Vasco da Gama's Impact on India-Spice Trade

The impact of Vasco da Gama on India
Vasco da Gama's revolutionary sea expedition to India is one of the most crucial moments in the
entire history of exploration. Till the middle of 15th century, Portugal was the foremost seafaring
country in Europe. King Manuel I: the ruler of Portugal hired about four ships for the voyage around
Africa to the legendary land of India. King Manuel I knew that India was a huge cradle of variety of
spices, which were extremely rare to see in other places and moreover they were pretty expensive in
Europe. The king had also noticed that the Muslim merchants transported the spices by caravans
through Arabian deserts and sold them in the markets of the Mediterranean ports. King Manuel I
expected a new sea route to India, as that would enable him to import spices directly. This
achievement was very important for Portugal as they could trade and earn money a lot of money
from it. India was filled with spices: Pepper was a very common and the most used spice, it was
used to preserve food and to flavor spoiled meat. Pepper was originated from Cochin and Malabar
Coast in India. Cloves and cinnamon were equally used. They were used for keeping the food
hygienic and ventilated. They were also sprinkled across the floor to avoid foot odor from entering
the room. Many spices were also used for the cure of various illnesses and deadly diseases. India
was the foremost spice trader for most of the countries including Europe.
King Manuel I assigned Vasco da Gama to lead the revolutionary
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Article 263 Tfeu : The Accessibility Of Judicial Review...
This essay will explore the changes that Article 263 TFEU has had to the accessibility of judicial
review before the CJEU as well as assessing whether the reforms introduced were sufficient enough
in improving a private parties ability to bring government decisions under scrutiny. In addition, the
judgments of the Court in Inuit and Microban will be considered. This essay will analyse present
criticisms of the definition set out in the two cases and the overall effect of the new article.
Private parties who feel affected by decisions of government that have been reached at EU or
national level are entitled to make a case against the state in a Claim for Judicial Review (CJR)
proceeding. However before this process can take place the court must be content that the claimant
has satisfied a certain criteria, in a process known as standing. If the court grants standing to the
private party, then the government decision being challenged may be subject to judicial review.
Article 263 TFEU
Before the Treaty of Lisbon (ToL) reforms, the rules on requiring standing have been restrictive in
cases where the claimant isn 't being specifically addressed by the measure in question. An
individual would be required to establish 'direct and individual concern' to challenge any EU acts
not addressed to them. This has created a large barrier to private parties who are affected by
government measures, but who are not specifically mentioned in the government/EU measures.
Despite criticism of

Bridge Foundation Design Essay
ASEISMIC FOUNDATION DESIGN PROCESS
LESSONS LEARNED FROM TWO MAJOR PROJECTS :
THE VASCO DA GAMAAND THE RION–ANTIRION BRIDGES
Alain PECKER
Géodynamique et Structure, 157 Rue des Blains 92220 BAGNEUX, France
1 INTRODUCTION
The choice of a design concept for a bridge foundation is guided by various factors; several of these
factors are indeed of technical origin, like the environmental conditions in a broad sense, but others
non technical factors may also have a profound impact on the final design concept. These aspects
will be reviewed and illustrated by comparison of the solutions adopted for two major European
cable stayed bridges: the Vasco da Gama bridge in Lisbon (Portugal) and the Rion–Antirion bridge,
near Patras
(Greece). The foundations solutions for those two structures are described and an attempt is made to
pinpoint the major factors that have guided the final choices. The innovative foundation concept
finally adopted for the Rion–Antirion bridge is further described in details to highlight how capacity
design principles, which are familiar to structural engineers, can be implemented in earthquake
resistant design of foundations.
2 ASEISMIC FOUNDATION DESIGN PROCESS
The aseismic design process for foundations is a very broad activity requiring the synthesis of
insight, creativity, technical knowledge and experience [1]. Information is required and decisions
have to be made at various stages including:
(i) the geological environment and geotechnical characterization

Institutional Changes From The Lisbon Treaty
In order to look at whether the institutional changes from the Lisbon Treaty have been able to reduce
the democratic pressure and if after these changes does the European Union still lack democratic
accountability. We shall look at all the main insinuations and discuss the changes that were brought
in and how these may have or haven't contributed to make the union free form its democratic
pressure.
The Lisbon Treaty was signed by the member states on the 13 of December 2007, it amended the
existing European Union (EU) and the treaties the ratification process turned out to be longer than
anticipated. The Lisbon Treaty came in to force officially on 1 of December 2009. The treaty was
aimed to make Europe 'democratic and transparent' they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They exercise the powers of initiative, being able to act independently from the government. So that
they can get a better understanding of the objectives of the community this helps them preserve any
individual interests member states may have. Article 17 of The Treaty European Union (TEU)
provides all of the duties of the Commission. The European Council can only appoint
commissioners once the European Parliament has given consent. The Lisbon Treaty was to
introduce a smaller commission however this was not phased out as Ireland opposed.
The Commission President can only be nominated by a qualified majority vote from the Europe–an
Parliament and they can only then be elected by them by a Majority, if the required majority of votes
is not met then the European Council are able to within a month time propose another candidate.
Once commissioners are appointed they cannot be dismissed during their term in the office by the
governments, they must remain in the office unless they have been replaced or compulsory retired .
In cases as such the European Parliament has enough power to pass a motion to remove the
commission. In 1999, when allegations of mismanagement and waste the Parliament had failed to
provide any motion and in this event the whole commission and the President had to resign. The
commission is able to propose legislation and policy proposals; they are required to publish all
proposals, which establishes transparency

The Lisbon Treaty and its Consequences on the European...
On 13 December 2007, the European heads of government signed the Lisbon Treaty, which was
designed to make the European Union (EU) "more democratic , more transparent and more
efficient" (BBC) after twelve new members have been added in 2004 and 2007. Before the treaty
could enter into force, it had to be ratified by all EU members.
This essay will summarize the Lisbon Treaty and the governmental and democratic consequences it
will have on the EU decision making. It intends to state that Europe has the wish to change and
actively tries to do so and partly succeeding, but failing to do so entirely. The treaty has been a
victory for Europe over the euro skeptics, but unfortunately will not be able to push Europe much
further to the place it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, there will be a European foreign minister, who's official title will be the high representative for
foreign policy after the British opposed to the title of "foreign minister". Ironically, the new high
representative for foreign policy turns out to be a Brit.
More importantly however, the requirement of having unanimity in a number of areas, such as
fighting climate change, energy security and emergency aid, is no longer necessary. National vetoes
will still apply in the areas of foreign, tax, and social policy. Nonetheless, the reforms conducted by
the treaty do not only make the EU more efficient, but will also make it more democratic. The
European Parliament is given more power, and will be able to co–decide. National parliaments will
also be informed earlier on EU decisions, in order for them to be able to react more profound.
(Volkery)
Also, there will be the "yellow card" procedure. This means that when one third of the national
parliaments does not agree on a proposition of the European Commission due to subsidiarity, the
national parliaments can pull out a "yellow card" which forces the European Commission (EC) to
reconsider the proposition. When chosen by the EC to go through with the proposal, it needs to
clarify the proposal and its decision to go through with it to the national parliaments.
Beside this procedure, the Dutch insisted on an "orange card" procedure as well.

Europe: The Lisbon Treaty
The Lisbon treaty followed the disastrous Constitutional Treaty of 2004 that was rejected in
referendums in France and the Netherlands. After a period of reflection, negotiations began for
another treaty (Laursen, 2013:9). These negotiations continued for months, after which it was left to
the Portuguese presidency to complete the Treaty, and thus the Treaty became known as the Lisbon
Treaty. It was signed in Lisbon on 13 December 2007, but only entered into force on 1 December
2009 following ratification problems, particularly in Ireland (Cini and Borragen, 2013:51). Attitudes
towards the Lisbon Treaty differ widely (Laursen, 2013: 9). For some, the Treaty simply sets out
incremental reforms designed to make the EU more accountable and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, a more efficient legislative process has emerged. It can be seen from the three aforementioned
reforms that the European Parliament has become more efficient following the Lisbon Treaty.
Secondly, the Council of Ministers has become both more transparent and more efficient following
the Treaty of Lisbon. The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) recognised that public debate
needed to be improved and the public needed to be better informed about the progress and merits of
legislation (Mayoral, 2011:8). As a result, the Lisbon Treaty stated that the Council must meet in
public when it deliberates and votes on draft legislation. This represents a step towards a more
transparent Union. However, the most important reform with respect to the Council concerns the
new method for calculating Qualified Majority Voting (QMV): when the Council votes according to
that decision rule (Mayoral, 2011:8). Although this reform has yet to be enacted, it is due to come
into law as of 1 November 2014, and will increase the Council's efficiency significantly. The new
system makes the allocation of votes more proportional to the population of the member states,
"reflecting an image of the Council as being both a union of states and citizens" (Mayoral, 2011:8).
The adoption of this system can be seen as a more efficient legislative method. It can be seen that
the Lisbon Treaty, with regards to the Council of Ministers, has made the EU more efficient and
more

Candide Essay
Candide is the illegitimate nephew of a German baron. He grows up in the baron's castle under the
tutelage of the scholar Pangloss, who teaches him that this world is "the best of all possible worlds."
Candide falls in love with the baron's young daughter, Cunégonde. The baron catches the two
kissing and expels Candide from his home. On his own for the first time, Candide is soon
conscripted into the army of the Bulgars. He wanders away from camp for a brief walk, and is
brutally flogged as a deserter. After witnessing a horrific battle, he manages to escape and travels to
Holland.
In Holland, a kindly Anabaptist named Jacques takes Candide in. Candide runs into a deformed
beggar and discovers that it is Pangloss. Pangloss explains that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Candide announces that he plans to marry Cunégonde, but the baron insists that his sister will never
marry a commoner. Enraged, Candide runs the baron through with his sword. He and Cacambo
escape into the wilderness, where they narrowly avoid being eaten by a native tribe called the
Biglugs.
After traveling for days, Candide and Cacambo find themselves in the land of Eldorado, where gold
and jewels litter the streets. This utopian country has advanced scientific knowledge, no religious
conflict, no court system, and places no value on its plentiful gold and jewels. But Candide longs to
return to Cunégonde, and after a month in Eldorado he and Cacambo depart with countless
invaluable jewels loaded onto swift pack sheep. When they reach the territory of Surinam, Candide
sends Cacambo to Buenos Aires with instructions to use part of the fortune to purchase Cunégonde
from Don Fernando and then to meet him in Venice. An unscrupulous merchant named
Vanderdendur steals much of Candide's fortune, dampening his optimism somewhat. Frustrated,
Candide sails off to France with a specially chosen companion, an unrepentantly pessimistic scholar
named Martin. On the way there, he recovers part of his fortune when a Spanish captain sinks
Vanderdendur's ship. Candide takes this as proof that there is justice in the world, but

The Life and Work of Francois-Marie Arouet, a.k.a. Voultaire
Many classic books of literature of the French Enlightenment era comes from the famous author
Francois–Marie Arouet, better known as his pen name, Voltaire.The French author was born on
November 21st, 1694 and died May 30th, 1778 in the city of Paris. He started school at the Jesuit
College of Louis–le–Grand at the age of 10 and graduated in 1711 with a motive of being a writer.
However, Voltaire's father did not agree with his choice of study and wanted Voltaire to study law.
He went back to school to study law for another two years after his graduation. Voltaire was sent to
The Hague, Netherlands in order to act as a secretary to the French ambassador at the time. During
his visit, he became infatuated with Catherine Olympe de Noyer. Due ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As the two were conversing, the man returns to Cunégonde and is killed by Candide. Not knowing
what to do, the trio flees onto a boat headed towards South America. Once they arrived at the city of
Buenos Aires, Candide and Cunégonde had planned to marry but is interrupted after the governor
proposes to Cunégonde. She accepts without conferring to Candide about it. The authorities were on
the lookout for Candide after the murder of the Jewish man back in Europe. He flees to an area
surrounded by Jesuits, who are rebelling against the Spanish regime, and encounters Cacambo along
his journey. He later discovered that the baron is surviving as the commander of the Jesuit group.
Candide's optimistic attitude is slowly depleting as the baron announces that Cunégonde would
never wed a person such as Candide. Enraged by the statement, Candide penetrates a sword through
the baron and flees with Cacambo. After committing another murder in the Jesuit territory, Candide
and Cacambo travel to the city of El Dorado. The utopian city was made out of various treasures and
had perfect living conditions for anyone's desire. However, Candide still dedicates his heart to
Cunégonde and decides to buy her back with the finite amount of gold and jewels. Once they depart
the city of gold and into the country of Suriname, Candide sends Cacambo to buy back Cunégonde's
freedom with their hoard of treasures and tells him to meet again in Venice. Candide decides to sail
off to

Poem On The Lisbon Disaster Vs Candide
The "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster" by Voltaire is a poem published a month after the Lisbon
Earthquake, meant to critique the philosophical views of the disaster while binging out the human
emotion to realize what is happening. Four years later, Voltaire publishes Candide, a satire that is
critiquing philosophical ideals, social standings and also morals. Voltaire's "Poem on the Lisbon
Disaster" and Candide are both examples that show that human choices are the cause of their own
suffering. Humans have the choice to believe in a philosophy that may not only cause them to ignore
the possibility of suffering but also to ignore their ability to relieve people of their suffering.
Furthermore, humans have a choice in determining where they want to live, and can also chose to
allow for another person to suffer for their sake. Individual choices can determine whether the
individual or other will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster," Voltaire constantly mentions phrases such as, "The misfortunes of
each make up the good of all," and "All is well... and all is necessary" (Voltaire pg. 2, pg. 5). These
phrases are all beliefs or philosophies that people had decided to believe in, in order to explain the
events that are transpiring in the Lisbon earthquake. Because they believed that God wanted this to
happen, or was fate itself, the people did nothing but ponder the reason why this disaster happened.
This allowed people to separate themselves from those that were in pain and the excuse to ignore
those in need of help. Even when woman and innocent children were pinned under buildings, the
thought of rescuing them out of the rubble did not cross their minds, which resulted in their inaction.
In Candide, Candide's belief in optimism results in phrases like, "everything is indeed for the best"
(Voltaire Ch.2, pg. 6). By believing in Pangloss's optimistic beliefs, Candide is

Vasco Da Gama Research Paper
Vasco Da Gama was a really important person as an explorer. He was the first person to travel from
Europe and reach Calicut, India. He was very important in history.
We all know Vasco Da Gama as the first person to sail from Europe and reached Calicut, India.
Vasco Da Gama was born around the time period of 1460–1469 in Sines, Portugal. According to the
book Vasco Da Gama and the Sea Route to India, historians do not actually know when he was born
but they believe he was born in the time period of 1460–1469. The land of Sines was a fishing
village. The father of Vasco da Gama was Estêvão da Gama and Da Gama's mother was Isabel
Sodré. Da Gama had 2 brothers, Paulos and Ayres, and a sister, Thereza. Da Gama's father and
siblings taught him many things. When he was little, he and his brothers went and listened to the
sailors' stories. According to Rachel A. Koestler– Grack, the stories that the sailors told them were
about wicked storms and shipwrecks, wild ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His starting destination was in Lisbon. On July 8, 1997, Da Gama was the captain of 4 ships. He had
140–170 crew on his ships. After several months, they got to the Cape of Good Hope. When the
ships were close to Mozambique, his members were sick with scurvy. In March, 1498, the ships'
anchors were released in a port in Mozambique. In the same year, in April, they reached Kenya. On
May 20, Da Gama and his crew arrived in Calicut, India. The crew stayed in Calicut for 3 months.
In August, 1498, they returned on their ship back to Portugal. In 1499, some of Da Gama's crew
died because of scurvy. At one point, they made one of four ships to be burned. Da Gama's crew and
him took until July 10 to get back to Portugal. 54/170 people lived when they got back to

European Union Policies and the Czech Republic
Czech Republic has gone through two major transformations in less than eleven years. In 1993,
what was formerly known as Czechoslovakia, split into two separate countries. Both Czech
Republic and Slovakia joined the European Union in 2004 along with eight other nations. Two EU
policy issues that affected or continue to affect Czech Republic were the adoption of the euro and
ratification of the Lisbon Treaty of 2009. Czech Republic's president is anti–EU and this plays a
significant role in showing that it is important who is in power. One of the major requirements a
candidate country must have in order to join the European Union is a democratic government.
Czechoslovakia had a rather tumultuous journey towards democracy, starting with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of countries adopted the euro after joining the European Union. However, Czech
Republic has continued to use their currency, the Czech koruna or Czech crown, since 1993 (Taus–
Bolstad 2003, p.68). Both the head of the state and head of government oppose adopting the euro.
There have been discussions regarding the date of euro adoption in Czech Republic. Every date
previously proposed has passed and the integration of the euro in Czech society has been put on
hold.
According to the Czech National Bank website, the euro will only be adopted when Czech Republic
meets the criteria set in the Maastricht Treaty and when the Czech economy is aligned with those of
Eurozone members ("The Czech Republic's Intergration," n.d.). Furthermore, Czech Republic will
be looking at how Eurozone members manage the economic crisis. Jiří Rusnok, former Minister of
Industry and Trade, believes 2015 is a realistic date of euro adoption (Kovanda, 2008). Since
President Klaus was elected for a five–year term in 2008 and has an anti–EU stance, it is not
realistic that the adoption of the euro will happen under his leadership (Taus–Bolstad 2003, p.37;
Kovanda, 2008). The failure to adopt the euro currency can be seen as a reflection on the Czech
sentiment. According to a 2011 Centre for Analysis and Empirical Studies (SANEP) poll, only

Research Paper On Vasco Da Gama
Vasco da Gama once said "I am not afraid of the darkness. Real death is preferable to a life without
living." Vasco da Gama might have been one of the great European explorers of his time.
To start off, Vasco Da Gama was born in 1460, the son of a lower class nobleman. He had 5 siblings
in all, 1 sister and 4 brothers. Da Gama's mother was Isabel Sodré, and his dad was Estêvão da
Gama. Not much is known about da Gama's early life, but he would go on to marry Catarina de
Ataíde and have three children, Francisco da Gama, Estêvão da Gama, and Cristovão da Gama.
Vasco Da Gama had many accomplishments and he is most famous for making a sea route from
Europe to India. This brought in new trade and new sources for spices and silk,

Optimism In Candide
Shortly after being washed up from their shipwreck Pangloss and Candide enter the City of Lisbon
as it is being torn apart by an earthquake. As the city falls a large stone tumbles upon Candide who
becomes locked underneath. Again, similar to the actions observed earlier when a life was on the
line Pangloss does not budge. Instead of assisting Candide, who asks for a drink and remedies,
Pangloss begins to philosophize that the present earthquake must have been the effect of a similar
earth in South America and that it their connection is quite obvious. It is not till after Candide has
fainted does he decide to intervene. It is of no surprise that Pangloss acts in this manner. Though he
was talking of the cause and effect of the earthquake, he is so wrapped up in the idea that nothing
can go wrong that he looks over true threats to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Chapter 19, after leaving El Dorado, Candide and his guide run into a slave who has been brutally
punished by his master who had cut of a hand and a leg. Upon hearing of his sad tragedy Candide
for the first time strongly refutes optimism, "Oh Pangloss, cried Candide, you have no notion of
these abominations! I'm through, I must give up your optimism after all. What's optimism? said
Cacambo. Alas, said Candide, it is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell" (386). It is
finally at this point that Candide sees the uselessness of passivity and unrealistically expecting the
best results in every situation that one may stumble upon. As the story progresses it is at this point
that Candide begins to argue against the "knowledge" of Pangloss. The next time that Pangloss is
seen is in Chapter 27 when Candide is on his venture to Turkey to find his love Cunegonde when en
route he rediscovers his step brother and Pangloss himself. Things have not really changed for
Pangloss he seems to be as optimistic as

Is The Europe 2020 Strategy An Adequate Response For The...
Is the Europe 2020 Strategy an adequate response to the effects of the global financial crisis?
Introduction
The global financial crisis of 2008–09 that spread contagiously across the globe has particularly hit
the European economies hard, accentuating turmoil in the world financial markets and precipitating
the European sovereign debt crisis almost instantaneously. This has consequently wiped away all of
EU's accomplishments in economic growth and job creation (European Commissiona 2010:3).
Statistics published subsequently exposed the magnitude of the crisis: real GDP contracted by 4%,
unemployment soared at an unprecedented level, deterioration of public finances, and the
fragmentation of social cohesion in the EU (Eurostat 2010). The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The essay will draw heavily on the interpretation of the original documents of the EU, particularly
the European Commission. In addition, quantitative interpretation of the Europe 2020 target levels
and the current progress will be reviewed. Moreover, peer–reviewed articles and policy reviews by
commentators will also be deliberated to provide for a critical evaluation of the adequacy of the
Europe 2020 strategy. The essay will begin with an overview of the Lisbon Strategy, the predecessor
of the Europe 2020 strategy. This section will particularly focus on the Open Method of
Coordination (OMC) and the weaknesses of the Lisbon Strategy, highlighting the appropriateness
for a new response in the light of the global financial crisis. The second part of the essay will
explore the thematic nature of the Europe 2020 strategy, especially the individual targets set by the
European Commission. Although the Strategy is more streamlined, the level of targets set is
nevertheless too ambitious especially with the current situation in the global economic and financial
market. The next section of the essay will consider the new governance structure envisaged in the
Europe 2020 strategy, particularly the European Semester, which promotes greater policy–
coordination and surveillance between member states in achieving the Europe 2020 goal (The
European Semester). In addition, the essay will also briefly inspect the changes in the ownership of
the strategy with

Short Summary Of Candide
Candide falls in love with the baron's young daughter, Cunégonde. The baron catches the two
kissing and expels Candide from his home. On his own for the first time, Candide is soon
conscripted into the army of the Bulgars. He wanders away from camp for a brief walk, and is
brutally flogged as a deserter. He manages to escape and travels to Holland.
In Holland, a kindly Anabaptist named Jacques takes Candide in. Candide runs into a deformed
beggar and discovers that it is Pangloss. Pangloss explains that he has contracted syphilis and that
Cunégonde and her family have all been brutally murdered by the Bulgar army. Jacques takes
Pangloss in as well. The three travel to Lisbon together, but before they arrive their ship runs into a
storm and Jacques is drowned. Candide and Pangloss arrive in Lisbon to find it destroyed by an
earthquake and under the control of the Inquisition. Pangloss is soon hanged as a heretic, and
Candide is flogged for listening with approval to Pangloss's philosophy. After his beating, an old
woman dresses Candide's wounds and then, to his astonishment, takes him to Cunégonde.
Cunégonde explains that though the Bulgars killed the rest of her family, she was merely raped and
then captured by a captain, who sold her to a Jew named Don Isaachar. At present, she is a sex slave
jointly owned by Don Isaachar and the Grand Inquisitor of Lisbon. Each of Cunégonde's two
owners arrive in turn as she and Candide are talking, and Candide kills them both. Terrified,
Candide, the old woman, and Cunégonde flee and aboard a ship bound for South America. During
their journey, the old woman relates her own story. She was born the Pope's daughter but has
suffered a litany of misfortunes that include rape, enslavement, and cannibalism.
Candide and Cunégonde plan to marry, but as soon as they arrive in Buenos Aires, the governor,
Don Fernando, proposes to Cunégonde. Thinking of her own financial welfare, she accepts.
Authorities looking for the murderer of the Grand Inquisitor arrive from Portugal in pursuit of
Candide. Along with a newly acquired valet named Cacambo, Candide flees to territory controlled
by Jesuits who are revolting against the Spanish government. After demanding an audience with a
Jesuit

Why Was Vasco Da Gama Responsible
many of you might know Vasco Da Gama only as an explorer; however, he was also a voyager who
has done several successful voyages throughout the world that had great effect to his country. He
was the first man to find the direct seaway toward India and also has done several voyages to help
his country out. He had said, "I am not afraid of the darkness. Real death is preferable to a life
without living" which showed his braveness and fearless about going out for voyages. I believe that
Vasco Da Gama was a successful leader as a voyager and an explorer who had amount of
responsibility to his voyage and patriotism.
First of all, one of the reasons why I believe him as a good leader is that he was a man who went to
voyages with having responsibility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reason for his second voyage was on the country. Pedro Cabral had conflicts with the local Arab
merchants which leading the Arab merchants attacking the Portugal factory and having up to 70
Portuguese killed. He went out on the voyage for the revenge of this event. He went out with fleet of
fifteen ships and 800 men from Lisbon. Later on squadron of five ships led by his cousin, followed
them. During the way out he stopped by Sofala, a gold trading port in East Africa, to earn gold from
them. When Da Gama went across in Indian water he was trying to capture Arab vessel. Da Gama
had actually captured a ship full of passengers and killed everyone in it in the sea. Da Gama had
ordered the Hindu King to have all the Muslims out of Calicut, however this did not turn out to
happen. As a result, Vasco Da Gama had begun to attack the cities that are near the shore for several
days also treating crew's violently from the Muslim's rice vessels and sending them notes about
insulting Zarmorin. Zarmorin as a response they declined to Portuguese, not only that but also
having a fleet go threat Vasco Da Gama, however this did not turn out to work out well. Vasco Da
Gama had taken spices from Cochin and Cannanore, while some were at wars. Vasco Da Gama had
decided to leave India having small squadron to protect the Portugal factories and tiresome the
Calicut shipping. However, Vasco Da Gama had

To What Extent Have The Reforms Introduced By The Lisbon...
erm paper: 'To what extent have the reforms introduced by the Lisbon Treaty solved the institution
problems of the EU? '
Introduction:
The paper concentrates on the current condition of the popularity based deficiency in the European
Union after the institutional changes that have been presented by the Lisbon Treaty. The key issue
that is analysed is whether the methodology of democratization and the changes gave by the Lisbon
Treaty have reacted to the popularity based requests of the subjects and if this procedure has made
more proficient and closer Union to the citizens.The just deficiency has been distinguished in
various ways, however most acknowledged idea is the standard variant of the equitable shortfall. As
per this idea, the primary issue of the EU is the way that there is a movement of political control
from the law based parliamentary frameworks of government at national level to the official focused
frameworks of government at the European level.
Nowadays, European Union is not a state; it can be defined as an association of corporate bodies,
including the part states and the European Institutions .It has built up another sort of political
framework that goes past the traditional intergovernmentalism and has considerable components of
supra–nationality. Before it was made, it was almost impossible to develop a political arrangement
of majority rule administration separated from the institutionalized country state model.The
improvement of the Union has

Vasco Da Gama Summary
The author of this traveler account is Vasco da Gama himself. He was born about 1460 in Portugal
and was a famous navigator for the King of Portugal. Da Gama starts off his journal by describing
his voyage to the Bay of St. Helena in 1497, also describing himself as the "Captain–Major" in third
person. Da Gama had anchored in the bay for eight days to clean their ships and took captive on of
the natives, feeding him and dressing him well, he was returned to land and that helped da Gama
gain entry with the other natives to their land. He describes the inhabitants as "...tawny–colored.
Their food is confined to the flesh of seals, whales and gazelles, and the roots of herbs. They are
dressed in skins, and wear sheaths over their virile members. They are armed with poles of olive
wood to which a horn, browned in the fire, is attached. Their numerous dogs resemble those of
Portugal, and bark like them." Da Gama notices the similarity of dogs in St. Helena to those of his
home country of Portugal, which I don't think he expected to see. Vasco goes on to explain how he
showed them merchandise that he brought from Portugal and all the natives were amazed by it. The
following night, da Gama is at supper and then says that he hears shouting and sees one of his crew
being chased by the natives across the beach and quickly they depart from this bay, due to some
miscommunication where the natives started to attack them.
Many things interested da Gama and had led him to navigate all the

How Tap Portugal Changed The World
As there are various state owned flag carrier, TAP is one of them. TAP Portugal has been the pride of
many Portuguese people throughout the world. TAP is not only the national carrier, but also the
vehicle of transportation that brings one to the home country. TAP Portugal like various airlines
throughout the world, has suffered immensely for survival in such a competitive market throughout
the years. With 61 years of existence, TAP's history is quite extensive. TAP Portugal was not the first
airline in Portugal. A few airlines had started before World War II, but with the world concentrating
on the ongoing war, civil aviation took a backseat, and many airlines ceased their operations. And
then came along a man with a vision, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With such a distinguished and impressive career, in 1944 he becomes Director of the Civil Aviation
Office.
On 14 March 1945, Humberto Delgado, creates Secção de Transportes Aéreos (Air Transport
Section), what is known today as TAP Portugal. (Tap's History, 2016) That same year, TAP Portugal
acquires two Dakota DC–3, leftovers from the World War II. (Coutinho & Rocha, 2013) He saw the
need of connecting the Portuguese colonies, Angola, Mozambique to Portugal. In 1946, after
acquiring the two aircrafts TAP Portugal could then launch two routes. The first commercial
Lisbon–Madrid service began on 19 September 1946, while on 31 December, the "Imperial Airline"
was launched, flying between Lisbon, Luanda [Angola], and Lourenço Marques [Mozambique], a
return journey of 24,540 kilometers that took a total of 15 days and included 12 stopovers. (Tap's
History, 2016) This was the beginning of TAP Portugal. Throughout the years, TAP began
expanding their routes. In 1950's, the jet engine would ultimately revolutionize the airline industry,
shrinking air travel time in half by enabling planes to climb faster and fly higher. (First Jet makes
test flight, 2010) With the innovation of jet engines that meant TAP could now fly longer routes, and
unite farther old colonies to the homeland. That same year [1955] Admiral Gago Coutinho made a
test flight to Rio de Janeiro. (Tap's History, 2016) However, before jet engines came to TAP, it
would suffer some changes. TAP

The Lisbon Earthquake
The Lisbon Earthquake
ARCH 2502 – Contemporary Urbanism & Landscape Assignment – Year 2
Áine Gavin
At 9:40 a.m. on November 1st 1755, an earthquake devastated the port city of Lisbon, Portugal,
causing serious damage. In a matter of minutes, the beautiful city was reduced to debris. Also know
as The Great Lisbon Earthquake, it was one of the most destructive earthquakes to hit Lisbon in the
history of the country, destroying large parts of Lisbon and the Algarve. Seismologists estimate that
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8.7 on the Richter scale with its epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean,
at approximately 250km south of Lisbon. This traumatic earthquake triggered a tsunami with waves
that reached 20 feet high and was followed by a severe fire. Accounts vary, with some saying the
fire lasted three days and others saying more than a week, eventually killing up to 140,000 people
(61% of the population).
The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755
At the time of the earthquake, Lisbon was said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. "The
city retained some of its Moorish influences during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. This may be
seen in the design of the streets in the quarters surrounding St. George Castle and extending as far as
Rossio."1 Before the earthquake, Baixa, the core of the city, was famous for "its narrow streets,
winding alleys and densely packed wooden housing."2 The sixteenth century was the time of the
lively Manueline style, which has left its mark on two

Vasco da Gama During the 15th century, venturing into the sea was treacherous. The uncharted
waters contained violent storms, hideous sea monsters with thirteen arms, and most importantly, the
crew could die from scurvy. However, due to Vasco da Gama's raw courage and undaunted
personality, the Portugal's long awaited journey trade route to India was accomplished as well as the
spread of Christianity. Although the exact date was unknown, Vasco da Gama was welcomed into
the world in around 1460 in Sines, Portugal. Vasco was the third son of Estevao da Gama and Dona
Isabel Sodre. The da Gama family were minor aristocrats, and Vasco's father, Estevao da Gama, was
the captain of the fortress at Sines. Even though his father and his grandfather were soldiers, Vasco
da Gama's interest was the sea. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, Bartolomeu accomplished a trip where he rounded the Cape of Good Hope, which is
the southern tip of Africa. In 1495, King John II passed away six years after Bartolomeu Dias's
achievement, and the late king's cousin, Manuel I, took power. Even though Manuel was only
twenty–four years old, he wanted to expand Portugal's trade routes. Instead of Bartolomeu Dias
taking the honor of the captain of the fleet, Manuel surprisingly chose the thirty–seven–year–old da
Gama. "According to Gaspar Correa, an eyewitness that was in court that day described how
Manuel chose da Gama that day as the captain of the fleet. "One day the king, sitting in his hall of
business at a table with his officers, giving orders, by chance... raised his eyes, and Vasco da Gama
happened to cross through the hall... The king, setting eyes upon him... was transported [entranced]"
(Calvert 12). "Upon choosing da Gama, King Manuel told da Gama, "My heart tells me that my
desire will be accomplished by you...[and] to you alone, I give command"(Calvert

Lisbon Girls 'Heroism In The Virgin Suicides'
In The Virgin Suicides, the narrators, a chorus of men recounting their youths, recall their memories
of the Lisbon sisters. The novel centers around the boys, the narrators, and their obsession with the
Lisbons girls. The boys want to save the girls from all the events that happen after the death of their
youngest sister. When the boys can finally muster up the courage to save them, the girls die
tragically, and assumingly leaving the boys unfulfilled with their heroic fantasy. But the boys
continue their never ending heroic journey by archiving every instance of the girls' existence to
preserve their memory. The boys' ultimate fantasy is to be The Lisbon girls' hero, even after the
death of the girls, the boys do not think their heroism has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By naming the girls as their damsels, the boys rob the girls of the agency to save themselves. The
girls had already made up their mind of how to save themselves, but the boys go too far with their
lack of knowledge about their own fantasy, they impose their fantasy on to the girl. The night of
their deaths, the boys race over, assuming the girls acknowledge and accept their saviors, are
devastated and scarred when they find out the girls' plan on saving themselves in the way they want.
Not only that, but when the girls die it gives the boys much more freedom in conserving the girls'
memory, its gives them a reason the conserve their memory. They mention that they need to let go of
the "notions of the girls as damaged or deranged" (Eugenides 123). This does not stop them from
continuing to see the girls as damaged and broken. At the end of the novel, the boys unveil their
collection of artifacts that belonged to the girls and interview people years after the girls' death about
their short lives. They would not feel the need to go through all this trouble if they were not still
trying to piece the girl's reasons for embracing death. As the boys get closer to the girls, they
become "happier with dreams than wives" (Eugenides 169). At this point they have committed their

Candide Reflection
Candide, by Voltaire, is a story told through the adventure of Candide and the life lessons he
learned. He learned that life isn't always about happiness, love, and truthfulness he been through
rough stuff that he wish he never wanted to but had to find his love for Cunegonde. The book told us
in like an adventure story about Candide going to place that had been terrible places and getting into
fights and killing them. The places he went weren't so much into happiness and glad that he was told
by Cacambo by his side that he learn that he was living in a terrible world he felt when he went into
theses adventures but he learn lesson of being a good gentle then a terrible man he was now.
Candide been through city and state to find people who had and run/escape from people who are
trying to hurt him as he was trying to find his love he lost Cunegonde. Lisbon, Capital of Kingdom
was the first place he went to get wipped and hurt from being captured as he saw his friend Pangloss
had been head chop off but the guiltius after he was whipped a old lady save him and took care of
him as he took him to see Cunegonde. There were a earthquake that happened during his time of
after he found Cunegonde and stayed with her. He learned a lesson from this terrible attack on
Lisbon after he found out as he saw dead people blood and limbs of people body part as he was
scared nervous that the world isn't happy that "God is either not entirely good or not all powerful".
The next places was

Federalism in The European Union: Treaty of Lisbon
Federalism in the EU Federalism is a system of administration involving two or more levels of
government with autonomous power and responsibilities. It is a political concept in which a group
of members are bound together by a covenant with a governing representative head. The term
"federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is
constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such
as states or provinces). In the United States, Federalism argues for a stronger central government
which is not the case with the EU. European federalism argues for a weaker central government.
The strongest advocates of European federalism have been countries like Germany, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite some traces of unanimity, the Treaty implies strong supranational victories in the
development of the AFSJ. This development can be explained as a natural evolution: strengthening
the integration in one sector pushes for integration in another, and this has become more obvious as
the EU is growing with more members. In order to make a free mobility possible, it is useful to have
cooperation within the fields of AFSJ. Nonetheless, this development is different in different sectors.
AFSJ, the former third sector, is the subject of strong power transfer to the European level whereas
CFSP to a high extent remains intergovernmental. Using liberal intergovernmentalism, this can be
seen as an example of rational cooperation within low politics while the nation states are less willing
to give up their sovereignty in high politics (thus indicating intergovernmentalist nature). So what
did the Lisbon treaty in fact change? In addition to reaffirming the procedural hurdles of the
Amsterdam Protocol, the Lisbon treaty strengthened the political safeguards of federalism by
involving the national parliaments as "watchdogs of subsidiarity". According to Article 6, each
national parliament may, within eight weeks, produce a reasoned opinion stating why it considers
that a European legislative draft does not comply with the principle of subsidiarity. Each national
Parliament will thereby

Who Is Candide?
Candide was raised in Westphalia, in the Barony of Thunder–ten–tronckh. He studied under
Professor Pangloss, who taught him that we live in the "best of all possible worlds." In the
beginning, Cunégonde, the Baron's daughter, witnessed Pangloss having sex with her mother's
chambermaid. Captivated, she sought to do the same with Candide. Unfortunately, they were
discovered, which caused Candide to be kicked out of the castle. The ejection from the castle could
symbolize the Biblical Fall. Like Eve, Cunégonde comes across the forbidden knowledge of sex,
and shares it with another person.
After the war Candide participated in with the Bulgarians he had very little he therefore made his
way to Holland, because it was supposedly a rich country. He had lost contact with Pangloss, his
professor. In Holland, he begged for food and money but only receives threats. Finally, he speaks to
a priest who is preaching on charity, the priest asks if he believes that the Pope is the Antichrist.
During this time, there was a huge divide between Catholics and Protestants, which results the
rudeness of the priest. Seeing how horrible Candide is being treated, a kind Anabaptist, took him
home, cleansed him, fed him, and helped him recover. Candide, relieved, expresses his renewed
faith in Pangloss' optimism.
Shortly after this horrific event Candide comes across a man with syphilis, who turns out to be his
professor Pangloss. Pangloss tells Candide that Bulgarians invaded his home town, raped

Democracy Is A Democratic Institution?
While discussing what democracy is, Dahl arrives at the conclusion that every member of an
association that is to be seen as a democracy should be politically equal to everyone, he states that
there should be a political procedure, which requires five principles: Effective participation (All
members of the association should have equal and effective opportunities to make their voice heard
before policy changes are decided upon), Voting equality (No one should have a vote that counts
more than someone else's vote), Enlightened understanding (Each member should have the same
opportunity to learn about relevant alternative policies and what they may bring), Control of the
agenda (The members should have equal opportunity to choose which matters that are to be placed
on the policy agenda), Inclusion of adults (All adult residents should have the rights implied by the
first four criteria). Taking into consideration the above definition of democracy by Dahl, can it be
said that the European Union (EU) is a democratic institution?
The EU has gone through different Treaties in order to achieve democratic legitimacy. This includes
the Treaties of Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001), the "unsuccessful" Treaty Establishing a
Constitution for Europe (2004), and the Treaty of Lisbon (2007). The last two treaties, stirred open
debates around Europe, with critics claiming that the treaties will channel a way for an unelected
European super–state, while at the same time, defenders argued that it

Candide And Candide 's Attitude Towards Evil
Candide, ou l'optimism, is a picaresque style novel written by Voltaire and published in 1759. It
recounts the adventures and misfortunes of the eponymous Protagonist, as he lives by his mentor's
philosophy that we, as human beings, reside in 'le meilleur des mondes possibles'. This affirmation
has led to widespread interpretation of Candide as a response to 'le probleme du mal' , or the role of
God in the existence of evil. This concept sparked a great deal of curiosity amongst eighteenth
century enlightenment philosophers, who sought to rationalise the existence of evil in a world
created by an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God. Amongst these was Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz, a German philosopher whose ideas regarding theodicy maintained that 'everything is for the
best' in this 'best of all possible worlds' and that evil exists in order to maintain a universal harmony
pre–determined by God. Voltaire's portrayal of Pangloss and Candide's attitude towards evil is
heavily based upon the Leibniz philosophy which justifies all forms of evil. Their empathetic
attitudes towards the presence of evil are relentless in the face of a wide variety of horrors such as
savage wars, rape, unwarranted executions and natural disasters. While this apparent justification of
evil is upheld in the majority of cases, Voltaire also offers alternative viewpoints towards the
existence of evil in order to further ridicule this outwardly empathetic stance. Furthermore, by
identifying the varying

Vasco Da Gama Dear Museum Explorers Board, I'm am going to explain to you today, why I think
Vasco Da Gama is a villain and why I think he should be in your exhibit. As you may already know,
he found a direct sea route from Europe to Asia and was the first European to sail to India by going
around Africa. His discovery of the route to India around Africa allowed the Portuguese to create a
colonial empire in Asia. It also meant that sailors would not have to cross the Mediterranean or
Arabia, which was considered to be very dangerous at that time. His discovery also made it possible
for the Portuguese empire to improve its trade, which helped the economy. When he landed in
Calicut India on May 20, 1498, the Europeans thought the locals were

Institutional Framework After The Lisbon Treaty
b) Institutional framework after the Lisbon Treaty
Institutionally, the EU does not have a strict and clear–cut separation of powers across its legislative
and executive powers. This balance is therefore limited and guaranteed by the power of the
judiciary: the ECJ. The 2007 Lisbon Treaty had the intention of 'supranationationalisng' the EU
through institutional reforms after the failure of the Constitutional project. Yet, many elements, and
of the treaty suggest that it has shifted the EU towards the intergovernmental side of the spectrum,
thus propelling the Lisbon Treaty into an obvious paradox. On the intergovernmental side of the
spectrum, states have gained further powers through a shared right of initiation when it comes with
to Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). Yet, this right is obtained along side the Commission and the
European Council. Moreover, any intention by the EU to reduce the number of Commissioners has
been blocked, thus making them retain their previous powers, not further them. And finally, a study
has shown that Interest Groups have increased their lobbying of member states, rather than
Commissioners . On the other hand, the accounts for the increase of delegation of power to the
European level seem to be far more convincing than perceiving the EU as moving towards a more
intergovernmental sphere after the Lisbon Treaty.
Instances of the increase of power of the EU's institutions are diverse. For instance, the EU has
rendered the unanimity that member

The Implementation Of The Lisbon Treaty
INTRODUCTION
The implementation of the Lisbon Treaty gave rise to the European Parliament becoming a key
participant in the field of European Criminal Justice. Since the 1990s the European Union has been
gradually constructing a framework of measures designed to enhance the cooperation between
Member States in the area of criminal investigations and prosecutions. A fundamental aim of the EU
is to construct an area of freedom justice and security without internal boundaries, and with full
respect for basic human rights, all of these factors are interlinked. The success in one area of the
criminal justice system relies on the cooperation in other areas. In order for the European Union to
ensure that cross–border criminal proceedings are effective and at the same time fair, the principle of
mutual recognition and how operational it is within measures must be considered. The Framework
Decision on the European Arrest Warrant (EAW) was adopted ten years and was the first concrete
measure to acknowledge the principle of mutual recognition. Since then there has been proposed
measures established to try and eradicate some of the issues which have arose through the EAW.
Two such measures are the proposed European Investigation Order (EIO) and the newer proposed
European Public Prosecutors Office (EPPO). The purpose of this paper is to analyse The EAW and
how it has been transposed into European law, assessing any problems with its functions. It will
consider the potential of two

Lisbon Earthquake Essay
The Lisbon earthquake was a natural disaster that evoked mixed responses from various eighteenth
century thinkers. Although some opinions were birthed from historical perspectives, others were a
product of new ideas brought about during the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment era. The
selected excerpts show this range of thought through the written words of clerics, scientists, and
philosophers. History gives insightful information into how ideas have changed since the beginning
of time as we know it. New challenges and goals have brought about different ways of doing things,
and in some instances also new ways of thinking about life. However; the Renaissance era seems to
be a time in which people began to question what had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, he assumes many of the dead were in Hell because of their sins. Even in the
Enlightenment era with the changing religious climate this shows evidence in the Catholics' belief
that those in authority should be listened to, heeded, and obeyed by those under their authority. In
the wake of the disaster which he felt could have been avoided, Malagrida, again, as an authority
figure, urges that the focus be on repentance first – even before rebuilding. This would be the way to
avoid future disasters such as the earthquake. God wanted to show love but He was just as willing to
show judgement if changes were not made. Wesley had a stance similar to Malagrida in some ways.
He cites other catastrophes along with the Lisbon earthquake as examples of God's judgement being
executed on the world. He believed people's entire lives should be centered around and sacrificed to
God. Wesley, too, touches on repentance being the avenue to avoid these types of disasters in the
future. Though they differ somewhat in their religious beliefs, both of these men are examples of the
general historical view of God and His authority. However; Wesley speaks out against Catholicism
through his mention of men being murdered as a result of the Inquisitions and brings this forward as
another reason for God's judgement in Lisbon. Wesley's words more directly challenge the thinking
of the

Asa Branca
1.) Asa Branca is a song that was written by Luiz Gonzaga and Humberto Teixeira in the 40's in
Brazil. Luiz Gonzaga was a famous musician and created the music genre of baiao. Baiao is a genre
of music native to Northeastern Brazil, but has influences from many other cultures including the
indigenous, mestizo, African and European musics. It is a rural music that was avoided by the upper
class for a long time in Brazil. However, Luiz Gonzaga popularized the music around the 1940's,
when this song was written. Through usage of the radio, he was able to become a so–called 'pop–
star' in Brazil with this song. This song takes many characteristics of the baiao style such as a heavy
use of the accordion and zambomba to create the rhythm and melody of the song. Listeners can hear
some of the indigenous influences in the beginning of the song when Luiz is humming the melody.
There is also a large emphasis on the downbeat of the music, done with the zambomba. This is
another characteristic of baiao music. The title of the song means the 'white wing' of the picazuro
pigeon (a native of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They both have origins in Cuba, and more specifically Havana. They both have major influences of
African traditions and were created by people that have a rich heritage from West Africa and
Slavery. They also share very similar instrumentations and very similar beats since Son Cubano
borrowed its clave from traditional rumba clave. However, Son Cubano was a style of music and
dance that was more for everybody whereas Cuban Rumba was specifically made for poor Afro–
Cuban workers. Son Cubano also had greater popularity in other parts of the world and was even
incorrectly regarded as Rumba. Cuban Rumba proved to be the stronger style that has weathered
time and is now a key genre of music from Cuba. Both styles are important to the history of Cuba
and both give excellent insight into the history of Afro–Cubans and their

The Lisbon Girls In The Virgin Suicides
Throughout The Virgin Suicides we have been given the image of the Lisbon girls as an entity or
one being. Additionally the boys have generally idealized the girls almost likening them to sexual
goddesses. However, when some of the boys take the remaining Lisbon girls to the dance there is an
important turning point in the story. The boys come to see that the girls are more normal than they
have imagined them to be and that they are indeed their own individuals despite their similarities in
looks. Kevin, one of the boys, said "They weren't all that different from my sister" (118–119). The
boys come to see the girls as more real than the one animal with ten arms type image that has been
conveyed to us throughout the story. A particularly interesting

Essay Voltaire’s "Candide"
Voltaire's Candide portrays an exaggerated image of human cruelty and suffering in the world.
Specifically, Voltaire criticizes people's lack of willingness to prevent suffering, and their tendency
to accept the idea that there is nothing anyone can do about human outcomes. He upholds his belief
that practical ways of solving problems generate improvement. He believes that human indifference
and inaction cause suffering to carry on. Voltaire's believes that naïve optimism, absolute pessimism,
cruel indifference, and lack of reason hinder positive and constructive change.
Pangloss is a major representation of the optimistic philosophy of life. This naïve optimism does not
promote the improvement of conditions in the world because it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Martin is another character who holds a philosophy that is not useful. Martin holds a pessimistic
view of people, claiming that humans are innately evil. For example, he compares the natural evils
in humans with the natural tendency for hawks to prey on pigeons (87). When Candide accuses
Martin of being possessed by the devil, Martin says, "he is so deeply concerned in the affairs of this
world that he may as well be in me, as well as in everybody else" (82). Contrary to Pangloss, who is
in denial of societal faults, Martin has accepted suffering as a present part of life. Although
acceptance is important, Voltaire criticizes pessimism to being as equally detrimental as optimism.
Martin constantly criticizes the evil in people and finds the fault in others. When Candide trusts
Cacambo to take on the great task of retrieving Cunegonde, Martin condemns Candide for foolishly
trusting a person enough to think that he will do him any favors with large sums of money handed to
him. This is evidence to further suggest his belief in the natural evils in people. When Candide
increasingly loses hope in Cacambo ever returning with Cunegonde, Martin is "not consoling" and
"continued to prove to him that there was very little virtue or happiness upon earth" (104). Because
Martin's statements do nothing to help Candide's

Voltaire's Candide: The Lisbon Earthquake
A Journey inside the History of Candide
Have you ever felt an earthquake, been able to experience the Age of Enlightenment? Voltaire wrote
the story of Candide inspired by events and the age during which it was written. The Lisbon
Earthquake was the event and The Age of Enlightenment was the age in which it was written. We
are about to delve into the history behind Candide and the two main historical contexts in Candide
the Lisbon Earthquake, the Age of Enlightenment. On November 1, 1755, the people of Lisbon
never thought that their lives would be changed so much. The city of Lisbon was one of the richest
seaports of Europe at the time. The locals were very religious and were getting ready to celebrate the
day of All Saints. It was at 9:30 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It covered about a century and a half in Europe. It began with the publication of Sir Francis Bacon's
book, Novum Organum, and ended with Immanuel Kant's publication, Critique of Pure Reason.
"This age advocated reason as a means of establishing a strong system of aesthetics, ethics,
government and religion." (Age of Enlightenment) The thinkers of the Enlightenment argued that
religion would free mankind from superstition and religious authorities, who brought death and
suffering in the form of wars. Encyclopedias supported the cause of the Enlightenment, they wanted
to educate people and made knowledge available. The Age of the Enlightenment is thought to have
ended with the French Revolution. Immanuel Kant said "the motto for the Enlightenment was
Sapere Aude!" ( Age of Enlightenment).Which means "dare to know". This motto ended up
criticizing the confidence of The Enlightenment on the power of reason. The legacy that the
Enlightenment left behind is said to be the consequence of the world we live in today, because of
our general decline in church attendance, the expansion of our secular world, and the liberalism of
our political and economic situations. The intellectual people of the Enlightenment refer to
themselves as strong leaders who would lead the world into a period of doubtful tradition and
tyranny which ended in the Bloody battle of the Thirty Years War

Vasco Da Gama Thesis
Vasco Da Gama By: Dracen Poovey Vasco Da Gama was a portuguese explorer who discovered a
new trade route to India which was a very significant discovery to Europe. In this essay I will tell
you a story about a man named Vasco Da Gama. Vasco Da Gama was a portuguese explorer in in
the late 1400's. He was very adventurous and brave, his biggest goal in life was to find a quicker
trade route by sea linked from Europe to India that was much faster. So he set out to do it, his initial
voyage was from 1497 to 1499. At the time his voyage was the longest voyage ever made. He struck
land May 20th, 1498. His discovery brought a great boost to both economies by making trade much
quicker. At first they traded pepper and cinnamon, but they ended up

The Voyage Of Vasco Da Gama
5680629
November 20, 2014
Essay Assignment
ICSO210
Aj.James Warren
Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497–1498 CE This essay is analysis essay to the excerpt
from a journal "The Journal of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama" written by an anonymous during
the early modern period, translated and edited by E. G. Ravenstein and published by the Hakluyt
Society in 1989. The article is primary source of travel journal by sea of Vasco da Gama, the
Portuguese navigator, from Africa to India in 1497–1498, the era of European commercial and
imperial expansion. The article written by anonymous who was an eyewitness that participated in
the voyage of Vasco da Gama to seeks new sea route from Portugues to India.This essay will
summarize and analyze ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This journal refers to the time of Portuguese discoveries and expansion, as it refers to the first
voyage of Vasco da Gama from Africa to India. It is an extremely meaningful document, as it
describes the long and troubled voyage to India that in the end of the 15th century this voyage had
an impact in global scales in the economic, political, religious, cultural and scientific levels of that
time. Moreover, animals, trees and plants, birds, the different events, the arrival to India, contact
with people, gifts, war equipments, food, musical and instruments, difficult navigation situations;
and so on, that mentioned in the journal can help us to understand the environments at the

Lisbon Airport : International Airport
Lisbon Portela Airport (IATA: LIS, ICAO: LPPT) is located 4.5 miles from city center of
Lisbon, Portugal. Lisbon Airport is an international airport that has grown over the years
fortifying the gateway to Europe, South America and Africa. The airport has two runways:
runway 03–21 (148ft x 12484ft) and runway 17–35 (148ft x 7874ft). Lisbon Airport has two
terminals, the main terminal: terminal 1, and terminal 2, where most of low cost carriers operate.
The airport serves as a hub for TAP Portugal, TAP Express, easyJet, and RyanAir (ANA, 2016)
Due to the proximity of to the city, Lisbon Airport has night time traffic restriction from 0000–
0600L due to noise abatement, however it is still open 24hours.
Figure 1– Routes out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Portugal's government agreed to sell
state–owned airport operator ANA–Aeroportos de Portugal SA to Vinci SA for 3.08 billion euros
($4.07 billion), raising money for the debt–strapped country. (Almeida, 2012) The privatization
of Lisbon Airport, and the new management, it was time to invest in the airport. The creation of
terminal 2 alleviated some of the issues, and the expansion of terminal 1 created space that
improved the fluidity and handling capacity and control of international passengers, and the
processing of luggage. TAP Portugal, and the other airlines continue to expand their routes thus
creating the need for Lisbon Airport to handle and accommodate more passengers. Due to the
current high volume of flights, many flights are currently boarded/de–boarded using hard stands.

The creation or relocation of Lisbon Airport is still an uncertainty, that would have to be
evaluated as the traffic and the movements grow.
7.3 – Airport and Airspace Case Study
4
As flights increases throughout the world, the management of airspace is much needed.
In 1999, Europe had foreseen that the rapid growth of the aviation industry would further
increase the number of flights thus congesting the airspace. In 1999 the European Commission
(EC) proposed the creation of a Single

Reflective Essay On Candide
I Am About to Vol–tear Your Mind Apart
Keyotta L. McRae
AP Literature & Composition
Abstract
During the Restoration period and the Eighteenth Century , people were exposed to new ideas that
challenged their religious points of view. Many philosophers believed in blind optimism and the
reason behind that optimism was God. Although Voltaire thought differently, and his lack of belief
provoked him to write the novella Candide to express his feelings toward the philosophy through the
character Candide experiences. Candide was raised believe in the philosophy , but through the
experiences he learned otherwise. This paper takes a peek into Voltaire's life that allows the readers
to understand how Candide came to its existence. Also this paper focuses on the actual tragedies that
occurred during this time period, and Voltaire's usage of the tragedies to help inspire him to write the
novella.
Opening Eye to The Restoration & 18th century During this time period, the new explanations that
the people were exposed to began affecting some of the people's religious points of view (Marshall,
Mongello, & Vignery, 2006). "If comets were not sent by God warn people, perhaps God didn't
interfere at all in human affairs. Perhaps the universe was like an immense piece of clockwork, set in
motion by a Creator who more or less withdrew from this perfect mechanism and let it run by itself"
(Marshall, Mongello, & Vignery, 2006). "...in the best of all possible worlds,...all is for the best" (
Voltaire, 1759). Many philosophers agreed that whatever happened in a person's life was for the
best; whether the event that took place had a negative or positive impact to his or her life; however,
Voltaire disagreed with that philosophy. A Peek at Voltaire's Life
Francois Marie Arouet De Voltaire, the son of a notary and of Marguerite Daumard, was born in
Paris, on November 21st, 1694 ( Carmody F.J., 1967). "His father's associations introduced Voltaire
into such aristocratic circles as that of the Richelieus, and emphasized his desire, typical of the
period to rise in social status" (Carmody., 1967). Voltaire went to school

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