Physical Channel

WITS Lab, NSYSU.2
Table of Contents
Physical Layer General Description
WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer
WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer
Multiplexing and Channel Coding (MCC)
Reference: Textbook Chapter 6 and 3GPP TS 25.201,
25.211, 25.212, 25.213, 25.214, and 25.215.

WCDMA Physical Layer General
Description (3G TS 25.201)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.4
Establishes the characteristics of the layer-1
transport channels and physical channels in the
FDD mode, and specifies:
Transport channels
Physical channels and their structure
Relative timing between different physical
channels in the same link, and relative timing
between uplink and downlink;
Mapping of transport channels onto the physical
channels.
Physical channels
and mapping of
transport channels
onto physical
channels (FDD)
TS
25.211
Describes the contents of the layer 1 documents
(TS 25.200 series); where to find information; a
general description of layer 1.
Physical Layer –
general description
TS
25.201
3GPP RAN Specifications

WITS Lab, NSYSU.5
Establishes the characteristics of the spreading and
modulation in the FDD mode, and specifies:
Spreading;
Generation of channelization and scrambling codes;
Generation of random access preamble codes;
Generation of synchronization codes;
Modulation;
Spreading and
Modulation (FDD)
TS
25.213
Describes multiplexing, channel coding, and
interleaving in the FDD mode and specifies:
Coding and multiplexing of transport channels;
Channel coding alternatives;
Coding for layer 1 control information;
Different interleavers;
Rate matching;
Physical channel segmentation and mapping;
Multiplexing and
Channel Coding
(FDD)
TS
25.212

WITS Lab, NSYSU.6
Establishes the characteristics of the physical
layer measurements in the FDD mode, and
specifies:
The measurements performance by layer 1;
Reporting of measurements to higher layers and
network;
Handover measurements and idle-mode
measurements.
Physical Layer
Measurements
(FDD)
TS
25.215
Establishes the characteristics of the physical
layer procedures in the FDD mode, and specifies:
Cell search procedures;
Power control procedures;
Random access procedure.
Physical Layer
Procedures
(FDD)
TS
25.214

WITS Lab, NSYSU.7
General Protocol Architecture
Radio interface means the Uu point between User Equipment (UE)
and network.
The radio interface is composed of Layers 1, 2 and 3.
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Medium Access Control
Transport channels
Physical layer
Control/Measurements
Layer 3
Logical channels
Layer 2
Layer 1

WITS Lab, NSYSU.8
The circles between different layer/sub-layers indicate
Service Access Points (SAPs).
The physical layer offers different Transport channels to
MAC.
A transport channel is characterized by how the information is
transferred over the radio interface.
MAC offers different Logical channels to the Radio
Link Control (RLC) sub-layer of Layer 2.
A logical channel is characterized by the type of information
transferred.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.9
Physical channels are defined in the physical layer.
There are two duplex modes: Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
In the FDD mode a physical channel is characterized by
the code, frequency and in the uplink the relative phase
(I/Q).
In the TDD mode the physical channels is also
characterized by the timeslot.
The physical layer is controlled by RRC.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.10
Service Provided to Higher Layer
The physical layer offers data transport services to higher
layers.
The access to these services is through the use of transport
channels via the MAC sub-layer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the following
functions in order to provide the data transport service:
1. Macrodiversity distribution/combining and soft handover
execution.
2. Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher
layers.
3. FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels.
4. Multiplexing of transport channels and demultiplexing of
coded composite transport channels (CCTrCHs).

WITS Lab, NSYSU.11
Service Provided to Higher Layer
5. Rate matching of coded transport channels to physical
channels.
6. Mapping of coded composite transport channels on physical
channels.
7. Power weighting and combining of physical channels.
8. Modulation and spreading/demodulation and despreading of
physical channels.
9. Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronisation.
10. Radio characteristics measurements including FER, SIR,
Interference Power, etc., and indication to higher layers.
11. Inner - loop power control.
12. RF processing.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.12
Multiple Access
UTRA has two modes, FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex) & TDD (Time Division Duplex), for operating
with paired and unpaired bands respectively.
FDD: A pair of frequency bands which have specified
separation shall be assigned for the system.
TDD: A duplex method whereby uplink and downlink
transmissions are carried over same radio frequency by
using synchronised time intervals.
In the TDD, time slots in a physical channel are divided into
transmission and reception part.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.13
Physical Layer Measurements
Radio characteristics including FER, SIR, Interference
power, etc., are measured and reported to higher layers
and network. Such measurements are:
1. Handover measurements for handover within UTRA.
Specific features being determined in addition to the
relative strength of the cell, for the FDD mode the timing
relation between cells for support of asynchronous soft
handover.
2. The measurement procedures for preparation for handover
to GSM900/GSM1800.
3. The measurement procedures for UE before random
access process.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.14
Transport Channels
Transport channels are services offered by Layer 1 to
the higher layers.
A transport channel is defined by how and with what
characteristics data is transferred over the air
interface.
Two groups of transport channels:
Dedicated Transport Channels
Common Transport Channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.15
Transport Channels
DCH – Dedicated Channel (only one type)
Common Transport Channels – divided between all or a group
of users in a cell (no soft handover, but some of them can have
fast power control)
BCH: Broadcast Channel
FACH: Forward Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
RACH: Random Access Channel
CPCH: Common Packet Channel
DSCH: DL Shared Channel

WITS Lab, NSYSU.16
There exists only one type of dedicated transport
channel, the Dedicated Channel (DCH)
The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a downlink or uplink
transport channel.
The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over
only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming
antennas.
DCH carries both the service data, such as speech
frames, and higher layer control information, such as
handover commands or measurement reports from the
terminal.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.17
The content of the information carried on the DCH is
not visible to the physical layer, thus higher layer
control information and user data are treated in the same
way.
The physical layer parameters set by UTRAN may vary
between control and data.
Possibility of fast rate change (every 10 ms)
Support of fast power control.
Support of soft handover.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.18
Common Transport Channel
Broadcast Channel (BCH) -- mandatory
BCH is a downlink transport channel that is used to
broadcast system and cell specific information.
BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell.
The most typical data needed in every network is the
available random access codes and access slots in the cell,
or the types of transmit diversity.
BCH is transmitted with relatively high power.
Single transport format – a low and fixed data rate for the
UTRA broadcast channel to support low-end terminals.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.19
Paging Channel (PCH) -- mandatory
PCH is a downlink transport channel.
PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell.
PCH carries data relevant to the paging procedure, that is,
when the network wants to initiate communication with the
terminal.
The identical paging message can be transmitted in a single
cell or in up to a few hundreds of cells, depending on the
system configuration.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.20
Random Access Channel (RACH) -- mandatory
RACH is an uplink transport channel.
RACH is intended to be used to carry control information
from the terminal, such as requests to set up a connection.
RACH can also be used to send small amounts of packet
data from the terminal to the network.
The RACH is always received from the entire cell.
The RACH is characterized by a collision risk.
RACH is transmitted using open loop power control.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.21
Forward Access Channel (FACH) -- mandatory
FACH is a downlink transport channel.
FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part
of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.
FACH can carry control information; for example, after a
random access message has been received by the base
station.
FACH can also transmit packet data.
FACH does not use fast power control.
FACH can be transmitted using slow power control.
There can be more than one FACH in a cell.
The messages transmitted need to include in-band
identification information.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.22
Common Packet Channel (CPCH) -- optional
CPCH is an uplink transport channel.
CPCH is an extension to the RACH channel that is intended to
carry packet-based user data.
CPCH is associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink
which provides power control and CPCH Control Commands
(e.g. Emergency Stop) for the uplink CPCH.
The CPCH is characterised by initial collision risk and by
being transmitted using inner loop power control.
CPCH may last several frames.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.23
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) -- optional
DSCH is a downlink transport channel shared by several UEs
to carry dedicated user data and/or control information.
The DSCH is always associated with one or several downlink
DCH.
The DSCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a
part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.
DSCH supports fast power control as well as variable bit rate
on a frame-by-frame basis.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.24
Transport Channel
YesYesYesYesYesNoSuited for
bursty data?
Medium or
large data
amounts.
Medium or
large data
amounts.
Small or
medium data
amounts.
Small data
amounts.
Small data
amounts.
Medium or
large data
amount.
Suited for:
NoNoNoNoNoYesSoft
Handover
YesYesYesNoNoYesFast Power
Control
Shared
between
users.
Shared
between
users.
Fixed codes
per cell.
Fixed codes
per cell.
Fixed codes
per cell.
According to
maximum bit
rate.
Code
Usage
Uplink, only
in TDD.
DownlinkUplinkUplinkDownlinkBothUplink/
Downlink
USCHDSCHCPCHRACHFACHDCH
Shared ChannelsCommon ChannelDedicated
Channel

WITS Lab, NSYSU.25
Mapping of Transport Channels onto
Physical Channels
Transport Channels
DCH
RACH
CPCH
BCH
FACH
PCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel
(CD/CA-ICH)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎧
Unmapped

WITS Lab, NSYSU.26
Interface Between Higher Layers and the
Physical Layer
TFI Transport Block
Transport Block
Transport Ch 1
TFI Transport Block
Transport Block
Transport Ch 2
TFCI Coding & Multiplexing
Physical Control
Channel
Physical Data
Channel
TFI
Transport Block &
Error Indication
Transport Block &
Error Indication
Transport Ch 1
TFI
Transport Block &
Error Indication
Transport Block &
Error Indication
Transport Ch 2
TFCI
Decoding &
Demultiplexing
Physical Control
Channel
Physical Data
Channel
Physical Layer
Higher Layer

WITS Lab, NSYSU.27
Transport Format Indicator (TFI)
The TFI is a label for a specific transport format within a
transport format set.
It is used in the inter-layer communication between
MAC and L1 each time a transport block set is
exchanged between the two layers on a transport
channel.
When the DSCH is associated with a DCH, the TFI of
the DSCH also indicates the physical channel (i.e. the
channelisation code) of the DSCH that has to be listened
to by the UE.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.28
Transport Format Combination Indicator
(TFCI)
This is a representation of the current Transport Format
Combination.
The TFCI is used in order to inform the receiving side of the
currently valid Transport Format Combination, and hence how to
decode, de-multiplex and deliver the received data on the
appropriate Transport Channels.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between a certain value of
the TFCI and a certain Transport Format Combination.
MAC indicates the TFI to Layer 1 at each delivery of Transport
Block Sets on each Transport Channel. Layer 1 then builds the
TFCI from the TFIs of all parallel transport channels of the UE,
processes the Transport Blocks appropriately and appends the
TFCI to the physical control signalling.
Through the detection of the TFCI the receiving side is able to
identify the Transport Format Combination.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.29
In UTRA, the data generated at higher layers is
carried over the air with transport channels, which are
mapped in the physical layer to different physical
channels.
The physical layer is required to support variable bit
rate transport channels to offer bandwidth-on-
demand services, and to be able to multiplex several
services to one connection.
The transport channels may have a different number
of blocks.
Each transport channel is accompanied by the
Transport Format Indicator (TFI).
Mapping of Transport Channel to
Physical Channel

WITS Lab, NSYSU.30
The physical layer combines the TFI information
from different transport channels to the Transport
Format Combination Indicator (TFCI).
TFCI is transmitted in the physical control channel.
At any moment, not all the transport channels are
necessarily active.
One physical control channel and one or more
physical data channels form a single Coded
Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCh).
Mapping of Transport Channel to
Physical Channel

WITS Lab, NSYSU.32
Table of Contents
Overview
Uplink Physical Layer
Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)
Common Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink Physical Layer Modulation

WITS Lab, NSYSU.33
Overview
Configuration
Radio frame
A radio frame is a processing unit which consists of 15 slots.
The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38400 chips.
Time slot
A time slot is a unit which consists of fields containing bits.
The length of a slot corresponds to 2560 chips.
Spreading Modulation: QPSK.
Data Modulation: BPSK.
Spreading
Two-level spreading processes

WITS Lab, NSYSU.34
Overview
Spreading (cont.)
Channelization operation
OVSF codes.
Transform every data symbol into a number of chips.
Increase the bandwidth of the signal.
The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor.
Data symbols on I- and Q-branches are independently multiplied
with an OVSF code.
Scrambling operation
Long or short Gold codes.
Applied to the spread signals.
Randomize the codes
Spread signal is further multiplied by complex-valued scrambling

WITS Lab, NSYSU.35
Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)
Common Uplink Physical Channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.36
UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)
Carry the DCH transport channel (generated at Layer 2 and
above).
There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each
radio link.
UL Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)
Carry control information generated at Layer 1
One and only one UL DPCCH on each radio link.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.37
Frame Structure for UL DPDCH/DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Data
Ndata bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms = 38400 chips
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
NFBI bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips,
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Ndata= 10*2k bits (k=0,1,…,6)
One Power Control Period

WITS Lab, NSYSU.38
UL DPDCH
The parameter k determines the number of bits per uplink
DPDCH slot.
It is related to the spreading factor SF of the DPDCH as SF =
256/2k.
The DPDCH spreading factor ranges from 256 down to 4.
640640960049609606
320320480084804805
1601602400162402404
80801200321201203
40406006460602
202030012830301
101015025615150
NdataBits/
Slot
Bits/
Frame
SFChannel
Symbol Rate
(ksps)
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Slot Format #i

WITS Lab, NSYSU.39
UL DPCCH - Layer 1 Control Information
The spreading factor of the uplink DPCCH is always
equal to 256, i.e. there are 10 bits per uplink DPCCH
slot.
8-924131015025615155B
10-1423141015025615155A
1522151015025615155
8-1520261015025615154
8-1510271015025615153
8-914231015025615152B
10-1413241015025615152A
1512251015025615152
8-1500281015025615151
8-904241015025615150B
10-1403251015025615150A
1502261015025615150
Transmitted
slots per
radio frame
NFBI
NTFCI
NTPC
Npilot
Bits/
Slot
Bits/
Frame
SFChannel
Symbol Rate
(ksps)
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Slot
Form
at #i

WITS Lab, NSYSU.40
UL DPCCH - Layer 1 Control Information
Pilot Bits.
Support channel estimation for coherent detection.
Frame Synchronization Word (FSW) can be sued to confirm
frame synchronizaton.
Transmit Power Control (TPC) command.
Inner loop power control commands.
Feedback Information (FBI).
Support of close loop transmit diversity.
Site Selection Diversity Transmission (SSDT)
Transport-Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) –
optional
TFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous transport
format combination of the transport channels.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.41
Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=3,4,5,6
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
Slot #0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
543210432103210210Bit #
Npilot = 6Npilot = 5Npilot = 4Npilot = 3
Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).

WITS Lab, NSYSU.42
Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=7,8
Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Slot #0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
765432106543210Bit #
Npilot = 8Npilot = 7

WITS Lab, NSYSU.43
FBI Bits
The FBI bits are used to support techniques requiring feedback
from the UE to the UTRAN Access Point, including closed loop
mode transmit diversity and site selection diversity transmission
(SSDT).
The S field is used for SSDT signalling, while the D field is
used for closed loop mode transmit diversity signalling.
The S field consists of 0, 1, or 2 bits. The D field consists of 0
or 1 bit. Simultaneous use of SSDT power control and closed
loop mode transmit diversity requires that the S field consists of
1 bit.
S field D field
NFBI

WITS Lab, NSYSU.44
TFCI Bits
There are two types of uplink dedicated physical
channels:
those that include TFCI (e.g. for several simultaneous
services)
those that do not include TFCI (e.g. for fixed-rate services).
It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be
transmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to support
the use of TFCI in the uplink.
In compressed mode, DPCCH slot formats with TFCI
fields are changed.
There are two possible compressed slot formats for
each normal slot format.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.45
TPC Bit Patterns
1
0
11
00
1
0
NTPC = 2NTPC = 1
Transmitter
power control
command
TPC Bit Pattern

WITS Lab, NSYSU.46
I
Σ
j
c d ,1 β d
S lo n g ,n o r S s h o rt,n
I+ jQ
D P D C H 1
Q
c d ,3 β d
D P D C H 3
c d ,5 β d
D P D C H 5
c d ,2 β d
D P D C H 2
c d ,4 β d
D P D C H 4
c d ,6 β d
D P D C H 6
c c β c
D P C C H
Σ
Spreading of UL DPCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.47
Spreading of UL DPCH
The binary DPCCH and DPDCHs to be spread are
represented by real-valued sequences, i.e. the binary
value "0" is mapped to the real value +1, while the
binary value "1" is mapped to the real value –1.
The DPCCH is spread to the chip rate by the
channelization code cc, while the n:th DPDCH called
DPDCHn is spread to the chip rate by the channelization
code cd,n.
One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be
transmitted simultaneously, i.e. 1 ≤ n ≤ 6.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.48
Gain of UL DPCH
After channelization, the real-valued spread signals are weighted
by gain factors, βc for DPCCH and βd for all DPDCHs.
At every instant in time, at least one of the values βc and βd has
the amplitude 1.0. The β-values are quantized into 4 bit words.
After the weighting, the stream of real-valued chips on the I- and
Q-branches are then summed and treated as a complex-valued
stream of chips.
This complex-valued signal is then scrambled by the complex-
valued scrambling code Sdpch,n.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.49
Signaling values for
βc and βd
Quantized amplitude ratios
βc and βd
15 1.0
14 0.9333
13 0.8666
12 0.8000
11 0.7333
10 0.6667
9 0.6000
8 0.5333
7 0.4667
6 0.4000
5 0.3333
4 0.2667
3 0.2000
2 0.1333
1 0.0667
0 Switch off
Gain of UL DPCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.50
OVSF Code Allocation for UL DPCH
DPCCH is always spread by cc= Cch,256,0
When there is only one DPDCH
DPDCH1 is spread by cd,1= Cch,SF,k (k= SF / 4)
When there are more than one DPDCH
All DPDCHs have SF=4
DPDCHn is spread by the the code cd,n = Cch,4,k
k = 1 if n ∈ {1, 2}, k = 3 if n ∈ {3, 4} and k = 2 if n ∈ {5, 6}

WITS Lab, NSYSU.51
Scrambling Codes of UL DPCH
Long scrambling code allocation
The n-th UL long scrambling code
Sdpch,n(i) = Clong,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
Short scrambling code allocation
The n-th UL short scrambling code
Sdpch,n(i) = Cshort,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
⎭
⎬
⎫
⎩
⎨
⎧
⎥⎦
⎥
⎢⎣
⎢−+= )
2
2()1(1)()( ,2,,1,,
i
cjiciC nlong
i
nlongnlong
⎭
⎬
⎫
⎩
⎨
⎧
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
⎥⎦
⎥
⎢⎣
⎢
−+=
2
256mod
2)1(1)256mod()( ,2,,1,,
i
cjiciC nshort
i
nshortnshort

WITS Lab, NSYSU.52
PRACH is used to carry the RACH.
The random access transmission is based on a Slotted
ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication.
The UE can start the random-access transmission at the
beginning of a number of well-defined time intervals,
denoted access slots.
There are 15 access slots per two frames and they are
spaced 5120 chips apart.
Information on what access slots are available for
random-access transmission is given by higher layers.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.53
PRACH Access Slot Numbers and
Their Spacing
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
5120chips
radioframe:10ms radioframe:10ms
Accessslot#0 RandomAccessTransmission
Accessslot#1
Accessslot#7
Accessslot#14
RandomAccessTransmission
RandomAccessTransmission
RandomAccessTransmissionAccessslot#8

WITS Lab, NSYSU.54
Structure of the Random-Access Transmission
Message partPreamble
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble
Message partPreamble
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble Preamble
The random-access transmission consists of one
or several preambles of length 4096 chips and a
message of length 10 ms or 20 ms.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.55
RACH Preamble Code Construction
Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of
256 repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips.
There are a maximum of 16 available signatures.
The random access preamble code Cpre,n, is a
complex valued sequence.
It is built from a preamble scrambling code Sr-pre,n
and a preamble signature Csig,s as follows:
where k=0 corresponds to the chip transmitted first in time.
4095,,2,1,0,)()()(
)
24
(
,,,, …=××=
+
− kekCkSkC
kj
ssignprersnpre
ππ

WITS Lab, NSYSU.56
PRACH Preamble Scrambling Code
The scrambling code for the PRACH preamble
part is constructed from the long scrambling
sequences.
There are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling
codes in total.
The n:th preamble scrambling code, n = 0, 1, …,
8191, is defined as:
Sr-pre,n(i ) = clong,1,n(i ), i = 0, 1, …, 4095;

WITS Lab, NSYSU.57
PRACH Preamble Scrambling Code
The 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes are
divided into 512 groups with 16 codes in each group.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group
of PRACH preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the
primary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.
The k:th PRACH preamble scrambling code within the
cell with downlink primary scrambling code m, k = 0, 1,
2, …, 15 and m = 0, 1, 2, …, 511, is Sr-pre,n(i) as defined
above with n = 16×m + k.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.58
The preamble signature corresponding to a signature s
consists of 256 repetitions of a length 16 signature Ps(n),
n=0…15. This is defined as follows:
Csig,s(i) = Ps(i modulo 16), i = 0, 1, …, 4095.
The signature Ps(n) is from the set of 16 Hadamard codes of
length 16.
PRACH Preamble Signatures

WITS Lab, NSYSU.59
PRACH Preamble Signatures
1-1-11-111-1-111-11-1-11P15
(n)
-1-11111-1-111-1-1-1-111P14
(n)
-11-111-11-11-11-1-11-11P13
(n)
1111-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-11111P12
(n)
-111-1-111-11-1-111-1-11P11
(n)
11-1-111-1-1-1-111-1-111P10
(n)
1-11-11-11-1-11-11-11-11P9
(n)
-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-111111111P8
(n)
-111-11-1-11-111-11-1-11P7
(n)
11-1-1-1-11111-1-1-1-111P6
(n)
1-11-1-11-111-11-1-11-11P5
(n)
-1-1-1-11111-1-1-1-11111P4
(n)
1-1-111-1-111-1-111-1-11P3
(n)
-1-111-1-111-1-111-1-111P2
(n)
-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11P1
(n)
1111111111111111P0
(n)
1514131211109876543210
Value of nPreamble
Signature

WITS Lab, NSYSU.60
Structure of the Random-Access Message
Part Radio Frame
Pilot
Npilotbits
Data
Ndatabits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0,1,2,3.)
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
Data
Control
TFCI
NTFCIbits

WITS Lab, NSYSU.61
PRACH Message Part
Data part
10*2k bits, where k=0,1,2,3.
Corresponds to a SF of 256, 128, 64, and 32.
Control part
SF=256.
8 known pilot bits to support channel estimation for
coherent detection.
2 TFCI bits corresponds to a certain transport format of the
current Random-access message.
The message part length can be determined from the
sued signature and/or access slot, as configured by
higher layers.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.62
PRACH Message Part
Slot Format
#i
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Channel
Symbol Rate
(ksps)
SF Bits/
Frame
Bits/
Slot
Ndata
0 15 15 256 150 10 10
1 30 30 128 300 20 20
2 60 60 64 600 40 40
3 120 120 32 1200 80 80
Slot Format
#i
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Channel
Symbol Rate
(ksps)
SF Bits/
Frame
Bits/
Slot
Npilot NTFCI
0 15 15 256 150 10 8 2
Random-access message data fields
Random-access message control fields

WITS Lab, NSYSU.63
PRACH Message Part Pilot Bit Pattern
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Slot #0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
76543210Bit #
Npilot = 8

WITS Lab, NSYSU.64
Spreading of PRACH Message Part
Message part OVSF Code Allocation
Given the preamble signature s, 0 ≤ s ≤ 15
Control part : cc = Cch,256,m with m = 16s + 15
Data part: cd = Cch,SF,m with m = SF x s/16 and SF=32 to 256
jβccc
cd βd
Sr-msg,n
I+jQ
PRACH message
control part
PRACH message
data part
Q
I

WITS Lab, NSYSU.65
PRACH Message Part Scrambling Code
The scrambling code used for the PRACH message part is 10
ms long, and there are 8192 different PRACH scrambling
codes defined.
The n:th PRACH message part scrambling code, denoted Sr-
msg,n, where n = 0, 1, …, 8191, is based on the long scrambling
sequence and is defined as:
Sr-msg,n(i) = Clong,n(i + 4096), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
The message part scrambling code has a one-to-one
correspondence to the scrambling code used for the preamble
part.
For one PRACH, the same code number is used for both
scrambling codes.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.66
PCPCH is used to carry the CPCH.
The CPCH transmission is based on DSMA-CD (Digital
Sense Multiple Access – Collision Detection) approach
with fast acquisition indication.
The UE can start transmission at the beginning of a
number of well-defined time-intervals.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.67
Structure of the CPCH Access Transmission
The PCPCH access transmission consists of:
one or several Access Preambles [A-P] of length 4096 chips.
one Collision Detection Preamble (CD-P) of length 4096 chips
a DPCCH Power Control Preamble (PC-P) which is either 0 slots or
8 slots in length
a message of variable length Nx10 ms.
4096 chips
P0
P1
Pj Pj
Collision Detection
Preamble
Access Preamble Control Part
Data part
0 or 8 slots N*10 msec
Message Part

WITS Lab, NSYSU.68
CPCH Access Preamble Part
PCPCH access preamble codes Cc-acc,n,s, are
complex valued sequences.
The RACH preamble signature sequences are used.
The scrambling codes could be either
A different code segment of the Gold code used to form
the scrambling code of the RACH preambles or
The same scrambling code in case the signature set is
shared.
4095,,2,1,0,)()()(
)
24
(
,,,, …=××=
+
−− kekCkSkC
kj
ssignacccsnaccc
ππ

WITS Lab, NSYSU.69
PCPCH Access Preamble Scrambling Code
There are 40960 PCPCH access preamble scrambling codes in
total.
The n:th PCPCH access preamble scrambling code is defined as:
Sc-acc,n (i) = clong,1,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 4095;
The codes are divided into 512 groups with 80 codes in each
group.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group of
PCPCH access preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the
The k:th PCPCH scrambling code within the cell with downlink
primary scrambling code m, for k = 0,..., 79 and m = 0, 1, 2, …, 511, is
Sc-acc,n as defined above with n=16×m+k for k=0,...,15 and n = 64×m +
(k-16)+8192 for k=16,..., 79.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.70
CPCH Collision Detection (CD)
Preamble Part
The PCPCH CD preamble codes Cc-cd,n,s are complex
valued sequences.
The RACH preamble signature sequences are used.
The scrambling code is chosen to be a different code
segment of the Gold code used to form the scrambling
code for the RACH and CPCH preambles.
4095,,2,1,0,)()()(
)
24
(
,,,, …=××=
+
−− kekCkSkC
kj
ssigncdcsncdc
ππ

WITS Lab, NSYSU.71
PCPCH CD Preamble Scrambling Code
There are 40960 PCPCH-CD preamble scrambling codes in
total.
The n:th PCPCH CD access preamble scrambling code, where n =
0 ,..., 40959, is defined as:
Sc-cd,n(i) = clong,1,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 4095;
The 40960 PCPCH scrambling codes are divided into 512
groups with 80 codes in each group.
PCPCH CD preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the
The k:th PCPCH scrambling code within the cell with downlink
primary scrambling code m, k = 0,1, …, 79 and m = 0, 1, 2, …, 511, is
Sc-cd, n as defined above with n=16×m+k for k = 0,...,15 and n =
64×m + (k-16)+8192 for k=16,...,79.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.72
CPCH Power Control Preamble Part
The power control preamble segment is called the CPCH
Power Control Preamble (PC-P) part.
The slot format for CPCH PC-P part shall be the same as for
the CPCH message part.
The scrambling code for the PCPCH power control preamble
is the same as for the PCPCH message part.
The channelization code the PCPCH power control preamble
is the same as the control part of message part.
12251015025615151
02261015025615150
NFBINTFCINTPCNpilotBits /
Slot
Bits /
Slot
SFChannel
Symbol Rate
(ksps)
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Slot
Format #i

WITS Lab, NSYSU.73
Frame Structure for PCPCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Data
Ndata bits
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms = 38400 chips
Data
Control
FBI
NFBI bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips,
Ndata= 10*2k bits (k=0,1,…,6)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.74
PCPCH Message Part
Up to N_MAX_frames 10ms frames.
N_Max_frames is a higher layer parameter.
Each 10 ms frame is split into 15 slots, each of length
2560 chips.
Each slot consists of two parts:
Data part carries higher layer information.
Data part consists of 10*2k bits, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
SF= 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4.
Control part carries Layer 1 control information with SF = 256.
Slot format is the same as CPCH PC-P part.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.75
PCPCH Message Part Spreading
jβccc
cd βd
Sc-msg,n
I+jQ
PCPCH message
control part
PCPCH message
data part
Q
I

WITS Lab, NSYSU.76
PCPCH Message Part OVSF Code
Allocation
Control part is always spread by cc = Cch,256,0
Data part is spread by cd = Cch,SF,k with SF = 4 to 256
and k = SF/4.
A UE is allowed to increase SF during the message
transmission on a frame by frame basis.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.77
PCPCH Message Part Scrambling Code
Allocation
The set of scrambling codes are
10 ms long
Cell-specific
one-to-one correspondence to the signature sequences and the
access sub-channel used by the access preamble part.
Both long or short scrambling codes can be used.
There are 64 uplink scrambling codes defined per cell and
32768 different PCPCH scrambling codes defined in the
system.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.78
PCPCH Message Part Scrambling Code
Allocation
The n:th PCPCH message part scrambling code, denoted Sc-
msg,n, where n =8192,8193, …,40959 is based on the
scrambling sequence and is defined as:
Long scrambling codes : Sr-msg,n(i) = Clong,n(i ), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
Short scrambling codes : Sr-msg,n(i) = Cshort,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
The 32768 PCPCH scrambling codes are divided into 512
groups with 64 codes in each group.
PCPCH preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the primary
scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.79
Uplink Modulation
The modulation chip rate is 3.84 Mcps.
The complex-valued chip sequence generated by the
spreading process is QPSK modulated.
S
Im{S}
Re{S}
cos(ωt)
Complex-valued
chip sequence
from spreading
operations
-sin(ωt)
Split
real &
imag.
parts
Pulse-
shaping
Pulse-
shaping

WITS Lab, NSYSU.80
Uplink Modulation
The uplink modulation should be designed:
The audible interference from the terminal transmission is
minimized.
The terminal amplifier efficiency is maximized.
Audible interference:
Discontinuous uplink transmission can cause audible
interference to audio equipment that is very close to the
terminal.
Solution: WCDMA uplink doesn’t adopt time multiplexing.
Physical Layer Control Information (DPDCH)
User Data (DPDCH) User Data (DPDCH)DTX Period

WITS Lab, NSYSU.82
Table of Contents
Introduction
Downlink Transmit Diversity
Open loop transmit diversity
Space Time Block Coding Based Transmit Antenna Diversity
(STTD)
Time Switched Transmit Diversity for Synchronization Channel
(TSTD)
Closed loop transmit diversity
Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
Common Downlink Physical Channels
1. Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
2. Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
3. Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.83
Table of Contents
Common Downlink Physical Channels (continue)
4. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
5. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
6. Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
7. CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
8. CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel
(CD/CA-ICH)
9. Page indicator channel (PICH)
10. CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
Spreading
Modulation
Timing Relationship

WITS Lab, NSYSU.84
Introduction
Downlink DPCH
AICH, CPICHCCPCH, PICH
Idle
MS
On-line
MS
Power-on
MS
SCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.85
Downlink Transmit Diversity
Open loop transmit diversity: STTD and TSTD
Closed loop transmit diversity BS
ˇˇ-DL-DPCCH for CPCH
-ˇ-CD/CA-ICH
-ˇ-AP-AICH
–ˇ–CSICH
–ˇ–AICH
ˇˇ–PDSCH
–ˇ–PICH
ˇˇ–DPCH
–ˇ–S-CCPCH
––ˇSCH
–ˇ–P-CCPCH
ModeSTTDTSTD
Closed loopOpen loop modePhysical channel type

WITS Lab, NSYSU.86
Space Time Block Coding Based Transmit
Antenna Diversity (STTD)
The STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD
support is mandatory at the UE.
STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive
channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b3
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Channel bits
ST T D encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.87
Time Switched Transmit Diversity for SCH
(TSTD)
TSTD can be applied to TSTD.
TSTD for the SCH is optional in UTRAN, while TSTD
support is mandatory in the UE.
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 m s SCH radio frame
acs
i,0
acp
acs
i,1
acp
acs
i,14
acp
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
acs
i,0
acp
acs
i,1
acp
acs
i,14
acp
acs
i,2
acp
Slot #2
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.88
Spread/scramble
w1
w2
DPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
∑
CPICH1
∑
CPICH2
Ant1
Ant2
Weight Generation
w1 w2
Determine FBI message
from Uplink DPCCH
3GPP TS 25.214 V3.9.0 Sect. 7
Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity

WITS Lab, NSYSU.89
The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX
antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific
weight factors w1 and w2 , where wi = ai + jbi .
The weight factors (phase adjustments in closed loop
mode 1 and phase/amplitude adjustments in closed
loop mode 2) are determined by the UE, and
signalled to the UTRAN access point
(=cell transceiver) using the D sub-field of the FBI
field of uplink DPCCH.
For the closed loop mode 1 different (orthogonal)
dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent on
the 2 different antennas. For closed loop mode 2 the
same dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent
on both antennas.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.90
Number of Feedback Information in Closed
Loop Transmit Diversity
Summary of number of feedback information bits per
slot, NFBD, feedback command length in slots, NW,
feedback command rate, feedback bit rate, number of
phase bits, Nph, per signalling word, number of
amplitude bits, Npo, per signalling word and amount of
constellation rotation at UE for the two closed loop
modes.
N/A311500 bps1500 Hz412
π/2101500 bps1500 Hz111
Constellation
rotation
NphNpoFeedback bit
rate
Update
rate
NWNFBDClosed
loop
mode

WITS Lab, NSYSU.91
Determination of Feedback Information in
The UE uses the CPICH to separately estimate the channels
seen from each antenna.
Once every slot, the UE computes the phase adjustment, φ,
and for mode 2 the amplitude adjustment that should be
applied at the UTRAN access point to maximise the UE
received power.
The UE feeds back to the UTRAN access point the
information on which phase/power settings to use.
Feedback Signalling Message (FSM) bits are transmitted in
the portion of FBI field of uplink DPCCH slot(s) assigned
to closed loop mode transmit diversity, the FBI D field.
Each message is of length NW = Npo+Nph bits.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.92
Closed Loop Mode 1
The UE uses the CPICH transmitted both from antenna 1 and
antenna 2 to calculate the phase adjustment to be applied at
UTRAN access point to maximise the UE received power.
In each slot, UE calculates the optimum phase adjustment, φ,
for antenna 2, which is then quantized into having two
possible values as follows:
where
If = 0, a command '0' is sent to UTRAN using the FSMph
field. If = π, command '1' is sent to UTRAN using the
FSMph field.
⎩
⎨
⎧ ≤−<
=
otherwise,0
2/3)(2/if, πφφππ
φ
ir
Q
⎩
⎨
⎧
=
=
=
13,11,9,7,5,3,1,2/
14,12,10,8,6,4,2,0,0
)(
i
i
ir
π
φ
Qφ
Qφ

WITS Lab, NSYSU.93
Closed Loop Mode 2
In closed loop mode 2 there are 16 possible combinations of
phase and power adjustment.
0.20.81
0.80.20
Power_ant2Power_ant1FSMpo
3π/4100
π/2101
π/4111
0110
-π/4010
-π/2011
-3π/4001
π000
Phase difference between antennas (radians)FSMph
FSMpo subfield of
signalling message
FSMph subfield of
signalling message

WITS Lab, NSYSU.94
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH)
There is only one type of downlink dedicated physical
channel, the Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL
DPCH).
Within one downlink DPCH, dedicated data generated at
Layer 2 and above, i.e. the dedicated transport channel
(DCH), is transmitted in time-multiplex with control
information generated at Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC
commands, and an optional TFCI).

WITS Lab, NSYSU.95
Frame Structure of DL DPCH
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
TPC
NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k
bits (k=0..7)
Data2
Ndata2 bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Data1
Ndata1 bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.96
DL DPCH
Parameters
Each frame= 15 slots = 10 ms
Each slot= 2560 chips
Each slot= one power-control period.
SF = 512/2k (e.g., SF=512, 256, ...,4)
Two basic types
With TFCI (for several simultaneous services)
Without TFCI (fixed-rate services)
transmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to support
the use of TFCI in the downlink.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.97
DL DPCH Compressed Mode
In compressed frames, a different slot format is used
compared to normal mode.
There are two possible compressed slot formats that are
labelled A and B.
Slot format B shall be used in frames compressed by
spreading factor reduction.
Slot format A shall be used in frames compressed by
puncturing or higher layer scheduling.
Reference: 3GPP TS 25-212 V3.8.0 4.4 Compressed Mode

WITS Lab, NSYSU.98
DL DPCH Fields (table is not completed)
8-14442822025615305A
154221022025615305
8-148042444012830604B
8-144021222025615304A
154021222025615304
8-144442444012830603B
8-142421022025615303A
152221222025615303
8-144042844012830602B
8-142021422025615302A
152021422025615302
8-14844402025615301B
1542220105127.5151
8-14804802025615300B
8-1440240105127.5150A
1540240105127.5150
NPilot
NTFCI
NTPC
NData2
NData1
Transmitted
slots per
radio frame NTr
DPCCH
Bits/Slot
DPDCH
Bits/Slot
Bits /
Slot
SFChannel
Symbol
Rate (ksps)
Channe
Bit Rate
(kbps)
Slot
Format #i

WITS Lab, NSYSU.99
DL DPCH Pilot Bit Patterns
10
00
00
10
11
01
11
00
11
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10
01
00
01
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00
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00
01
00
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01
00
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00
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00
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00
01
00
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01
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01
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10
00
00
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10
01
00
01
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00
00
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01
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00
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11
00
01
00
10
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01
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01
10
10
00
00
11
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11
00
01
00
10
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10
01
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01
10
10
00
00
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00
01
00
10
11
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10
01
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01
10
10
00
00
Slot #0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
765432103210100Symbol
#
Npilot = 16
(*3)
Npilot = 8
(*2)
Npilot = 4
(*1)
Npilot
=2

WITS Lab, NSYSU.100
DL DPCH TPC & TFCI
TPC
TFCI
TFCI value in each radio frame corresponds to a
certain combination of bit rates of the DCHs
currently in use.
1
0
11111111
00000000
1111
0000
11
00
NTPC = 8NTPC = 4NTPC = 2
Transmitter Power
Control Command
TPC Bit Pattern

WITS Lab, NSYSU.101
DL DPCH Multi-Code Transmission
Transmission
Power Physical Channel 1
Transmission
Power Physical Channel 2
Transmission
Power Physical Channel L
DPDCH
One Slot (2560 chips)
TFCI PilotTPC
•••
DPDCH Condition:
Total bit rate to be
transmitted exceeds
the maximum bit rate
Layer 1 control
information is
transmitted only on
the first DL DPCH.
Multicode
transmission is
mapped onto several
parallel downlink
DPCHs using the same
spreading factor.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.102
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Frame Structure:
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

WITS Lab, NSYSU.103
Common Pilot Channel
The CPICH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256)
downlink physical channel that carries a pre-defined
bit/symbol sequence.
In case transmit diversity (open or closed loop) is
used on any downlink channel in the cell, the CPICH
shall be transmitted from both antennas using the
same channelization and scrambling code.
There are two types of Common pilot channels:
The Primary CPICH.
The Secondary CPICH.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.104
Transmit Diversity of CPICH
Modulation pattern for Common Pilot Channel (with A
= 1+j)
slot #1
Frame#i+1Frame#i
slot #14
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
-A -A A A -A -A A A -A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -AAntenna 2
Antenna 1
slot #0
Frame Boundary
In case of no transmit diversity, the
symbol sequence of Antenna 1 is used.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.105
The Primary CPICH
The Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) has the
following characteristics:
The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH;
The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code;
There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell;
The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.
The Primary CPICH is a phase reference for the following
downlink channels: SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH AP-
AICH, CD/CA-ICH, CSICH, DL-DPCCH for CPCH and the
S-CCPCH.
By default, the Primary CPICH is also a phase reference for
downlink DPCH and any associated PDSCH.
The Primary CPICH is always a phase reference for a
downlink physical channel using closed loop TX diversity.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.106
Secondary Common Pilot Channel
(S-CPICH)
A Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) has the
following characteristics:
An arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH;
A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary
scrambling code;
There may be zero, one, or several S-CPICHs per cell;
A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or only over a part
of the cell;
A Secondary CPICH may be a phase reference for a downlink
DPCH.
The Secondary CPICH can be a phase reference for a
downlink physical channel using open loop TX diversity,
instead of the Primary CPICH being a phase reference.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.107
Downlink Phase Reference
––ˇDL-DPCCH for CPCH
––ˇCSICH
––ˇAICH
ˇˇˇPDSCH*
––ˇPICH
ˇˇˇDPCH
––ˇS-CCPCH
––ˇSCH
––ˇP-CCPCH
Dedicated PilotSecondary-CPICHPrimary-CPICHPhysical Channel Type
Note *: the same phase reference as with the associated DPCH shall be used.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.108
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(P-CCPCH)
Fixed rate: 30 kbps, SF=256.
Used to carry the BCH transport channel.
No TPC commands, no TFCI and no pilot bits.
Frame structure:
Data
Ndata1=18 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
(Tx OFF)
256 chips

WITS Lab, NSYSU.109
Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel (S-CCPCH)
S-CCPCH is used to carry the FACH and PCH.
Two types of S-CCPCHs: those that include TFCI and those
that do not include TFCI.
transmitted, hence making it mandatory for all UEs to support
the use of TFCI.
bits (k=0..6)
Pilot
Npilot bits
Data
Ndata1 bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits

WITS Lab, NSYSU.110
Secondary CCPCH Fields
81612561280192004960192017
8012721280192004960192016
8166166409600848096015
806326409600848096014
81629632048001624048013
8031232048001624048012
8814416024003212024011
8015216024003212024010
886480120064601209
807280120064601208
28304060012830607
20384060012830606
08324060012830605
00404060012830604
28102030025615303
20182030025615302
08122030025615301
00202030025615300
NTFCINpilotNdata1Bits/
Slot
Bits/
Frame
SFChannel Symbol
Rate (ksps)
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Slot
Format #i

WITS Lab, NSYSU.111
S-CCPCH Pilot Symbol Patterns
10
00
00
10
11
01
11
00
11
11
10
10
01
00
01
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
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11
10
01
11
01
10
10
00
00
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00
01
00
10
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10
10
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00
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00
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00
01
00
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00
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11
Slot #0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
765432103210Symbol #
Npilot = 16Npilot = 8

WITS Lab, NSYSU.112
Characteristics of S-CCPCH
The FACH and PCH can be mapped to the same or to
separate Secondary CCPCHs.
If FACH and PCH are mapped to the same S-CCPCH,
they can be mapped to the same frame.
The main difference between a CCPCH and a downlink
dedicated physical channel is that a CCPCH is not inner-
loop power controlled.
The main difference between the P-CCPCH and S-
CCPCH is that the transport channel mapped to the P-
CCPCH can only have a fixed predefined transport
format combination, while the S-CCPCH support
multiple transport format combinations using TFCI.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.113
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
The SCH is a downlink signal used for cell search.
The SCH consists of: the Primary and Secondary SCH.
The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are
divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
acs
i,0
acp
acs
i,1
acp
acs
i,14
acp

WITS Lab, NSYSU.114
The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of
length 256 chips, the Primary Synchronisation Code
(PSC), transmitted once every slot.
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
The primary and secondary synchronization codes are
modulated by the symbol a, which indicates the
presence/ absence of STTD encoding on the P-
CCPCH:
a = -1P-CCPCH not STTD encoded
a = +1P-CCPCH STTD encoded

WITS Lab, NSYSU.115
The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly
transmitting a length 15 sequence of modulated codes
of length 256 chips, the Secondary Synchronisation
Codes (SSC), transmitted in parallel with the Primary
SCH.
The SSC is denoted cs
i,k, where i = 0, 1, …, 63 is the
number of the scrambling code group, and k = 0, 1, …,
14 is the slot number.
Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of
length 256.
This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which
of the code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code
belongs to.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.116
The PDSCH is used to carry the Downlink Shared Channel
(DSCH).
A PDSCH corresponds to a channelisation code below or at
a PDSCH root channelisation code.
A PDSCH is allocated on a radio frame basis to a UE.
Within one radio frame, UTRAN may allocate different
PDSCHs under the same PDSCH root channelisation code
to different UEs based on code multiplexing.
Within the same radio frame, multiple parallel PDSCHs,
with the same spreading factor, may be allocated to a single
UE.
All the PDSCHs are operated with radio frame
synchronisation.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.117
PDSCHs allocated to the same UE on different radio
frames may have different spreading factors.
Frame structure of PDSCH:
bits (k=0..6)
Data
Ndata1 bits

WITS Lab, NSYSU.118
For each radio frame, each PDSCH is associated with one
downlink DPCH. The PDSCH and associated DPCH do not
necessarily have the same spreading factors and are not
necessarily frame aligned.
All relevant Layer 1 control information is transmitted on
the DPCCH part of the associated DPCH, i.e. the PDSCH
does not carry Layer 1 information. To indicate for UE that
there is data to decode on the DSCH, the TFCI field of the
associated DPCH shall be used.
The TFCI informs the UE of the instantaneous transport
format parameters related to the PDSCH as well as the
channelisation code of the PDSCH.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.119
The Acquisition Indicator channel (AICH) is a fixed rate
(SF=256) physical channel used to carry Acquisition
Indicators (AI).
Acquisition Indicator AIs corresponds to signature s on
the PRACH.
Frame structure: 1024 chips
Transmission Off
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a1 a2a0 a31a30
AI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols
20 ms

WITS Lab, NSYSU.120
The AICH consists of a repeated sequence of 15
consecutive access slots (AS), each of length 5120
chips.
Each access slot consists of two parts, an Acquisition-
Indicator (AI) part consisting of 32 real-valued
symbols a0, …, a31 and a part of duration 1024 chips
with no transmission that is not formally part of the
AICH.
The part of the slot with no transmission is reserved for
possible use by CSICH or possible future use by other
physical channels.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.121
The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of the AICH
is 256.
The phase reference for the AICH is the Primary CPICH.
The real-valued symbols a0, a1, …, a31 are given by
AIs (1, 0, -1) ~( ACK, No ACK, NACK)
Each slot can ack 16 signatures.
∑=
=
15
0
js,sj bAIa
s

WITS Lab, NSYSU.122
AICH signature patterns bs,0, …, bs,31:

WITS Lab, NSYSU.123
The AP-AICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel
used to carry AP acquisition indicators (API) of CPCH.
AP acquisition indicator APIs corresponds to AP
signature s transmitted by UE.
Frame structure:
1024 chips
Transmission Off
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a1 a2a0 a31a30
API part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols
20 ms
CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition
Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.124
CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition
Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
AP-AICH and AICH may use the same or different
channelisation codes. The phase reference for the AP-
AICH is the Primary CPICH.
The AP-AICH has a part of duration 4096 chips where
the AP acquisition indicator (API) is transmitted,
followed by a part of duration 1024chips with no
transmission that is not formally part of the AP-AICH.
The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of
the AP-AICH is 256.
APIs (1, 0, -1) ~( ACK, No ACK, NACK)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.125
CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment
Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
The CD/CA-ICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical
channel used to carry CD Indicator (CDI) only if the
CA is not active, or CD Indicator/CA Indicator
(CDI/CAI) at the same time if the CA is active.
CD/CA-ICH frame structure:
1024 chips
Transmission Off
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a1 a2a0 a31a30
CDI/CAI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols
20 ms

WITS Lab, NSYSU.126
CD/CA-ICH and AP-AICH may use the same or
different channelisation codes.
The CD/CA-ICH has a part of duration of 4096chips
where the CDI/CAI is transmitted, followed by a part of
duration 1024chips with no transmission that is not
formally part of the CD/CA-ICH.
The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of the
CD/CA-ICH is 256.
CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment
Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.127
The PCH is to provide terminals with efficient sleep
mode operation.
For detection of the PICH, the terminal needs to obtain
the phase reference from the CPICH, and as with the
AICH, the PICH needs to be heard by all terminals in
the cell and thus needs to be sent at high power level
without power control.
The PICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel
used to carry the paging indicators.
The PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to
which a PCH transport channel is mapped.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.128
One PICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of 300 bits (b0,
b1, …, b299).
288 bits (b0, b1, …, b287) are used to carry paging indicators.
The remaining 12 bits are not formally part of the PICH and
shall not be transmitted.
The part of the frame with no transmission is reserved for
possible future use.
b1b0
288 bits for paging indication
12 bits (transmission
off)
One radio frame (10 ms)
b287 b288 b299

WITS Lab, NSYSU.129
In each PICH frame, Np paging indicators {P0, …,
PNp-1} are transmitted, where Np=18, 36, 72, or 144.
The PI calculated by higher layers for use for a
certain UE, is associated to the paging indicator Pq,
where q is computed as a function of:
The PI computed by higher layers;
The SFN of the P-CCPCH radio frame during which the
start of the PICH radio frame occurs;
The number of paging indicators per frame (Np).
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦( )( )( ) Np
Np
SFNSFNSFNSFNPIq mod
144
144mod512/64/8/18 ⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
⎥⎦
⎥
⎢⎣
⎢
×+++×+=

WITS Lab, NSYSU.130
The PI calculated by higher layers is associated with the value
of the paging indicator Pq.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to "1“, it is an
indication that UEs associated with this paging indicator and
PI should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-
CCPCH.
The PI bitmap in the PCH data frames over Iub contains
indication values for all higher layer PI values possible. Each
bit in the bitmap indicates if the paging indicator associated
with that particular PI shall be set to 0 or 1. Hence, the
calculation in the formula above is to be performed in Node B
to make the association between PI and Pq.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.131
Mapping of paging indicators Pq to PICH bits
{b2q, b2q+1} =
{+1,+1}
{b2q, b2q+1} =
{-1,-1}
Np=144
{b4q, …, b4q+3} =
{+1, +1,…,+1}
{b4q, …, b4q+3} =
{-1, -1,…,-1}
Np=72
{b8q, …, b8q+7} =
{+1,+1,…,+1}
{b8q, …, b8q+7} =
{-1,-1,…,-1}
Np=36
{b16q, …, b16q+15} =
{+1,+1,…,+1}
{b16q, …, b16q+15} =
{-1,-1,…,-1}
Np=18
Pq = 0Pq = 1Number of paging
indicators per frame
(Np)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.132
The CSICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel
used to carry CPCH status information.
The CSICH bits indicate the availability of each
physical CPCH channel and are used to tell the
terminal to initiate access only on a free channel but,
on the other hand, to accept a channel assignment
command to an unused channel.
A CSICH is always associated with a physical channel
used for transmission of CPCH AP-AICH and uses
the same channelization and scrambling codes.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.133
The CSICH frame consists of 15 consecutive access slots (AS)
each of length 40 bits.
Each access slot consists of two parts, a part of duration 4096
chips with no transmission, and a Status Indicator (SI) part
consisting of 8 bits b8i,….b8i+7, where i is the access slot number.
The part of the slot with no transmission is reserved for use by
AICH, AP-AICH or CD/CA-ICH.
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
b8i b8i+1
4096 chips
Transmission off
SI part
20 ms
b8i+7b8i+6

WITS Lab, NSYSU.134
The modulation used by the CSICH is the same as for
the PICH.
The phase reference for the CSICH is the Primary
CPICH.
N Status Indicators {SI0, …, SIN-1} shall be transmitted
in each CSICH frame.
The Status Indicators shall be transmitted in all the
access slots of the CSICH frame, even if some
signatures and/or access slots are shared between CPCH
and RACH.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.135
Mapping of Status Indicators (SI) to CSICH bits:
{b2n, b2n+1} = {+1,+1}{b2n, b2n+1} = {-1,-1}N=60
{b4n, …, b4n+3} =
{+1, +1, +1, +1}
{b4n, …, b4n+3} =
{-1, -1, -1, -1}
N=30
{b8n, …, b8n+7} =
{+1,+1,…,+1}
{b8n, …, b8n+7} =
{-1,-1,…,-1}
N=15
{b24n, …, b24n+23} =
{+1,+1,…,+1}
{b24n, …, b24n+23} =
{-1,-1,…,-1}
N=5
{b40n, …, b40n+39} =
{+1,+1,…,+1}
{b40n, …, b40n+39} =
{-1,-1,…,-1}
N=3
{b0, …, b119} =
{+1,+1,…,+1}
{b0, …, b119} =
{-1,-1,…,-1}
N=1
SIn = 0SIn = 1Number of SI per
frame (N)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.136
k:th S-CCPCH
AICH access
slots
Secondary
SCH
Primary
SCH
τS-CCPCH,k
10 ms
τPICH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #14#13#12#11#10#9#8#7#6#5#4
Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0 Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 1
τDPCH,n
P-CCPCH
Any CPICH
PICH for k:th
S-CCPCH
Any PDSCH
n:th DPCH
10 ms
Timing Relationship between Physical
Channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.137
The P-CCPCH, on which the cell SFN is transmitted, is
used as timing reference for all the physical channels,
directly for downlink and indirectly for uplink.
Transmission timing for uplink physical channels is
given by the received timing of downlink physical
channels.
SCH (primary and secondary), CPICH (primary and
secondary), P-CCPCH, and PDSCH have identical
frame timings.
Channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.138
The S-CCPCH timing may be different for different S-
CCPCHs, but the offset from the P-CCPCH frame timing is
a multiple of 256 chips, i.e. τS-CCPCH,k = Tk × 256 chip,
Tk ∈ {0, 1, …, 149}.
The PICH timing is τPICH = 7680 chips prior to its
corresponding S-CCPCH frame timing, i.e. the timing of the
S-CCPCH carrying the PCH transport channel with the
corresponding paging information.
AICH access slots #0 starts the same time as P-CCPCH
frames with (SFN modulo 2) = 0.
The DPCH timing may be different for different DPCHs, but
the offset from the P-CCPCH frame timing is a multiple of
256 chips, i.e. τDPCH,n = Tn × 256 chip, Tn ∈ {0, 1, …, 149}.
Channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.139
PICH/S-CCPCH Timing Relation
The S-CCPCH frame that carries the paging
information is related to the paging indicators in the
PICH frame.
A paging indicator set in a PICH frame means that the
paging message is transmitted on the PCH in the S-
CCPCH frame starting τPICH chips after the transmitted
PICH frame.
τPICH
Associated S-CCPCH frame
PICH frame containing paging indicator

WITS Lab, NSYSU.140
PRACH/AICH Timing Relation
The downlink AICH is divided into downlink access slots, each
access slot is of length 5120 chips.
The uplink PRACH is divided into uplink access slots, each access
slot is of length 5120 chips.
Uplink access slot number n is transmitted from the UE τp-a chips
prior to the reception of downlink access slot number n,
n = 0, 1, …, 14.
One access slot
τp-a
τp-mτp-p
Pre-
amble
Pre-
amble Message part
Acq.
Ind.
AICH access
slots RX at UE
PRACH access
slots TX at UE

WITS Lab, NSYSU.141
Transmission of downlink acquisition indicators may
only start at the beginning of a downlink access slot.
Similarly, transmission of uplink RACH preambles and
RACH message parts may only start at the beginning of
an uplink access slot.
The preamble-to-preamble distance τp-p shall be larger
than or equal to the minimum preamble-to-preamble
distance
τp-p,min, i.e. τp-p ≥ τp-p,min.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.142
In addition to τp-p,min, the preamble-to-AI distance τp-a
and preamble-to-message distance τp-m are defined as
follows:
When AICH_Transmission_Timing is set to 0, then
τp-p,min = 15360 chips (3 access slots)
τp-a = 7680 chips
τp-m = 15360 chips (3 access slots)
When AICH_Transmission_Timing is set to 1, then
τp-p,min = 20480 chips (4 access slots)
τp-a = 12800 chips
τp-m = 20480 chips (4 access slots)
The parameter AICH_Transmission_Timing is
signalled by higher layers.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.143
DPCH/PDSCH Timing Relation
The start of a DPCH frame is denoted TDPCH and the start
of the associated PDSCH frame is denoted TPDSCH.
Any DPCH frame is associated to one PDSCH frame
through the relation 46080 chips ≤ TPDSCH - TDPCH <
84480 chips, i.e., the associated PDSCH frame starts
between three slots after the end of the DPCH frame and
18 slots after the end of the DPCH frame.
TDPCH
Associated PDSCH frame
DPCH frame
TPDSCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.144
DPCCH/DPDCH Timing Relations
Uplink
In uplink the DPCCH and all the DPDCHs transmitted from one UE
have the same frame timing.
Downlink
In downlink, the DPCCH and all the DPDCHs carrying CCTrCHs of
dedicated type to one UE have the same frame timing.
Note: support of multiple CCTrChs of dedicated type is not part of the
current release.
Uplink/downlink timing at UE
At the UE, the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH frame transmission takes place
approximately T0 chips after the reception of the first detected path (in
time) of the corresponding downlink DPCCH/DPDCH frame.
T0 is a constant defined to be 1024 chips.

WITS Lab, NSYSU.145
Spreading without SCH
The non-spread physical channel consists of a sequence of
real-valued symbols.
For all channels except AICH, the symbols can take the
three values +1, -1, and 0, where 0 indicates DTX.
For AICH, the symbol values depend on the exact
combination of acquisition indicators to be transmitted.
I
Any downlink
physical channel
except SCH
S
→
P
Cch,SF,m
j
Sdl,n
Q
I+jQ S

WITS Lab, NSYSU.146
Spreading with SCH
Different downlink
Physical channels
Σ
G1
G2
GP
GS
S-SCH
P-SCH
Σ

WITS Lab, NSYSU.147
Downlink Modulation
In the downlink, the complex-valued chip sequence
generated by the spreading process is QPSK modulated:
T
Im{T}
Re{T}
cos(ωt)
Complex-valued
chip sequence
from summing
operations
-sin(ωt)
Split
real &
imag.
parts
Pulse-
shaping
Pulse-
shaping

Multiplexing and Channel Coding
( 3G TS 25.212 )

WITS Lab, NSYSU.149
Table of Contents
Overview of MCC
Transport channel related terminologies
UL-MCC
DL-MCC
Some examples

WITS Lab, NSYSU.150
Overview of MCC
MCC – multiplexing and channel coding
Encoding data stream from MAC and higher layers to offer
transport services over the radio transmission link
Map transport block data into physical channel data
Operations performed in MCC
CRC attachment
Channel coding
Interleaving
Radio frame equalization/segmentation
Rate matching
Transport channel multiplexing
Mapping to physical channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.151
Overview of MCC
Multiplexing and channel coding (MCC) is
a key procedure in 3GPP PHY to support QoS
requirements from upper layers
MCC interfaces with the 3GPP MAC layer by transport
channels (TrCHs)
Different QoS requirements may assign to different
transport channels
Transport channels are processed and multiplexed into
one or more physical channels (PhCHs) by MCC

WITS Lab, NSYSU.152
UL Multiplexing and Channel Coding

WITS Lab, NSYSU.153
DL Multiplexing and Channel Coding

WITS Lab, NSYSU.154
Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport block
Transport block set
Transport block size
Transport block set size
Transmission time interval (TTI)
Transport format
Transport format set
Transport format combination
Transport format combination set

WITS Lab, NSYSU.155
Terminologies
Transport block
A basic unit exchanged between L1 and MAC
Transport block set
A set of transport block exchanged between L1 and MAC
at the same time instance in the same transport channel
Size of transport block
Size of transport block set
Transport block TrCH1Transport block
Transport block
Transport block
Transport block
Transport block

WITS Lab, NSYSU.156
Terminologies
Transport format
Format of definition for the delivery of transport block set during a
TTI (transmission time interval)
Format contains
Dynamic part
Static part
Transmission time interval
Error protection
Channel coding type (1/2,1/3convolutional, turbo,no cc)
Rate matching parameter
CRC size (8bit, 12bit, 16bit, 24bit, no CRC)
Ex:
{320bits, 640bits}, { 10ms, ½ convolutional code, rate matching
parameter = 1, 8bits CRC }

WITS Lab, NSYSU.157
Transport format set
The set of transport formats associated to a transport channel
Transport block set size and transport block size can be
different in a transport format set
All other parameters are fixed in a transport format set
Ex:
{ 40bits, 40bits } , { 80bits, 80bits }, { 160bits, 160bits }
{ 10ms, ½ convolutional code, rate matching parameter = 1,
8bits CRC }
Terminologies

WITS Lab, NSYSU.158
Transport format combination
L1 multiplexes several transport channels into one physical
channel
Transport format is a combination of currently valid transport
formats of different transport channel
Examples:
DCH1: {20bits, 20bits}, {10ms, ½ convolutional code, rm=2}
DCH2: {320bits, 1280bits}, {10ms, turbo code, rm = 3}
DCH3: {320bits, 320bits}, {40ms, ½ convolutional code, rm
= 1}
Terminologies

WITS Lab, NSYSU.159
Transport format combination set
A set of transport format combination
Ex:
Combination 1
DCH1{20bits, 20bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Combination 2
Combination 3
Static part
DCH1: {10ms, ½ convolutional code, rm=2}
DCH2: {10ms, turbo code, rm = 3}
DCH3: {40ms, ½ convolutional code, rm = 1}
Terminologies

WITS Lab, NSYSU.160
CRC = 16bits
CC = 1/3
TTI = 40ms
CRC = 12 bits
CC = 1/3
TTI = 20ms
No CRC
CC = 1/3
TTI = 20ms
No CRC
CC = 1/2
TTI = 20ms
AMR TFCS example
NTRCHa=81 NTRCHb=103 NTRCHc=60
NTRCHa=39
NTRCHa=0
NTRCHb=0
NTRCHb=0
NTRCHc=0
NTRCHc=0
NTRCHd=148
NTRCHd=148
NTRCHd=148
Transport format set a
Transport format set b
Transport format set c
Transport format set d
Transport format
combination 1
Transport format
combination 2
Transport format
combination 3
Terminologies

WITS Lab, NSYSU.161
TFCS is defined every radio link setup
Each TF can change every TTI indicated by higher layer
Receiver will be noted via “TFCI” bits in DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Data
Ndata bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
NFBI bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k
bits (k=0..6)
Terminologies

WITS Lab, NSYSU.162
UL-MCC
CRC attachment
TrBk concatenation / code block segmentation
Channel coding
Radio frame equalization
1st interleaving
Radio frame segmentation
Rate matching
TrCH multiplexing
Physical channel segmentation
2nd interleaving
Physical channel mapping

WITS Lab, NSYSU.163
UL-MCC
CRC-attachment
For error detection
gCRC24(D) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1
gCRC16(D) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
gCRC12(D) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1
gCRC8(D) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
TrBk
TrBk

WITS Lab, NSYSU.164
UL-MCC
TrBk concatenation
Code block segmentation
Input block size of channel encoder is limited
convolutional coding : 504 bit max
turbo coding : 5114 bit max
The whole input block is segmented into the same smaller size. Filler bits
are added to the last block
TrBk
TrBk CRC
CRC
TrBk CRC TrBk CRC
1498 bits 500 bits 500 bits 498 bits
2 filler bits

WITS Lab, NSYSU.165
UL-MCC
Channel coding
For error correction
Turbo-code
Higher error correction capability, long decoding latency
Rate = 1/3
Convolutional code
Lower error correction capability, short decoding latency
Rate = 1/2 or 1/3

WITS Lab, NSYSU.166
UL-MCC
Usage of coding scheme and coding rate
No coding
1/3Turbo coding
1/3, 1/2CPCH, DCH,
DSCH, FACH
RACH
PCH
1/2Convolutional codingBCH
Coding rateCoding schemeType of TrCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.167
UL-MCC
Concatenation of encoded blocks
Radio frame size equalization
301 301Code block
After CC, rate 1/2 602 16 602 16
Concatenation
Of encoded blocks
1236
Assume TTI=8, 1236/8 = 154.5,
So we add 4 to let it can be divided by 8
1236 4
Radio frame size
equalization

WITS Lab, NSYSU.168
UL-MCC
1st interleaving is an inter-frame interleaving scheme
Interleaving period is one TTI
10, 20, 40, 80 ms
=> 1, 2, 4, 8 columns in the interleaving matrix
1st interleaving including three steps
write input bits into the matrix row by row
perform inter-column permutation based on pre-defined
patterns (according to the TTI)
read output bits from the matrix column by column

WITS Lab, NSYSU.169
UL-MCC
Input bits
STEP 1
Write input bits
row by row
0 2 1 3
STEP 2
Inter-column
permutation
STEP 3
Read output bits
column by column
1st interleaving:

WITS Lab, NSYSU.170
Rate matching
Rate matching performs after radio frame
segmentation (per 10ms data)
Nij: number of bits in a radio frame before RM on TrCH i
Ndata,j: total number of bits that are available for the
CCTrCH
RMi: rate matching attribute for transport channel i
ΔNi,j:number of bits that should be repeated/punctured in
each radio frame on TrCH i
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎦
⎥
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎣
⎢
×
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
×⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
×
=
∑
∑
=
=
I
m
jmm
jdata
i
m
jmm
ji
NRM
NNRM
Z
1
,
,
1
,
,
INZZN jijijiji ,...1,iallfor,,1,, =−−=∆ −

WITS Lab, NSYSU.171
Rate matching
Example
Assume 3 TrCH
N0 = 30, RM = 10
N1 = 100, RM = 12
N2 = 20, RM = 13
If Ndata = 180
Z1 = floor(300*180/1760) = 30 : Δ= 0
Z2 = floor((300+1200)*180/1760) = 153 : ΔN1 = 23
Z3 = floor((300+1200+260)*180/1760) = 180 : ΔN2 = 7
If Ndata = 130
Z1 = floor(300*130/1760) = 22 : ΔN0 = -8
Z2 = floor((300+1200)*130/1760) = 110 : ΔN1 = -12
Z3 = floor((300+1200+260)*130/1760) = 130 : ΔN2 = -10

WITS Lab, NSYSU.172
Rate matching
How could we decide which bits should be punctured/repeated?
Determine of eini, eplus, eminus
e = eini
m = 1
do while m < Xi (input bit length before RM)
e = e – eminus -- update error
if e <= 0 then -- check if bit m be punctured/ repeated
Repeat or puncture xm
e = e + eplus -- update error
end if
m = m + 1 -- next bit
end do

WITS Lab, NSYSU.173
Rate matching
Example: eini=3, eminus=2, eplus=5
(Puncturing case)
Variable e: 3 1 -1 4 2 0 5 3 1 -1 4 2 0 5 3
Input bits: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Output bits: 0 X 0 X 1 0 X 1 X 0
0100100110 001010
RM
+5 +5 +5 +5

WITS Lab, NSYSU.174
UL-MCC
TrCH multiplexing
Serially multiplex different transport channels into a coded
composite transport channel (CCTrCH)
Physical Channel Segmentation
If more than one physical channel (spreading code) is used,
physical channel segmentation is used.
2nd interleaving
Intra-frame interleaving
Similar with 1st interleaving, but with C2 = 30
Map CCTrCH to one or multiple physical channels

WITS Lab, NSYSU.175
UL-MCC
TrCH1
TrCH2 TrCH3
TrCH1
TrCH1
TTI=2 TTI=2
TrCH2 TrCH2
TTI=4
TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3Radio frame
segmentation
Rate matching TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3
TrCH multiplexing TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3
CCTrCH2nd interleaving
PhCH
PhCH
c1
c2

WITS Lab, NSYSU.176
DL-MCC
1. CRC attachment
2. TrBk concatenation / code block segmentation
3. Channel coding
4. Rate matching
5. 1st insertion of DTX indication
6. 1st interleaving
7. Radio frame segmentation
8. TrCH multiplexing
9. 2nd insertion of DTX indication
10. Physical channel segmentation
11. 2nd interleaving
12. Physical channel mapping

WITS Lab, NSYSU.177
Rate Matching
Since DL rate matching is performed before TrCH
multiplexing, the RM does not know TF of other
transport channel
TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3
TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3
TrCH1
PhCH size PhCH size
?
?
?
RM in UL case RM in DL case

WITS Lab, NSYSU.178
Rate Matching
2 solutions in DL-RM
Fixed position
Use the maximum Ni in TFS i for all i as the data size before RM
Calculate for ΔNi as in UL case
Flexible position
Find maximum RMi*Ni,j for all combination j
Calculate for ΔNi

WITS Lab, NSYSU.179
Rate Matching
TFCS example
Combination 1: DCH1{20bits, 20bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits}
DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Assume RM1 = RM2 = RM3 = 100 (same importance)
Fixed position
Choose N1=160, N2=1280, N3=320 to calculate for ΔNi
Flexible position
Choose N1=40, N2=1280, N3=320 to calculate for ΔNi (combination 2)

WITS Lab, NSYSU.180
Rate Matching
Normal mode
For frames not overlapping with transmission gap
Compressed mode
Frames overlapping with transmission gap
Frame structure of type A
Frame structure of type B
Slot # (Nfirst - 1)
T
P
C
Data1
TF
CI Data2 PL
Slot # (Nlast + 1)
PL Data1
T
P
C
TF
CI Data2 PL
transmission gap
Slot # (Nfirst - 1)
T
P
C
Data1
TF
CI Data2 PL
Slot # (Nlast + 1)
PL Data1
T
P
C
TF
CI Data2 PL
transmission gap
T
P
C

WITS Lab, NSYSU.181
Rate Matching
Compressed mode by puncturing
Use rate matching algorithm to generate available space for
transmission gap
We insert p-bits corresponding to the transmission gap length
and will be removed later
Using slot format A
Compressed mode by reducing the spreading factor by 2
Using slot format B (reduce spreading factor by 2) to increase
available transmission bits
Compressed mode by higher layer scheduling
Higher layer schedule the transmission data
Using slot format A

WITS Lab, NSYSU.182
DTX Insertion
Since the rate matching output is to match the maximum
bit number of each TrCH, DTX (discontinuous
transmission bits) should be inserted to match the real
bit number after TrCH multiplexing
TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3
TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3
Before RM
After RM
TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3TrCH MUX
PhCH size
DTX

WITS Lab, NSYSU.183
Physical Channel Mapping
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
TPC
NTPC bits
bits (k=0..7)
Data2
Ndata2 bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Data1
Ndata1 bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH

WITS Lab, NSYSU.184
Detail Issues in MCC
Why RM is done after 1st interleaving and radio frame
segmentation in UL ?
Although transport format for the individual TrCH changes
only once per TTI, combination of TrCHs may be different in
each frame
Rate matching shall be done on a frame-by-frame basis to
dynamically assign PhCH resources
Therefore, radio frame segmentation is performed before rate
matching

WITS Lab, NSYSU.185
Detail Issues in MCC
But, why RM is done before 1st interleaving and radio
frame segmentation in DL ?
PhCH resources are pre-assigned by the upper layers in DL
Rate matching must be done before 1st interleaving since
DTX insertion of fixed position shall be performed after rate
matching and before 1st interleaving
Rate matching parameters are still calculated on a radio
frame basis

WITS Lab, NSYSU.186
Some Examples
UL DCH example
UL 12.2 kbps data
UL 64/128/144 kbps packet data
UL 384 kbps packet data
TrCH multiplexing
12.2 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data
64 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data
DL DCH example
DL 12.2 kbps data
DL 64/128/144 kbps packet data
TrCH multiplexing
12.2 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data

WITS Lab, NSYSU.187
UL 12.2 kbps data
T rC h # aT ra n s p o rt b lo c k
C R C a tta c h m e n t*
C R C
Ta il b it a tta c h m e n t*
C o n v o lu tio n a l
c o d in g R = 1 /3 , 1 /2
R a te m a tc h in g
N T r C H a
N T r C H a
3 * ( N T rC H a + 2 0 )
Ta il
8N T r C H a + 1 2
1 st
in te rle a v in g
1 2
R a d io fra m e
s e g m e n ta tio n
# 1 a
T o T rC h M u ltip le x in g
T rC h # b
N T r C H b
N T r C H b
3 * ( N T rC H b + 8 * N T rC H b /1 0 3 )
Ta il
8 * N T rC H b /1 0 3N T r C H b
T rC h # c
N T r C H c
N T r C H c
2 * ( N T rC H c + 8 * N T r C H c /6 0 )
Ta il
8 * N T rC H c /6 0N T r C H c
# 1 c # 2 c
R a d io fra m e
e q u a liz a tio n
3 * ( N T rC H a + 2 0 ) 3 * ( N T rC H b + 8 * N T rC H b /1 0 3 ) 2 * ( N T rC H c + 8 * N T r C H c /6 0 )1 1
# 2 b # 1 b # 2 b
3 * ( N T rC H a + 2 0 )+ 1 *
⎡ N T rC H a /8 1 ⎤
3 * (
N T r C H b + 8 * N T r C H b /1 0 3 )+ 1 * N T rC
2 * ( N T rC H c + 8 * N T r C H c /6 0 )
# 1 a
N R F a N R F a N R F b N R F b N R F c N R F c
# 2 b # 1 b # 2 b # 1 c # 2 c
N R F a + N R M _ 1 a N R F a + N R M _ 2 b N R F b + N R M _ 1 b N R F b + N R M _ 2 b N R F c + N R M
_ 1 c
N R F c + N R M _
2 c
N R F a = [ 3 * ( N T rC H a + 2 0 )+ 1 * ⎡ N T rC H a /8 1 ⎤ ]/2
N R F b = [ 3 * ( N T rC H b + 8 * N T r C H b /1 0 3 )+ 1 * N T rC H b /1 0 3 ]/2
N R F c = N T r C H c + 8 * N T rC H c /6 0
* C R C a n d ta il b its fo r T rC H # a is a tta c h e d e v e n if N T rC h a = 0 b its s in c e C R C p a rity b it a tta c h m e n t fo r 0 b it tra n s p o rt
b lo c k is a p p lie d .

WITS Lab, NSYSU.188
UL 64/128/144 kbps data
T r a n s p o r t b lo c k
C R C a t t a c h m e n t
C R C
T u r b o c o d in g R = 1 /3
R a t e m a t c h i n g
3 3 6
3 3 6 1 6
3 5 2 * B
1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B /9 ⎤
1 s t
i n t e r l e a v i n g
1 0 5 6 * B
T a i l b i t a t t a c h m e n t
T a i l
1 2 * ⎡ B /9 ⎤1 0 5 6 * B
# 1
T o T r C h M u ltip le x in g
T r B k c o n c a t e n a t i o n B T r B k s
( B = 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 )
# 2
R a d i o f r a m e
s e g m e n t a t i o n
( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B /9 ⎤ ) /2 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B /9 ⎤ ) /2
# 1 # 2
( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B /9 ⎤ ) /2 + N R M 1 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B /9 ⎤ ) /2 + N R M 2

WITS Lab, NSYSU.189
UL 384 kbps data
T r a n s p o r t b lo c k
C R C
T u r b o c o d i n g R = 1 / 3
3 3 6
3 3 6 1 6
3 5 2 * B
1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤
1 s t
T o T r C h M u ltip le x in g
T r B k c o n c a t e n a t i o n
B T r B k s
( B = 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 1 2 , 2 4 )
T a i l
5 2 8 * B
1 7 6 * B1 7 6 * B
5 2 8 * B 1 2 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤ 5 2 8 * B 1 2 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤
C o d e b l o c k
# 1 # 2
R a d i o f r a m e
( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤ ) / 2 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤ ) / 2
# 1 # 2
( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤ ) / 2 + N R M 1 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * ⎡ B / 2 4 ⎤ ) / 2 + N R M 2
T a i l
5 2 8 * B

WITS Lab, NSYSU.190
12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps data
12.2 kbps data 3.4 kbps data
TrCH
multiplexing
60 ksps DPDCH
2nd
interleaving
Physical channel
mapping
#1#1a #1c
CFN=4N CFN=4N+1
#1b #2#2a #2c#2b #3#1a #1c#1b #4#2a #2c#2b
#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4
600 600 600 600
12.2 kbps data
CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3

WITS Lab, NSYSU.191
64 kbps + 3.4 kbps data
#1#1 #2 #3 #4
64 kbps data 3.4 kbps data
#2 #3 #4
240 ksps DPDCH
#1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #4 #4
2nd
interleaving
Physical channel
mapping
CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3
TrCH
multiplexing

WITS Lab, NSYSU.192
DL 12.2 kbps data
T r C h # aT r a n s p o r t b l o c k
C R C a t t a c h m e n t *
C R C
T a i l b i t a t t a c h m e n t *
C o n v o lu t i o n a l
c o d i n g R = 1 /3 , 1 /2
N T r C H a
N T r C H a
3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 )
T a i l
8N T r C H a + 1 2
3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a
1 s t
1 2
R a d i o f r a m e
# 1 a
T o T r C h M u lt i p le x in g
N R F a = [ 3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a + N D I a ] / 2
N R F b = [ 3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 * N T r C H b / 1 0 3 ) + N R M b + N D I b ] / 2
N R F c = [ 2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 * N T r C H c / 6 0 ) + N R M c + N D I c ] / 2
# 2 a
T r C h # b
N T r C H b
N T r C H b
3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 * N T r C H b / 1 0 3 )
T a i l
8 * N T r C H b / 1 0 3N T r C H b
3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 *
N T r C H b / 1 0 3 ) + N R M b
# 1 b
T r C h # c
N T r C H c
N T r C H c
2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 * N T r C H c / 6 0 )
T a i l
8 * N T r C H c / 6 0N T r C H c
2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 *
N T r C H c / 6 0 ) + N R M c
# 1 c # 2 c# 2 b
N R F a N R F a N R F b N R F b N R F c N R F c
I n s e r t i o n o f D T X
i n d i c a t io n
3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a + N D I 1 3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 *
N T r C H b / 1 0 3 ) + N R M b + N D I b
2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 *
N T r C H c / 6 0 ) + N R M c + N D I c
3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a + N D I 1 3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 *
N T r C H b / 1 0 3 ) + N R M b + N D I b
2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 *
N T r C H c / 6 0 ) + N R M c + N D I c
* C R C a n d t a i l b i t s f o r T r C H # a i s a t t a c h e d e v e n i f N T r C h a = 0 b i t s s i n c e C R C p a r i t y b i t a t t a c h m e n t f o r 0 b i t t r a n s p o r t
b l o c k i s a p p l i e d .

WITS Lab, NSYSU.193
DL 64/128/144 kbps data
T r a n s p o r t b l o c k
C R C
T u r b o c o d i n g R = 1 / 3
3 3 6
3 3 6 1 6
3 5 2 * B
T r B k
c o n c a t e n a t i o n
1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B / 9 ⎤ + N R M
1 s t
1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B / 9 ⎤ + N R M
1 0 5 6 * B
T a i l
1 2 * ⎡ B / 9 ⎤1 0 5 6 * B
T o T r C h M u l t i p l e x i n g
B T r B k s
( B = 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 )
# 1
( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B / 9 ⎤ + N R M ) / 2
R a d i o f r a m e
# 2
( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * ⎡ B / 9 ⎤ + N R M ) / 2

WITS Lab, NSYSU.194
12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps data
12.2kbpsdata 3.4kbpsdata
TrCH
multiplexing
30kspsDPCH
2nd
interleaving
Physical channel
mapping
#1#1a #1c
1 2 15
CFN=4N
slot
Pilotsymbol TPC
1 2 15
CFN=4N+1
slot
1 2 15
CFN=4N+2
slot
1 2 15
CFN=4N+3
slot
#1b #2#2a #2c#2b #3#1a #1c#1b #4#2a #2c#2b
#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4
510 510 510 510
12.2kbpsdata

Physical Channel

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