers. Previous research indicates that
physical fitness also contributes to health status in both healthy and diseased persons, including
cancer patients. This review will investigate the effects of diet (specifically red meat removal) and
exercise on CRC risk and microbiome composition in CRC patients.
Diet Selection & Cancer Risk
Several studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between diet selection and cancer
risk. Many interventions have been evaluated in these studies, such as a vegetarian diet, red meat
removal, and decreasing saturated fat intake. Diet contributes largely to the health of individuals
regardless of disease state. It should be noted that the majority of CRC

The Role Of Irritable Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Although the gut microbiota are involved in a range of functions within the human body, this essay
will focus on their role in the development of Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD). The human gut
microbiota play a significant role in the metabolic health of individuals with irritable bowel diseases
such as Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). IBD, UC and CD are chronic
gastrointestinal illnesses, all of which have an uncertain etiology. Symptoms of these illnesses can
include diarrhoea, weight loss, ulceration, proliferation and even total obstruction of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (1). However the causes of these diseases are not strictly known(2). There
are a vast number of bacterial species that reside within the GI tract, some of which can play a role
in producing inflammation. It is believed that microbial patterns may play a role in causing IBD.
The innate immune system may play a role in altering the gut microbiota profile. Certain pathogens
have also been found to play a role in the development of IBD. Finally, diet and nutrition play a role
in IBD, however certain nutrients are believed to have both positive and negative effects. This essay
will aim to critically explore what is responsible for IBD: both internal and external factors that
influence the human gut microbiota, and hence trigger IBD, or more specifically; an abnormal
immune response in a vulnerable individual, or a deviation in immune function that leads to an
altered immune response

A Study Of Dynamic Regulation Of Gene Expression Essay
The majority of cells in the human body are not human at all. The 100 trillion prokaryotic cells that
make up our microbiota, constitute 90% of the cells in our bodies, and are derived from more than
40,000 bacterial strains (Forsythe & Kunze, 2012). Bacterial cells reside in animal hosts as
commensals, symbionts, or as pathogenic parasites, forming a veneer over almost all body surfaces
(Dave et al., 2012). Increasingly, research is showing the importance of host microbiota composition
and the bidirectional signaling pathways between the brain and the gut, some of which are
epigenetic. These studies elucidate the profound impacts that signaling pathways, such as short–
chain fatty acid mediated effects, nucleomodulins, and other bacterial metabolites, can have on
health, behavior and cognition (Sommer & Backhed, 2013). 'Epigenetics,' derived from the Greek
root 'epi ' meaning on top of, is the study of dynamic regulation of gene expression due to factors
that act on chromatin structure, nuclear architecture and other molecular events that do not change
the DNA sequence (Stilling et al., 2014). In addition, epigenetics has sometimes been defined as
sequence– independent heritable changes in gene expression (Holliday, 1987). Epigenetic processes
include post–translational histone modification, as well as cytosine methylation and interactions of
non–coding RNAs (Jaenisch & Bird, 2003; Landry et al., 2013). Post–translational histone
acetylation results in a decreased

Evaluation Of Effect Of Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory...
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF NON STEROIDAL ANTI–INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ON
GROWTH OF PROBIOTICS
 Nsaids might be our future antibiotics as they show antimicrobial properties...
Nida Rizvi1, Ma'am Azra Riaz2
1, 2 Pharmacy department, faculty of pharmacology, University of Karachi.
Abstract: Effect of various concentrations of NSAIDs (Non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs) on
growth of commercial probiotic preparations (A, B, C, and D) were observed by agar well diffusion
assay. Zone of inhibition was recorded after 24 h and found that different samples of probiotics
showed more or less susceptibility to different doses of NSAIDs. This indicates that NSAIDs beside
anti–inflammatory response may give antibiotic effect as well.
Keywords: NSAIDs, antibiotic, probiotics.
1. Introduction:
According to the definition by WHO and FAO, probiotics are live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confers a health benefit on the host. Probiotics are available to
consumers mainly in the form of foods and as dietary supplements.
NSAIDs have analgesic, antipyretic effects and also have anti–inflammatory effects in higher doses.
Use of NSAID is associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects mainly
due to the inhibition of prostanoid biosynthesis. NSAIDs have many applications in
pharmacokinetics and medicinal.
This review aims to examine antimicrobial property of NSAIDs (ibuprofen, aspirin, and diclofenac).
2. Materials and Methods:
All media

Research Paper On Prebiotics
Prebiotics
A prebiotic is a non–digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively
stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon thus
improving host health. The prebiotic approach advocates the administration of non–viable entities.
Dietary carbohydrates such as fibres are candidate prebiotics, but most promise has been realised
with non–digestible oligosaccharides, because of their selective metabolism. In particular, the
ingestion of fructo–oligosaccharides (FOS) stimulates bifidobacteria in the lower gut. As prebiotics
exploit non–viable food ingredients, their applicability in diets is wide ranging. A further approach is
synbiotics, where probiotics and prebiotics are combined. Today, only bifidogenic, non–digestible
oligosaccharides (particularly inulin, its hydrolysis product oligofructose, and (trans)
galactooligosaccharides), fulfill all the criteria for prebiotic classification. ... Show more content on
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The main site of action is the colon. Thus, prebiotic should also resist the effects of various digestive
enzymes and acidic conditions of the gut. Once the prebiotic can phase through all these conditions,
it helps in the stimulation of growth and the various metabolic activities of live probiotic bacteria by
fermentation itself. The target bacterial genera for the prebiotic actions are bifidobacteria and
lactobacillus species. These bacterial species are able to take as a diet of any prebiotics and then
produces various metabolic end products via the fermentation process. These fermented end
products have a direct effect on health through the stimulation of host immune system as well as
functions as a binding of receptor sites. The fermentation end products can be organic acids or
biologically active peptides. These fermented products have a specific role in the direct antagonistic
action against the harmful disease causing

Bifidum Research Paper
1. Non–pathogen name: Bifidobacterium bifidum
2. Description of non–pathogen:
Bifidobacterium bifidum is a gram positive bacteria that is anaerobic, non–spore forming, and non–
motile; it is commonly found in the intestinal and vaginal mucosa of humans and animals as a part
of their natural flora (3). It has also been found in human and animal feces, and beef and pork meat
(2). In recent years, it has experienced a surge in popularity by not only the medical but also science
community because of its abundance in natural flora. Bifidobacterium bifidum is a probiotic that has
a symbiotic bacteria–host relationship by playing a beneficial role in the lower gastrointestinal tract
by maintaining microbial balance by "inhibiting the growth of potential ... Show more content on
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Although it is an opportunistic pathogenic that usually infects the immune impaired, Listeria is
ubiquitous so it exists almost everywhere, but pathogenicity was most likely acquired when both
Bifidobacterium bifidum and Listeria was in animal or human feces. After entering a phagosome
Listeria uses ActA to polymerize host cell actin which enables it to move within and between cells.
Since Bifidobacterium bifidum and Listeria both exist in high concentrations in feces, they most
likely exist close together; thus is is probable that Listeria propelled itself into Bifidobacterium
bifidum and transferred pathogenicity into Bifidobacterium bifidum that allows it to cause malaise
similar to Listeria.
5. Pathogenicity (remember it doesn't need to be good at everything):
Transmission
Bifidobacterium bifidum can be transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated foods–i.e. pork,
beef, milk products, contact with contaminated feces and poor hygiene, and mother–to–child
transmission–i.e. breast feeding and vaginal births.
Attachment
Adheres to human intestinal epithelial cells at "the apical brush boarder of the enterocytic Caco–2
cells" and binds to the muscus produced "by the HT29–MTX musuc secreting cells" (1). This was
all mediated by a proteinaceous adhesion–promoting factor that is species specific.

Why Is Eczema Important
ECZEMAAND PROBIOTICS Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic allergic
disorder that mainly involves the skin (Sears 89). As reported in, The Allergy Book, "of all the
allergic disorders...eczema is the most troublesome to treat" (89). In addition, eczema care is much
more than skin deep; the whole body must be healthy to minimize eczema (Sears 98). Our immune
system's response to allergens is what causes millions of us to suffer from allergic disorders (Sears
3). In addition, epidemiologic data showed that atopic children have a different intestinal flora from
that of healthy ones (Ozdemir par. 4). Researchers are beginning to link the introduction of
probiotics as an effective way to treat/or prevent eczema. Per Dr. Ozdemir, children who ... Show
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5). Probiotics are bacteria that are native to your digestive tract, which means, they are normally
found in healthy small and large intestines and can influence the mucosal barrier (the inner lining of
the digestive tract), which in turn can affect immune system functions (EczemaFree.org par. 2).
Lack of a sufficient mucosal barrier allows food and environmental antigens to cross over into the
blood stream, activating the immune system and leading to hyperactivity, which is the hallmark of
eczema conditions (par. 2). This is an example of how usage of probiotics can improve conditions
within the intestinal tract, and in turn reduce eczema symptoms. Unaltered probiotics such as
Lactobacillus GG, with its anti–inflammatory powers, may help prevent the development of eczema
and other allergic disorders (Sachs 230). The first clue that gut bacteria could play a role in risk for
developing eczema came in the discovery that breastfed babies have a reduced incidence, prolonged
onset and decreased severity to eczema

Unknown Bacteria: Microbiology Lab Report
UNKNOW BACTERIA LAB REPORT
UNKNOWN 36
Introduction
The purpose of this lab was to identify two unknown bacteria from a mixed culture. The reason for
identification of unknown bacteria was to help students recognize different bacteria through
different biochemical tests and characteristics. This is important in the medical field because
identification of unknown bacteria can help treat a patient by knowing the contributing source of a
disease. Also knowledge of different bacteria helped others make antibiotics used today. This lab
was completed by using the methods learned thus far in identification of bacteria.
Materials and Methods
A mixed culture of two unknown bacteria was provided by the instructor. The methods used for ...
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The colonies were smooth, translucent, and had a white brownish color. The Gram stain resulted in
Gram positive cocci. After the Gram stain was completed, the bacteria were streaked on a Mannitol–
Salt Agar plate and a Catalase test was performed. After these test were completed a Phenol Red
Dextrose Fermentation tube was inoculated, and a SIM Tube inoculated.
The Unknown Bacteria 36/Bacteria # 2 on a TSA plate was examined by the naked eye and under a
dissecting microscope. Bacteria # 2 was approximately 3 – 4 mm in diameter. They were circular in
form with an entire margin and a flat elevation. The colonies were rough (granular), translucent, and
white brownish color with black granules. The Gram stain resulted in a Gram negative rod. After the
Gram stain was completed, the bacteria were streaked on an Eosin –Methylene Blue Agar plate and
an Enterotube II was inoculated.
See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of
Bacteria # 2.
Table 1: Biochemical Test Results (Bacteria # 1) TEST | PURPOSE | REAGENTS |
OBSERVATIONS | RESULTS | Gram Stain | To determine the Gram reaction of Bacteria #1 |
Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Safranin | Purple cocci | Gram positive cocci | MSAAgar plate | To
determine Gram positive Staphylococcus species | None | Yellow halo around streak |

Essay On Probiotics
If you use probiotics on a daily basis you'll benefit greatly; probiotics are used both to prevent health
problems and to treat disease. The most common probiotic bacteria strains seem to work well with
most people, no matter if you enjoy normal health or if you suffer from poor health. But one thing is
clear: The unhealthier your lifestyle is, the more you need probiotics. It's important to remember that
each person carries a unique gut microflora. It's like a unique fingerprint belonging only to one
person. This microflora needs to be kept in a delicate balance to work well. If you eat junk food,
processed foods, drink soda, or experience stress and tension daily, you can be sure it will affect
your gut––it can easily get out of balance. The condition of your gut and intestine will affect the
level of health you enjoy. The specific makeup of the microflora in your gut and intestine is
determined by your genes, your eating and drinking habits, and other factors. Most studies made on
probiotics show that probiotics acts to balance your gut and combat the bad effects of modern,
stressful living. And probiotics does this without side effects. Probiotics has proven effective to
prevent and treat diarrhea caused by hostile microorganisms. ... Show more content on
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But recent research shows that your intestinal microflora and your skin are closely interconnected.
Signals from microorganisms in your gut interact with organisms in your skin. So problems in this
connection could be responsible for such problems as skin dryness and irritation. An excellent
solution is to combine natural skin care and probiotics to promote healthy, supple skin. I've suffered
from eczema for many years but since I started taking probiotics daily, I've seen great improvement.
I take a supplement daily with 70 billion CFU and 10 different strains. I also prepare my own
fermented vegetables at home that I add to every meal. I use only natural skin care

Escherichia Coli : An Causative Agent Of Infections Essay
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is a strain of bacteria that is defined as primary the causative agent
of infections in the urinary tract. Many strains of this bacteria are specifically adapted to overcome
host defenses. The signs of a potential urinary tract infection include inflammation and shedding of
the epithelial cells that line the urinary bladder. Importance
Study into this field is crucial for human and animal populations around the world. The importance
of studying this organism includes, but is not limited to: developing a technique of how to combat
active infections, understanding how the organism penetrates a host's defenses, and to develop
practices that will prevent repetitive infections.
Introduction
Uropathogenic species of microorganisms are extremely resistant to medical treatments. More
recent studies have shown that even with the implementation of antibiotics reservoirs of bacteria can
survive. A reservoir refers to any place or substance that can harbor infectious agents under normal
circumstances. The term is typically used in microbiology to reference the source of infections
agents that can infect individuals.
Urinary Tract Infections have a large net effect on a variety of populations around the world. The
disease is highly frequent and associated medical costs are also high. It is estimated that
approximately one third of the female population in America will be plagued with at least one
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) before they reach the age

Gut Microbiome: A Case Study
Introduction The human body contains trillions of resident bacteria that make up the gut
microbiome. These bacteria establish a symbiotic relationship with the host cells and the immune
system. Imbalance of the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, is associated with a number of diseases
including Clostridium difficile infection (C. diff), autoimmune diseases, diabetes, obesity, and
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy
used to treat gut microbiome disorders, most notably the diarrheal infection due to C. diff.Seektaz
Recently, there have been efforts to use FMT as a therapy for other diseases such as Ulcerative
colitis (UC). This condition is an inflammatory bowel disease that is also characterized by an
imbalance in the gut microbiome. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mild UC is characterized by occasional rectal bleeding with mucus discharge, mild diarrhea,
tenesmus, constipation, and some abdominal pain. Moderate UC, in contrast, presents with up to 10
bloody, loose stools each day, mild fever, abdominal pain, and mild anemia. Patients with severe UC
will have more than 10 bloody loose stools per day, severe abdominal pain, high–grade fever, quick
weight loss, and anemia due to blood loss.Garud Patients with severe disease may require a
colectomy. This review will analyze clinical trials that included patients with mild or moderate
disease. FMT is not yet a therapy considered for severe UC. The symptoms described above may
lead to a very poor quality of life for some patients with chronic disease. It has been postulated that,
similar to a C. diff infection, there is spore formation in the mucosal surfaces of the colon and
rectum of patients with UC. Spores are more resistant than non–spore forming bacteria. This may
contribute to the chronicity of UC and may explain why antibiotic treatment will not fully eliminate
these spores associated with chronic

The Vascular Species Of Flora Essay
The naturalised vascular species of flora throughout New Zealand at present has similar totals to the
native species (Williams & Cameron, 2006), and newly naturalised species are being discovered at
an increasing rate (Howell, 2008). Approximately 19% of all naturalised species are presently
recorded as environmental weeds (Howell, 2008). Unfortunately, these statistics can, incorrectly,
give the impression that New Zealand environments are inundated with an abundance of diverse
weeds. Rather, the majority of naturalised plants, together with weeds, still inhabit a mere fraction of
the wild–land habitats throughout New Zealand (Williams & Wiser, 2004). In the centuries to come,
it is predicted that weeds and other naturalised floras will increasingly occupancy areas of New
Zealand, even for millenniums as has appeared to have occurred with Europe's naturalised plants
(Pysek & Jarosik, 2005). The general origins of naturalised flora species were as decorative garden
and feature plants (Howell, 2008), as such they commonly are present near human settlements
(Timmins & Williams, 1991). When random wild–land sites were surveyed few, if any,
environmental weed species are generally found (Sullivan, Williams, & Timmins, 2006). This
suggests that environmental weeds are generally in the initial stages of infiltration into New
Zealand's environments, thus, there is an opportunity to curb further dispersal. Methods of long
distance dispersal differ among environmental weed and

Summary Of What If The Animals Could Speak
SOLONIA TRIES HER STORY ON HER CLASSMATES The young girl writes feverishly, partly
because she wants to perform the puppet play as soon as possible, and partly because she is
genuinely, and poetically inspired. Though she is in a rush, she is also concern of how others will
take to her story, so she writes it out in the from of a poem and calls it..."What If The Animals Could
Speak" She has always been shy of reading before adults, even her parents, but she already foresees
this foreboding necessity, but thinks what better audience of critics then her classmates at the
university, children her own age. Solonia has written down her poem from memory, the original
having been left behind at her parents Villa, far south of the capital, so discontented was she upon
leaving, she wanted nothing that would remind her of home save the necessities of the travel.
Having finished it she is anxious to read it to Sandro, but avoids the ears of his sister Marchesa and
the children's parents not knowing whether it is any good. If Alexandro likes it she reasons, this will
be inspiration enough to elaborate and turn it into a play for the puppets. There is a gazebo midway
between the gymnasium and the insulae that is home of the family, and is where the two often meet
to walk the surrounding gardens or stroll home to assist the parents when there is a performance for
the evening. Sandro is waiting there as she calls out to him waving the scroll above her head. He
knows what it is before she

Study The Association Between The Gut Microbiota And Brain...
Objectives:
Short term objectives: To study the association between the gut microbiota and brain functions in
response to the stress reactivity at different stages of early life. This research will also help to link
the brain structures involved in stress reactivity. This research will help to understand, how the
diversity and distribution of these prominent phyla contribute to health and disease.
Long term objective: We plan to expand this research to a broader aspect to study the gut–brain axis
with simultaneous stress exposure. This research presents a paradigm that is applicable in clinical
studies and will provide basis for the psychiatric disorder treatments. Behavioral neuroscientists are
increasingly recognizing the importance of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In clinical studies, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was positively correlated with the severity of
anxiety and depression (Charles et al., 1992).
Central stress circuitry includes hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA). There also exist a
negative feedback loop between HPA axis and the immune system. Signaling is mediated by
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid and their related
receptors (Turnbull and Rivier, 1999). There also exists a negative feedback loop via glucocorticoid
receptors and melanocorticoid receptors within the hippocampus (Turnbull and Rivier, 1999;
Kellendonk et al., 2002). Dysregulation of HPA axis in rodents (Landgraf and Wigger, 2002;
Jakovcecski et al., 2011) and in humans (Coryell et al., 2006) leads to anxiety and depression like
symptoms respectively. Whereas, correction of the HPA axis with medications have shown
improvement in depression (Wilkinson and Goodyer, 2011). Increase in levels of IL–1, TNF–α and
increased mortality following immune challenge with LPS (Perretti et al., 1993; Goujon et al., 1996)
have been reported in adrenalectomized rodents. The stress response in adrenalectomized rodents is
reversible with dexamethasone treatment (Butler et al., 1989).
Gut–microbiota–brain Axis and behavior: Over the recent years, the concept of interaction between
peripheral

Essay on Obesity Alters Gut Microbial Ecology
A common theme among the concerns of today's American citizens is that of obesity. Obesity,
identifiable by abnormal fat accumulation, can be defined in absolute terms by one who has a Body
Mass Index (BMI) over 30. It is estimated that over 30 percent of American adults are clinically
obese. This number has shown a dramatic increase from the 15 percent of American adults suffering
from obesity in 1980. Globally, 400 million adults are obese, while predictions place this number at
700 million by 2015. The major issue confronting this adiposity is the health conditions that
accompany states of extreme obesity. These include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, sleep apnea,
and osteoarthritis among others. The escalating number of obese and ... Show more content on
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* These microorganisms help in extracting calories from polysaccharides in our diet. * They are able
to break up polysaccharides that we would otherwise not be able to hydrolyze. * Studies in mice,
which also have large numbers of microbes living in their guts, have shown that there may be a link
between storing energy as fat and microbial activity. * It is thought that the microbes regulate the
expression of the gut protein fasting–induced adipocyte protein (FIAF). This protein is an inhibitor
of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). * If the microbes suppress FIAF, then the level of LPL increases. *
Increased LPL levels enhance fat storage (make an individual fatter). * There exists a highly adapted
range of bacteria present in the human gut that are inherited maternally.
The hypothesis:
Obesity may be linked to differences in the microbial makeup of each individual. Individuals prone
to obesity may possess microbes that are more efficient at extracting energy from food than lean
individuals.
Questions addressed by the experiment:
* How does the structure of the gut microbial community differ between individuals? * Does being
a member of the same family affect the microbial community? * Does obesity affect the community
structure? If so, at what taxonomic level does this occur, and does the gut community

The Gastrointestinal Tract, The Immune System And Mental...
Introduction
Nowadays there are a large number of investigations related to the microbiota and health not only of
the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system but also the nervous system and mental health.
Likewise, changes in the microbiota are implicated in the increasing tendency for a broad range of
inflammatory diseases such as allergic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and the
presence of non–communicable diseases (NCDs) for instance, cardiovascular diseases (like heart
attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary
disease and asthma) and diabetes. Studies have suggested strategies that would regulate the
intestinal microbiota for reducing the risk of such diseases, ... Show more content on
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The gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of multiple host metabolic pathways, giving rise to
interactive host–microbiota metabolic, signaling, and immune–inflammatory axes that
physiologically connect the gut, liver, muscle, and brain. A deeper understanding of these axes is a
prerequisite for optimizing therapeutic strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota to combat disease
and improve health (4).
Discussion
Interactions between the gut microbiota and the host immune system begin at birth. Some
epidemiological studies suggest that C–section babies may have an elevated risk for developing
immune and metabolic disorders, including Type 1 diabetes, allergies, asthma and obesity. Scientists
have theorized that these children may be missing key bacteria known to play a large role in shaping
the immune system from the moment of birth onward. Babies delivered by cesarean section (C–
section) acquire a microbiota that differs from that of vaginally delivered infants, and C–section
delivery has been associated with increased risk for immune and metabolic disorders. Dominguez–
Bello et al conducted a pilot study in which infants delivered by C–section were exposed to maternal
vaginal fluids at birth. A mother's vaginal fluids – loaded with one such essential bacterium,

The Human Immune System And Its Effects On Disease...
The human immune system has advanced to distinguish between and eliminate disease–causing
microorganisms. Nevertheless, a symbiotic relationship has been developed with several species of
bacteria that not only inhabit the gut, but also make up the natural commensal flora or microbiota.
The microbiota, being essential in the breakdown of nutrients, helps prevent colonization by
potentially pathogenic bacteria. Also, the gut commensal bacteria appear to be vital in the growth of
an efficiently functioning immune system. Many studies have been done to demonstrate that various
species of microbiota can cause responses from different types of immune cells such as Th17 cells
and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, suggesting that the properties of the microbiota can have a
significant influence on immune response. Although the microbiota is found in the gut, it seems to
have a substantial effect on immune response. In fact, specific gut commensal bacteria have
displayed a correlation in affecting disease development in other organs besides the gut, and
depending on the type of species, can have a wide range of effects on disease, whether that being
inhibition or protection. It has also been determined that the initial composition of the microbiota is
significant through the effects of milk attained by either breastfeeding or formula feeding. All in all,
the gut microbiota has been found to be significant in the development of the host's immunity to
various pathogenic microorganisms, and

Case Study: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Jade Chapman Central Methodist University NU 500 Nonalcoholic
Steatohepatitis As the medical world continues to grow and improve with technology, there
continues to be new discoveries and developments with diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD) is a condition where fat deposits are present in the liver that is not expected. This disease
was able to be broken into two sub groups: nonalcoholic fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
(NASH) (Singh et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the normal process for an adult
that could be facing the diagnosis of NASH. In 1980, Dr. Ludwig identified and described NASH as
a disease that is "a unique entity characterized by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over their lifetime they will come in contact with several people and departments to help manage
their care. A patient will have several trips to the lab, imagining department, and primary care
provider. Depending on the comfort of the primary care provider a patient can be referred to a
hepatologists. This doctor specializes in the liver and can help prevent, manage, and treat this
disease. A diagnosis of NASH can be life changing and health care providers must be consciousness
of this and help prevent any secondary diagnosis, for example: depression. Counseling and pastor
services could be utilized for this patient

Streptocci Research Paper
Streptococci
The mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract that are exposed to air and food normally
display a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species. These species vary from area to area.
The throat has the most species and the sinus membranes have little to none. The gram–positive
genus Streptococcus are among the normal flora found on the human skin and mucous membranes,
Most streptococci are facultative anaerobes, some are microaerophilic, and others are anaerobic. The
anaerobic streptococci are now considered within the genus, Peptostreptococcus. Most streptococci
grow best at an incubation temperature of 35°C. Some streptocci species produce species that causes
lysis of red blood cells with the release of hemoglobins. These species, referred to as hemolysins,
can be observed on blood agar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through culture growth and the effects produced on agar plates, identification can begin. Alpha–
hemolytic colonies taken from upper respiratory specimens are not analyzed further because it is
considered normal flora. Beta–hemolytic colonies, on the other hand, are tested using serological
methods to determine which antigenic group the belong to, group A or group B. The most definitive
method for testing beta–hemolytic streptococci is the latex–agglutination method. Alternatively
identification can be made by the ability of S. pyogenes to hydrolyze the reagent PYR causing it to
turn bright red. Rapid immunoassay testing is also available in detecting group A streptococci. This
method identifies group A antigens from throat swabs and because they are so fast, they are usually
used in clinics and physician offices. However, a throat swab for "strep" culture should be sent to a
clinical microbiology laboratory is tests are negative and evidence of pharyngitis is

Human And Microbial Components Of The Human Body Essay
Introduction With the influence of "micro–evolution," science is evolving at a relatively fast pace.
We as humans, are also evolving at a rate in which we still today have many unanswered questions;
pushing us to make this new technology to learn more. Our own health is always changing across
decades, keeping us up to date on finding new information about the human body. Our bodies are
composed of human and microbial components, making us supraorganisms. (Costello et al 2012)
Meaning we have advanced functions and work in units, to make us superior to other organisms on
the Earth. (Turnbaugh) We know currently essential information about microbiomes to help us
understand the human body a little better. The skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, colon, gut, and
vagina are composed of microbial communities. Collectively, the gut has the most information.
Information pertaining to these body parts however, are limited simply because each individual is
unique This makes each body just as unique as the person. (The Scientist Staff) It is in still in
question whether we are functionally redundant between community members, and what kind of
factors are influencing this. (Turnbaugh) The struggle of finding accurate technology to be able to
compare human microbial communities globally include the degree of relatedness so whether that
persons are related, the place in the family structure, the age, demographics, there are many ethical,
legal, and logistical barriers, types of comparisons,

First Line Of Defense
The first line of defense include structural, mechanical and chemical defenses. Structural defenses
that people have are their skin, since the skin it's dry it doesn't allow bacteria to survive in the skin.
It also doesn't allow pathogens to enter the body. Mucous membranes also help fight back disease by
the cilia grabbing into particles and trying to take out anything when your sneeze. The normal flora
is another way we fight pathogens. The bacteria that are in our system push out the pathogens and
they can also release acids that some pathogens may not like. Some mechanical ways our body
protects include movement of bodily fluids. When we urinate we can flush out bacteria. Other
mechanical ways are by our body releasing tears and saliva. ... Show more content on
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This include the phagocytosis process which include white blood cells. This white blood cells take
over the pathogens and tries to fight them back. The macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils work
to try to get fight the pathogen. The process starts by white cells recognizing the pathogen. Then the
white cells adhere to the pathogens and don't allow them to attach. Lastly white cells try to break the
pathogens out by the help of the enzymes. This can also not work because some pathogens may
have more protection and may not allow the enzymes to break them out. Another thing that can
happen is your compliment systems may kick in and a person can get fever which tries to make the
pathogen uncomfortable and some bacteria may even get kill since some are sensitive to heat. Also
you may get an inflammation, which are extra white cells that are put in an area that needs them.
When the blood vessels expand it can allow movement of fluids. Inflammation can also help us but
can also be harmful because if inflammation occurs in place where there isn't much room, then it can
damage your central nervous system. If none of this things work then the third line of defense comes
into play. The process is a specific immune response. It starts by the microphage reading and does
an antigen presentation. Then the B–Cells produce antibodies that are specific to a pathogen. Does
antibodies then

When A Patient Is Admitted To The Hospital, The Nurse Needs
When a patient is admitted to the hospital, the nurse needs to be aware of the frequent hospital
acquired problems such as the development of pressure injuries and moisture acquired dermatitis
which could cause poorer patient outcomes and an increase to expenses for the hospital. There are a
wide variety of assessment tools nurses can use to group patients based on their risks for skin
breakdown or the development of pressure injuries such as the Braden Scale, which includes but is
not limited to how frequent the patient is wet which would potentiate skin breakdown. What that
scale does not take into account is the number of layers of linens on the average hospital bed. Many
nurses may never have considered that folding a regular top sheet ... Show more content on
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By decreasing layers of linen, the nurse is allowing the patient to become immersed in the bed
which allows for better pressure redistribution and envelopment as the bed moves air around to help
rotate the site enduring the most pressure at a given time. (Williamson 2009). The first part of the
study conducted by Hill Rom, measured sacral pressures in mmHg with varying different linen
configurations on a low air loss surface with the data averaged to include head of the bed elevations
for zero, thirty, and forty five degrees. With just a fitted sheet, the average pressure measured was 35
mmHg. With the addition of just one quilted chux pad, the pressure measured increased to 41.7
mmHg. As more layers were added, the bed was up to six layers which produced a shocking
increase in sacral pressure up to 52.2 mmHg. (Williamson 2009). This drastic increase in just sacral
pressure alone puts patients at a significantly higher risk for developing a pressure injury so less
layers of linen on the bed has been proven to show a better outcome for the patient. The study also
gathered data for the pressures exerted on the sacrum on a standard foam surface bed with similar
results. The fitted sheet showed an average pressure 42.1 mmHg and as the linen layers increased up
to six, pressures reached 56.3 mmHg, again putting the patient at risk for pressure injuries
(Williamson 2009). The

Personal Experience In Life In My Life Of Swaminarayanism
I have been a follower of Swaminarayanism for all seventeen years of my life, but during my
childhood, temple and religion were just a Sunday obligation. My parents would encourage me to
attend the weekly sabhas (assemblies) held at the temple, but I would often refuse because I was
scared and shy. I followed Swaminarayanism solely because my parents followed it, and for that
reason was very uninterested in the culture and religious values. As I grew older, I came to the
realization there were many fruits of Swaminarayanism, and that temple was one place to take
refuge even when everything in the world was going wrong. It opened many new opportunities for
me. I started to volunteer at the mandir by helping young children learn all that is good in life
through the values of religion. I created a bond between the kids and Swaminarayanism, and
although I was not a firm believer at their age, I wanted to make sure that they had that connection
and conviction to god and to Pramukh Swami Maharaj. Swaminarayanism has taught me to help
others and appreciate the things I have. I dream of becoming a doctor because it will help me live by
Pramukh Swami Maharaj's motto: "In the Joy of Others Lies Our Own." Being a successful doctor
and helping out the less fortunate is one of the best feelings in the world, and Swaminarayanism has
instilled these values within me. I want to be a part of the Doctors Without Borders organization so I
am able to serve the unfortunate people across seas.

Using 15 D Treatment Periods
A 3×3 Latin square design with 15 d treatment periods was used in this study. Probiotic 2, from the
previous experiment, was chosen because the concentrations of SBEC and E. coli K12
concentrations were lower when compared to probiotic 1 and 3. A second reason that probiotic 2
was chosen was because, at an economic standpoint, probiotic 2 is more cost–efficient than
probiotic 1 and 3. The three treatments used in this study were defined as: no supplement (CON),
recommended dose (REC), and two times the recommended dose (2xREC).
Periods consisted of 15 days, with a 5 d acclimation period (Weese et al., 2003) and a withdrawal
period of 10 days. On d 1 of each period, pasture and grass hay samples were collected and frozen
for proximate analysis. On d 1 and 5 of each period, blood from the jugular vein and cecal samples,
prior to morning feeding, were collected. Immediately after collection, the pH of cecal sample was
recorded with an Oakton pH 110 Advanced Portable Meter (Vernon Hills, IL). Samples were
aliquoted into one, 15 mL collection tube and frozen until further bacterial analysis. On d 5, blood
was collected in the same manner as d 1. Beginning at 0600, cecal fluid was collected from each
horse at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 h, in order to represent a full 24 h day. Cecal pH was recorded
after every collection with an Oakton pH 110 Advanced Portable Meter (Vernon Hills, IL). At h 0,
samples were aliquoted into three, 15 mL conical tubes for bacterial, VFA, and NH3

Human Gut Microbiome
The relationship between the human gut microbiome to health and disease is strong. Human
physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and immune function are all affected by the composition of the
gut. If the composition of the gut microbiome is altered in a way that any of these functions are
negatively affected, this can lead to disease. The developments of the microbiome, its complexity,
and its functionality in health and disease have been extensively studied. In addition, the way in
which it is altered has many implications in the cause of diseases, such as bowel disease, obesity,
diabetes and cancer. A healthy adult has over 1000 species of bacteria residing in the gut (1). There
is great diversity in genera of these bacteria, however the most ... Show more content on
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Dietary fiber is a source of carbohydrate that has benefits for intestinal health. It plays a role in the
prevention of disease in the intestine and even throughout the body, such as obesity, type II diabetes,
and cardiovascular disease (10). Furthermore, when the bacteria in the gut ferment the fiber,
metabolites are produced, which benefit the body. Short chain fatty acids are one major end product
of this carbohydrate metabolism, which act to lower the colon's pH, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria
from growing. Some other metabolites include lactate, succinate and formate. Lactate is converted
to butyrate by the bacteria in the gut, which induces mucin synthesis, which is a glycoprotein that
maintains the gut epithelium integrity. Butyrate also acts to prevent bacterial transport across the
epithelium and increases tight junction assembly (11). What this means, is that the fermentation of
fiber allows these beneficial metabolites to be produced, causing a cascade of reactions that promote
health and gut integrity. This shows the complex beneficial interaction between gut microbiota and
fiber intake and its role in promoting health. Gut microbiota composition has also been seen to play
a role in glycemic levels, particularly in children with type 1 diabetes. When butyrate and propionate
(short chain fatty acids) are produced by the gut microbiota, they have been shown to regulate gut
hormone levels, such as

Childhood Obesity : An Epidemic
Introduction Childhood obesity is rising worldwide in an alarming rate. New Zealand Health Survey
results in 2012/2013 showed that one out of nine children (2–14 years) was obese and it was 11 per
cent of the total children population1. Obese children are more prone to have cardiovascular disease,
psychological morbidity, asthma, Type 1 diabetes, and early mortality2 sooner or later in their life.
Adverse effects of childhood obesity not only affect the current or later health status of children but
also the country's productivity and economy. Therefore it is very important to break the obesity
viscous cycle in order to have a healthy nation. Various factors involve in the development of this
multifaceted condition – "Obesity" such as individual's genetics, environment and behaviour2. The
major causes for childhood obesity in New Zealand include less physical activity, inadequate sleep3,
unhealthy dietary patterns such as skipping breakfast4 and consumption of unhealthy snack food5.
There are various preventive strategies for childhood obesity. The conventional treatments include
promoting healthy dietary and behaviour practises and physical activities; however, these seem to be
not having positive impacts in some situations. Moreover, some studies also have shown that
different diet and physical activity intervention studies had failed to have a positive effect on BMI
and obesity of children2. Likewise, some existing evidence reflects that traditional obesity
prevention

Beneficial Effects of Probiotics Essay
INTRODUCTION
Probiotics are ingestable microorganisms which gives the consumer a beneficial effect. First coined
by the late eli Metchnikoff probiotics are described to be microorganisms which are ingested in
small amount to increase the diversity of both flora and fauna inside the human body this reaction in
turn affects the adaptation abilities for the human body to react to different surroundings, digest
different things, or just improve the antibody or the mechanism that already exists in the human
body.
This mechanism of diversity caused by many flora inside the digestive track of humans are
beneficial because it helps with the digestion of a more diverse product. Even if the probiotic does
not help with digestion some other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the other reasons why lactobacillus plantarum 229v is used is that because it is a gram
positive facultative aerob bacteria it can survive in low oxygen environment like inside the juice box
or in the juice itself.
Although lactobacillus plantarum cost are higher this certain strain of lactobacillus is specifically
engineered to have more commercial benefits.
Some benefits can also benefit the product itself. Like many other lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus
plantarum229v releases lactic acid if in dairy based product lactic acid might bring a negative side
effect of giving it a crude rancid taste and smell in juices with a sour taste like orange, black current,
and mango these lactic acid give or enhance the taste. According to a 2006 study of comparison of
both probiotic and non–probiotic juice, juices containing lactobacillus plantarum yields a higher
mark with emphasis on them being more fragrant and tasteful. Another side effect of these lactic
acid is that the lactobacillus plantarum uses the lactic acid to control competing microorganism this
affects the product by giving it a longer shelf life without any excessive amount of sugar and or any
other added preservative.it is also worth mentioning that by eliminating the need of any preservative
production cost can be cut down significantly and the product can now avoid any problems based on
the use of

Gut Microbiology
It's amazing how in sync our bodies are when it comes to keeping us healthy. To maintain optimal
health all the systems within your body need to work closely together and support each other, if
something is off balance it not only impact that specific area but symptoms can show up all over the
body.
Your digestive system in particular plays a major role in your overall well being and a poor
functioning digestive tract can show up through a wide range of symptoms including skin issues,
headaches, energy levels or mood, you name a symptom and it can usually be traced back to
something not right within your gut. Two major system linked to your guts health are your immune
system and your hormone function – both can take a major hit if your gut ... Show more content on
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Bone Broths are fantastic for supporting the thyroid and to help heal the gut. Containing zinc, an
essential mineral to support immune function and promotes healing within the gut and and iron,
which supports thyroid function bone broths are the perfect addition to soups throughout the
program.
The connection between your immune system, hormone production and digestive tract is such an
important connection within the body, with your gut health having a major influence on how other
areas function. By concentrating on healing the gut you are influencing how the immune system
functions and supporting hormone production, which will get you so much closer to achieving
overall health and

Human Skin Research Paper
The human skin is the largest organ within the human body
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535073/). The surface of the skin is formed by
cross–linked cell envelopes and specialized lipid molecules creating the structure of the epidermis
(NCBI). The human skin is slightly acidic (pH 5–6) which is beneficial for resident flora (Lambers).
The human skin acts as a barrier which is one of the first lines of defense against harmful microbes,
most commonly specialized immune cells help to fight off invasive organisms. (NIH). Levels of
specific microbes can fluctuate a great deal up and down but normally stay relatively constant due to
the competition with other organisms on/in the skin (Ppt). The functions of the human skin are: that
it excretes waste, controls temperature, and protects the skin against sunburns by excreting melanin
(sciencedirect). Furthermore, the human skin undergoes sweating, sometimes dryness, the skin is
exposed to the UV light from the sun, and there might also be exposure to opportunistic pathogens
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under normal conditions the skin must maintain homeostasis between the microbiome and host
(NCBI). Intact skin contributes to host resistance because it acts as a barrier to microbial invasion
(textbook 725). The outer skin cells sheds, removing microorganisms that had attached to the
surface beforehand (textbook 726). The main phyla that reside on/in the normal skin microbiota are
Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4219649/). In normal skin keratinocytes are the
first active responders in the skin immune response
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4219649/). Keratinocytes are important in the
defense mechanism of the skin because they provide a barrier between the organism and the
environment

Research Paper On Probiotics
The Best Probiotics for Children
Probiotics are live organisms such as bacteria and yeasts that are good for a person's health.
Although probiotics occur naturally in your body, there can also be found in food and supplements.
Most of us think of bacteria as a disease causing micro–organism, however this is not true about all
bacteria especially probiotics. The health benefits of probiotics are numerous for children. Among
other benefits probiotics have been known to protect against viral infections and prevent allergies.
What a most of us should realize is that probiotics will help in reducing colic, acid reflux and
constipation in your child. Like anything else out there certain probiotics are the best for our babies.
When you switch to the best probiotics you can help your child live a much healthy life. You can
now say goodbye to constipations, acid reflux and colic, which are the most common gastro
intestine complications among children. Probiotics supplements will definitely help your child
through reducing harmful bacteria in his/her digestive system.
The best Probiotics for children
1. Hyperbiotics PRO–15 Probiotics
These probiotics are one of the best for children. You will get 15 times better results when using
these than when using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like all probiotics these probiotic supplement helps your child's digestive tract balance of good
bacteria and yeasts. This probiotic is especially good at preventing occasional stomach problems,
general discomfort and diarrhea. Diarrhea which is a common result of bad bacteria causes pain and
discomfort in children. Therefore the intake of Culturelle Kids packet daily probiotic supplements
will help prevent and cure Diarrhea. The boasting of an infant's immune system is a helpful role
done by these probiotics and thanks to their special ability of maintaining bacterial levels in your
child's digestive

Phyla Case Study
Using a culture–independent technique, bacterial and fungal diversity of 18 different SLUs were
evaluated by amplification of V3–V5 and V4 regions of 16S bacterial rRNA and ITS 3–4 regions of
fungi followed by sequencing of the amplicons using Illumina's MiSeq Platform. A total of 89
samples were analyzed in this study. Out of the 89 samples, 61, 60 and 79 samples were analyzed
from the three amplicons respectively. This was as a result of quality control done to eliminate low
depth reads and ambiguous Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) during preprocessing.
We analyzed the relative abundance of OTUs at two main levels (phylum and genus) by grouping
samples according to three categories; Skin Swab (SS), Wounds before treatment (DB & SB) ...
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The presence of Bacteroides was observed among untreated SLU samples only and the appearance
of Stenotrophomonas, Bradyrhizobium and Luteimonas among treated samples only (Fig 2A).
V4 Analysis also revealed the dominance of Pseudomonas among untreated SLU samples. Among
other genera detected were Staphylococcus, Proteus and Bacteroides. Some of the least abundant
bacteria detected were Enterobacter, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium. Treated SLU samples
were dominated by Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia, while among the least
prevalent genera were Enterobacter, Proteus and Helcococcus. Bacteroides and Veillonella were
only observed among untreated SLU samples, while Stenotrophomonas, Bradyrhizobium and
Burkholderia were observed only among treated SLU samples (Fig 2B).
For fungal diversity studies, among untreated SLU samples, the dominance of plant–like material
was evident in DB samples only. The least abundant genera identified among these groups were
Candida and Wickerhamomyces, in addition to these genera, unidentified OTUs were likewise
detected. The microbiota of treated SLU samples was dominated by Aspergillus, a member of the
phylum Ascomycota, other minor genera identified were Candida, Dothiorella and Malassezia. (Fig
2C).
Inspection of bacterial OTU heatmaps revealed OTU clusters

The Importance Of Probiotics In The Gut
Overall health and well–being can be affected by the bacteria in the gut, and an imbalance in the
digestive system can cause changes in the body and manifest as any number of ailments, including
abdominal discomfort, irritable bowel syndrome, crohn's disease skin and ulcerative colitis. Gut
health and immune system closely linked, and while bacteria are important for digestion, it can also
have an effect on hormone levels, stress and metabolism. Both good and bad bacteria are found in
the gut, and it is vital to feed and supply the beneficial bacteria in order to maintain good health.
Probiotics can play a role in bringing balance to the bacteria in the gut and prevent the development
of diseases, by boosting the immune system, which in turn, promotes good health. There are a
number of probiotic products on the market that provide different benefits. Lets look at the top five
probiotics and what they can do for your health.
What are Probiotics?
According to the Mayo Clinic, probiotics are good bacteria that are either the same as or similar to
the bacteria that occur naturally in your body. Probiotics can be found in some food supplements,
and works by decreasing the number of "bad" bacteria in your gut that can cause infections or
inflammation and restoring bacterial balance.
Probiotics Products
BlueBiotics Ultimate Care
This supplement has 61 billion live probiotics per serving (CFU), 11 proven strains, and is promoted
by numerous doctors and health professionals. Some

Study Population And Clinical Data
STUDY POPULATION AND CLINICAL DATA
This study is a retrospective chart review of 360 patients with definite or possible Infective
Endocarditis according to modified Duke Criteria [1–2] who were admitted to Detroit Receiving
Hospital and Harper University Hospital in Detroit from 2006 to 2014. Both hospitals are teaching
hospitals in Detroit, Michigan. For a patient with repeated episodes of Infective Endocarditis, one
episode was only included at our institutions. Clinical, microbiological, and echocardiographic data
of all patients with definite IE were collected using a standard data collection form.
Analysis of Data
Analysis of data was conducted using the SPSS software system version 22. In table 1, bivariate
analysis was used to compare IE patients who died during admission versus those who survived to
hospital discharge.
Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) and binary regression
analysis was used to examine the associations between a continuous variable and a categorical
variable with two categories. Categorical variables were presented numbers (percentage) and the
association between them analyzed using The Chi–square test. Variables that achieved a P value less
than 0.10 in the bivariable analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression model to
adjust the effects of any possible confounding variable. The independent predictors of the mortality
were selected using a backward stepwise.
RESULTS
During the study

Disadvantages Of Intestine
Improve your health by knowing more about the intestine.
Intestine is the key to one's beauty and health as well as ageing.
The intestine is not just an organ that handles digestion, nutrient absorption and excretion.
Intestine problems are often associated with constipation.
Constipation can cause stomach to bulge and many people are concerned about it. However, this is
just one example caused by the deteriorating intestinal environment.
Other than digestion, nutrient absorption and excretion, the intestine has other functions which are
less known. Such functions are closely related to the whole human body.
This is why when one's intestinal environment deteriorates, it does not simply cause stomachache
and constipation.
Making use of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Euglena is used in many ways these days. What is euglena?
It is a micro–algae with both plant and animal characteristics.
Euglena is a type of micro–algae, about 0.05mm long, that thrives in freshwater. It has existed since
500 million years ago.
It is a rare living organism where it can carry out photosynthesis like a plant. At the same time, it has
the ability to move on it's own like an animal.
Euglena is loaded with a rich variety of nutrients.
Nutrients from both plant and animal sources can be found in euglena. In addition, since euglena
does not have a hard cellulose cell wall, its nutrients are easily digested and absorbed by the human
body.
DHA, EPA amino acids found in animal sources.
Vitamins, minerals found in plant sources.
Euglena holds vast potential for use as a resource and a food ingredient.
It can be used as a food ingredient that contains excellent characteristics and rich in nutrients. It can
also be used as a bio–fuel, thus offering endless future possibilities for the Earth.
Raw ingredient used is the Euglena gracilis EX45 developed by euglena Co., Ltd. exclusively for
Naturally

A Research Study On Symbiosis
INTRODUCTION: Symbiosis is the theme of this chapter as well as the theme throughout the
world. Both organisms may benefit from the relationship or one organism may benefit while the
other may suffer. When looking at life in the grand scheme, symbiosis is everywhere. It occurs
within our own bodies as well as in many other organisms around the world. Evolutionary biologist,
Toby Kiers, makes two valuable points when describing symbiosis. Kiers states that, "We need to
separate important from harmonious. The micro biome is incredibly important but it doesn't mean
that it's well balanced. Both partners may benefit, but there's this inherent tension. Symbiosis is
conflict – conflict that can never be totally resolved."(Yong, 2016). There is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Wolbachia virtually exists everywhere. Wolbachia symbiotic relationship with arthropods involves
manipulating the host's reproduction life. It acts as a reproductive parasite that manipulates the sex
lives of its host to further its own end. The host, the arthropod, inevitably suffers, causing the
relationship between the bacterium and host to be a commensalism relationship. Some hosts, like
arthropods, may die, become sterile, or be unaffected in general. The mating pool can become very
limited due to the effects of Wolbachia. One may say that Wolbachia is a bad bacterium, but it can
possess some beneficial sides. In some species the bacterium may actually benefit the host. For
example, the nematode worm, which apparently cannot survive without W. pipientis. It may also
help flies and mosquitoes by preventing viruses and other pathogens attacking the host. Another
example where the host benefits exist is bed bugs. Wolbachia acts as a nutritional supplement,
creating B–vitamins. B–vitamins do not exist in the blood, which is consumed by the bed bugs;
therefore, without the source of B–vitamins the bugs growth is stunted and they become infertile
(Yong, 2016). Pannebakker et al. (2007) wanted to closely understand the symbiotic relationship
between Asobara tabida, a wasp, and Wolbachia. To conduct this study, they first understood that A.
tabida is naturally infected by three strains of Wolbachia. The research team decided to infect A.
tabida with just the wAtab3

Fecal Transplants : The Future Medical Medicine
ENG 201, Assignment 2, Draft 2
Brandt Christopherson
October 13, 2014
Fecal Transplants: The Future in Medical Treatments
Infectious bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, more today than ever before. Antibiotics
also kill off many of the good bacteria in our gut, and can complicating health problems. Disease
often comes back in those that are elderly or have a suppressed immune system. And treatment with
antibiotics can take weeks to be effective. Doctors fear antibiotics will become obsolete as an
effective cure for disease within decades (Bakken). What if there was a far easier, safer, quicker, and
inexpensive treatment is available? Fecal transplants are that answer.
Organ transplants have been successful ways of saving lives in modern society, today a whole new
type of transplants are beginning and will change the way we look at medicine – fecal transplants.
Fecal transplants, technically Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT), as defined by the Fecal
Transplant Foundation, is a procedure in which fecal matter is collected from a test donor and placed
in a patient by colonoscopy, or enema replacing the bad bacteria with a batch of good bacteria and
jump–start a patient's gut back to good health.
Since bacteria have been discovered, we have been developing antibiotics to kill them. The study of
beneficial bacteria however, has only taken shape over the past few years (Lim). Right now, inside
your gut there are over 100 trillion bacteria and microorganisms that

Microbiota Controls The Homeostasis Of Glial Cells
Cristiaan Ciarlo
Bio 328
Summary: The article titled: Microbiota Controls the Homeostasis of Glial Cells in the Gut Lamina
Propria assessed the varying conditions in which Microbiota within the developing digestive tract
can influence the process of network formation of the certain aspects of the enteric nervous system.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the aspect of the digestive system endowed with its own
nervous system (Bowen 2006). As far as the article is concerned, there were three important
biological findings presented in the article concerning the ENS.
The first was that glial cells, under situations that are comparable to environmental, aggregate in the
lamina propria during early stages of development after birth. The second finding was that this
population of glial cells undergoes a regenerative cycle throughout the life of the organism. This
occurs in a specific region of the gut. The final finding was that this early stage development and
subsequent regeneration throughout the life of the organism depends on the microbiota presented to
the gut. The Microbiota, as they are referred to in the article, are part of an enormous array of
microbes which colonize the body (Baily, Gur, Worly, 2015). Therefore it can be understood that the
gut microbiota are the microbes of the body that inhabit the gut. These seem to be part of the
primary focus in the article.
The article noted that there were questions that arose regarding the development of this specific

The Use Of Bacteri Lactobacillus And Bifidobacterium Essay

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