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Japan (1)
1. HistoricalTrendsin Japan’sForeignEconomic Policies (𝗝𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗻'𝘀 𝗘𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗰𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆,
from 1800's until today)
https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1983/1983-1.htm
Foreign Policy as "a Member of the West"
Japansharesthe basicvaluesof freedomanddemocracywiththe otherindustrializeddemocracies.Japan
and these nations have common interests in maintaining and developing the free trade and market
economysystem.ItisJapan'sbasicforeignpolicytomaintainstrongsolidarityandclosecooperationwith
these Western democracies on a broad range of international political and economic fields.
Friendly andcooperative relationshipwiththe UnitedStates,basedon the Japan-U.S.SecurityTreaty,is
the cornerstone of Japan's foreignpolicy.The UnitedStatesisJapan'smostimportantpartnerin a broad
spectrumof areas includingpolitics,economyanddefense.ItisespeciallynecessaryforJapanto ensure
smoothand effective operationof the Japan-U.S.securityarrangements,whichrepresenta pillarof this
country'ssecuritypolicy,respondingtothe role the UnitedStatesisplayingandthe effortsit ismakingto
maintain Japan's security.
Japan and the UnitedStatesshouldmake sustainedeffortstoresolve bilateral issuesinthe defenseand
economic areas. In addition to the resolution of such pending issues of immediate concern they must
further develop their relations to promote mutual cooperation from a global perspective.
Amongthe Japan-UnitedStates-WesternEurope trilateral relationship,itisto be welcomedthatthe ties
between Japan and West European nations have been further strengthened through such exchange as
the visits made to European capitals by Japan's Foreign Minister in January 1983. It is particularly
importantfor Japan to furtherpromote political consultationsandcooperationwiththe West European
countries which are increasingly deepening their awareness of Japan's political role.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Economic-transformation
he Japanese economy at the return of independence in 1952 was in the process of growth and change.
Sustained prosperity and high annual growth rates, which averaged 10 percent in 1955–60 and later
climbed to more than 13 percent, changed all sectors of Japanese life. The countryside, where farmers
had benefited fromlandreform,begantofeel the effectsof small-scale mechanizationanda continuous
migration to industrial centres. Agricultural yields rose as improved strains of crops and modern
technology were introduced, as household appliances appeared in remote villages, and as the changing
patternsof urbanfood consumptionprovidedanexpandedmarketforcashcrops, fruitsandvegetables,
and meat products. Efforts to control population growth, which had begun with the legalization of
abortion in 1948 and included a national campaign to encourage family planning, showed considerable
success, as the population stabilized and thereafter grew slowly. Gains in economic output, therefore,
2. were notoffsetbyarapidlyexpandingpopulation,andsteadyindustrialgrowthbroughtfullemployment
and even labour shortages.
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/japanese-industrialization-and-economic-growth/
Tokugawa political economy: daimyo and shogun
These developmentswereinseparable fromthe political economyof Japan.The systemof confederation
governmentintroducedatthe end of the fifteenthcenturyplacedcertainpowersinthe hands of feudal
warlords,daimyo,andcertainpowersin thehandsof theshogun,the mostpowerfulof the warlords.Each
daimyo— and the shogun — wasassignedageographicregion,adomain,beinggiventaxationauthority
overthe peasantsresidinginthe villagesof thedomain.Intercoursewithforeignpowers wasmonopolized
by the shogun,therebypreventingdaimyofromcementingallianceswithothercountriesinan effortto
overthrowthe central government.The samurai militaryretainersof the daimyowereforcedtoabandon
rice farming and reside in the castle town headquarters of their daimyo overlord. In exchange, samurai
receivedrice stipendsfromthe rice taxescollectedfromthe villagesoftheirdomain.Byremovingsamurai
fromthe countryside — bydemilitarizingrural areas — conflictsoverlocal waterrightswerelargelymade
a thing of the past. As a result irrigation ditches were extended throughout the valleys, and riverbanks
were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding.
The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread diffusion to villages
after 1700 was also inseparable from the productivity growthin paddy rice production and the growing
of industrial crops like tea,fruit, mulberryplant growing(that sustained the raising of silkcocoons) and
cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these “domestic sources” of Japan’s future
industrial success.
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/abenomics-and-japanese-economy
Abenomics refers to a set of aggressive monetary and fiscal policies,combined with structural reforms,
geared toward pulling Japan out of its decades-long deflationary slump. These are the policies’ “three
arrows.”
Fiscal stimulus began in 2013 with economic recovery measures [PDF] totaling 20.2 trillion yen ($210
billion),of which10.3trillion($116billion)wasdirectgovernmentspending.Abe’sheftystimuluspackage,
Japan’ssecond-largestever,focusedonbuildingcritical infrastructure projects,suchas bridges,tunnels,
and earthquake-resistant roads. A separate 5.5 trillion yen boost followed in April 2014, and after the
December 2014 elections, Abe pushed through another spending package, worth 3.5 trillion yen.
The second arrow, unorthodox monetary policy—especially the Bank of Japan’s (BOJ) unprecedented
asset purchase program—is at the heart of Abenomics. “It’s a gigantic experiment in monetary policy,”
says the Wall StreetJournal’sGregIp. The BOJ has simultaneouslyinjectedliquidityintothe economy(a
policy known as quantitative easing, or QE) and, for the first time, pushed some interest rates into
negative territory.
Finally,along-delayedprogramof structural reform—includingslashingbusinessregulations,liberalizing
the labor market and agricultural sector, cutting corporate taxes, and increasing workforce diversity—
aims to revive Japan’s competitiveness.
![were notoffsetbyarapidlyexpandingpopulation,andsteadyindustrialgrowthbroughtfullemployment
and even labour shortages.
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/japanese-industrialization-and-economic-growth/
Tokugawa political economy: daimyo and shogun
These developmentswereinseparable fromthe political economyof Japan.The systemof confederation
governmentintroducedatthe end of the fifteenthcenturyplacedcertainpowersinthe hands of feudal
warlords,daimyo,andcertainpowersin thehandsof theshogun,the mostpowerfulof the warlords.Each
daimyo— and the shogun — wasassignedageographicregion,adomain,beinggiventaxationauthority
overthe peasantsresidinginthe villagesof thedomain.Intercoursewithforeignpowers wasmonopolized
by the shogun,therebypreventingdaimyofromcementingallianceswithothercountriesinan effortto
overthrowthe central government.The samurai militaryretainersof the daimyowereforcedtoabandon
rice farming and reside in the castle town headquarters of their daimyo overlord. In exchange, samurai
receivedrice stipendsfromthe rice taxescollectedfromthe villagesoftheirdomain.Byremovingsamurai
fromthe countryside — bydemilitarizingrural areas — conflictsoverlocal waterrightswerelargelymade
a thing of the past. As a result irrigation ditches were extended throughout the valleys, and riverbanks
were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding.
The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread diffusion to villages
after 1700 was also inseparable from the productivity growthin paddy rice production and the growing
of industrial crops like tea,fruit, mulberryplant growing(that sustained the raising of silkcocoons) and
cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these “domestic sources” of Japan’s future
industrial success.
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/abenomics-and-japanese-economy
Abenomics refers to a set of aggressive monetary and fiscal policies,combined with structural reforms,
geared toward pulling Japan out of its decades-long deflationary slump. These are the policies’ “three
arrows.”
Fiscal stimulus began in 2013 with economic recovery measures [PDF] totaling 20.2 trillion yen ($210
billion),of which10.3trillion($116billion)wasdirectgovernmentspending.Abe’sheftystimuluspackage,
Japan’ssecond-largestever,focusedonbuildingcritical infrastructure projects,suchas bridges,tunnels,
and earthquake-resistant roads. A separate 5.5 trillion yen boost followed in April 2014, and after the
December 2014 elections, Abe pushed through another spending package, worth 3.5 trillion yen.
The second arrow, unorthodox monetary policy—especially the Bank of Japan’s (BOJ) unprecedented
asset purchase program—is at the heart of Abenomics. “It’s a gigantic experiment in monetary policy,”
says the Wall StreetJournal’sGregIp. The BOJ has simultaneouslyinjectedliquidityintothe economy(a
policy known as quantitative easing, or QE) and, for the first time, pushed some interest rates into
negative territory.
Finally,along-delayedprogramof structural reform—includingslashingbusinessregulations,liberalizing
the labor market and agricultural sector, cutting corporate taxes, and increasing workforce diversity—
aims to revive Japan’s competitiveness.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)