The document discusses operating systems and their components. It covers topics like the interface between software and hardware, different types of operating systems like batch OS and network OS, concepts like multiprogramming and time-sharing, languages used by operating systems like machine language and assembly language, components of an operating system like the kernel, memory manager and I/O system, examples of operating systems like Linux and Windows, and CPU states like running, ready, and blocked.

1. OS
1. Interface
CPU
Memory
ApplicationProgram
Operating system
2.
3.
SingleOS.
Batch OS.
NetworkOS.
Plug Board
4.
5.
Multiprogramming
SingleProgram
BatchProcessing
Time-Sharing
6.

2. Multiprogramming
Single Program
BatchProcessing
Time-Sharing
7. Multiprogramming
Vacuum
Tube Transistor
IC
VLSI
8.
Multiprogramming
Single Program
BatchProcessing
NOS
9.
Machine language
BASIC
Assembly language
COBOL
10.
Compiler
COBOL
Machine Language
BASIC
11.
CPU
Memory

3. I/O
OS
12. 11.)
13.
14.
Hardware
Memory Manager
Input-OutputControl System
Kernel
15.
16. Software
Linux
UNIX
Windows2000
Microsoft Word
17. CPU
RAM ROM
Cache Hard disk
18.

4. 0 1
2 3
19.
1 Mode 2 Mode
3 Mode 4 Mode
20.
User Mode Kernel Mode
Application Vreancation
21 “ ”
CPU
CPU
22-23
1 2
4 5
22. CPU
23. CPU
24-26
Running Ready
Blocked Processing

5. 1. Interface
ApplicationProgram
2.
3.
NetworkOS. (
4.
5.
Time-Sharing
6.
Time-Sharing
9.
Machine language
10.
Compiler
11.
12. 11.)

6. 13.
14.
Kernel
15.
16. Software
Microsoft Word
17. CPU
RAM
19.
2 Mode
20.
Kernel Mode
21 “ ”
22. CPU
os
23. CPU
1