Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) consists of two main conditions - emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema causes damage to air sacs in the lungs, reducing surface area and oxygen intake. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchi, causing coughing and mucus for at least three months per year. Smoking is the primary cause of both conditions. Globally, COPD caused over 3 million deaths in 2015, with over 90% occurring in low and middle-income countries. India has seen COPD cases increase significantly in recent decades.
2. INTRODUCTION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung
disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
It's caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often
from cigarette smoke.
People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and
a variety of other conditions.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two conditions that make up chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Treatment may slow the progression of COPD,
but it can't reverse the damage.
4.
5. DEFINITION:-
Emphysema is a lung condition that causes
shortness of breath.
the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are
damaged.
Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs
weaken and rupture — creating larger air
spaces instead of many small ones.
This reduces the surface area of the lungs
and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that
reaches your bloodstream.
6. EMPHYSEMA:-
Emphysema causes dilation of
airspaces by destruction of alveolar
wall, leading to collapse of alveoli
during expiration
Spaces in parenchyma > 1mm = Abnormal
7. TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA
There are four type:
1. Centriacinar
2. Panacinar
3. Paraseptal [Distal acinar]
4. Mixed and unclassified
[Irregular]
8. Prognosis
Mild emphysema- 80% of
patients are alive after 4
years
Moderate emphysema-
60-70% are alive after 4
years
Severe emphysema- 50%
are alive after 4 years
Very severe emphysema-
short life expectancy
9. INCIDENCE
IncidenceEmphysema is present in
approximately 50% of adults who come
to autopsy.
Pulmonary disease was considered to
be responsible for death in 6.5% of
these patients.
10. INCIDENCE
Epidemiology 1.5 million
people are diagnosed with
emphysema
Pulmonary edema afflicts 1%-
2% of the general population.
250,000 cases of pulmonary
emboli a year
12. INTRODUCTION:- BRONCHITIS
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the
lungs.
Symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest
discomfort.
Bronchitis is divided into two types:
acute and chronic.
13. CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS:-
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts
for three months or more per year for at least two years.
Most people with chronic bronchitis have chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). Tobacco smoking is the most
common cause, with a number of other factors such as air
pollution and genetics playing a smaller role.
Treatments include quitting smoking, vaccinations,
rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids.
Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy or
lung transplantation.
14. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS:-
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive
cough that lasts for three months or more per
year for at least two years.
Most people with chronic bronchitis have
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).
Protracted bacterial bronchitis is defined as a
chronic productive cough with a positive
bronchoalveolar lavage that resolves with
antibiotics.
15.
16. INCIDENCE
The Global Burden of Disease Study reports a prevalence of 251 million
cases of COPD globally in 2016.
Globally, it is estimated that 3.17 million deaths were caused by the
disease in 2015 (that is, 5% of all deaths globally in that year).
More than 90% of COPD deaths occur in low and middleincome countries
17.
18. INCIDENCE
COPD and EMPHYSEMA were responsible for 75·6% and 20·0% of the
chronic respiratory disease DALYs, respectively, in India in 2016.
The number of cases of COPD in India increased from 28·1 million (27·0–
29·2) in 1990 to 55·3 million (53·1–57·6) in 2016, an increase in prevalence
from 3·3% (3·1–3·4) to 4·2% (4·0–4·4).
19. INCIDENCE
The incidence of CHRONIC BRONCHITIS was
2.8 cases per 1,000 population per annum.
Chronic cough and sputum were risk factors
for COPD independent of smoking (OR 1.85,
95% CI 1.17–2.93).
Cape Town, South Africa, has the highest
prevalence, affecting 22.2% of men and 16.7%
of women.
