Draught means inadequate rainfall. It is disastrous natural phenomenon. Global Warming is one of the reason behind such changes around the world. Fresh and usable water is very less in the amount on the earth.

2. “ When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.”
- Benjamin Franklin

4. Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present abve
ground or in the air.
As per our use water will be available for 20 years only.
So what to do??

5. Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present abve
ground or in the air.
As per our use water will be available for 20 years only.
So what to do??

7. History
Freshwater accounts for only ______ of the Earth’s
water, and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

8. History
Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

9. History
Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air.

10. History
Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air.
As per our use water will be available for _____ years
only.

11. History
Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air.
As per our use water will be available for 20 years only.

12. History
Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water,
and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air.
As per our use water will be available for 20 years only.
So what to do??

15. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
What is drought
Types of drought
Causes of drought
Drought contingency planning
Augmentation of water
Measures for water conservation
Water harvesting

16. DEFINITION OF DROUGHT
A drought is an extended period of months/years when
a region notes a deficiency in water supply.
It is a devastating phenomenon.
It originates due to less rainfall resulting in water
storage.
Inadequate water effects the eco-system & agriculture
of the region.

17. DEFINITION OF DROUGHT
A drought results in food insecurity, displacement of
population from one area to another.
It affects directly to growth, health and economy of the
region.

18. TYPES OF DROUGHT
Meteorological drought
– It is decided on the basis of degree of dryness &
duration of dry period.
– It happens when actual rainfall of area is less than
climatologically mean of that area.
– Generally less than 25% of mean.
– This drought precedes in another kind of drought.

19. TYPES OF DROUGHT
Agricultural drought
– This type of droughts affect crop production &
ecology.
– It links various characteristics of meteorological
drought to agriculture impacts, rainfall shortage,
reduce ground water level.
– It is caused by extended period of below average
rainfall.
– Resulting in falling agriculture productivity.

20. TYPES OF DROUGHT
Hydrological drought
– It is associated with the effects on surface & sub
surface water supply.
– Remarkable depletion of surface & sub surface water
causes low river flow, drying of lakes- rivers -
reservoirs

21. TYPES OF DROUGHT
Socioeconomic drought
– It correlates with above three droughts.
– When supply of some services such as water &
electricity are weather dependent then it may causes
shortage.

22. CAUSES OF DROUGHT
1. Less amount of water vapour
2. High pressure system
3. Improper wind force
4. Cold water current & Warm water current
5. Mountain region
6. High water loss in storage & distribution
7. Unseasoned rainfall & fogs
8. Shift in agriculture practice

23. CAUSES OF DROUGHT
9. Crop damaged due to rain, snow or pest.
10. Inadequate monsoon rainfall.
11. Higher increase rate of human & animals.
12. Location of semi arid/arid regions.
13. Human activities like deforestation, erosion, excessive
irrigation.

24. “ All the water that will ever be is, right now. ”
- National Geographic

25. DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANNING

26. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
What is drought
Types of drought
Causes of drought
Drought contingency planning
Augmentation of water
Measures for water conservation
Water harvesting

27. DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Rainy period in India is around 3-4 months.
In India draught happens at almost every year.
Its impact can minimized through development of better
management techniques.
Therefore development of drought contingency plan is
important.

28. PURPOSE OF PLANNING
To manage drought and emergency conditions.
To continue to deliver a cost effective, adequate, safe
and reliable supply of high quality water.
To identify successful public information strategies which
will motivate the community to reduce normal
consumption to drought allowances.
Maintaining water supply & food for humans & animals.

29. This planning includes following areas:
1. Constructing dams
2. Cloud seeding
3. Desalination of water
4. Land use
5. Drought monitoring
6. Rain water harvesting
7. Recycled water
8. Outdoor water-use restriction
DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANNING

30. AUGUMENTATION OF WATER
Fresh water available for drinking will last for few
decades.
But this water supply is not uniformly distributed hence
some area face water shortages.
The development of that area would suffer due to limited
supplied water.
Augmentation of water supplies include methods for
supplying entirely new water by conservation or
regulation.

31. AUGUMENTATION OF WATER
In this, cloud seeding method is generally use to
increase precipitation.
Precipitation can be increased by 10% from this
method.
Another feasible but costly method is desalting of water.

32. AUGUMENTATION OF WATER
In this, cloud seeding method is generally use to
increase precipitation.
Precipitation can be increased by 10% from this
method.
Another feasible but costly method is desalting of water.

33. METHODS OF AUGUMENTATION
1. Reducing wasteful irrigation practices.
2. Developing proper sewage disposal system.
3. Roofs on reservoirs (To reduce evaporation losses)
4. Use of ground water storage
5. Sealing soil surface with chemicals (Reduce infiltration
losses)
6. Reducing Evapotranspiration losses by removing
native vegetations

34. METHODS OF AUGUMENTATION
7. Reuse of wastage water.
8. By storing the rain water from roof tops & pavements.

35. MEASURES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION
The most essential among all the natural resources on
the earth is water.
It is most effective & environmentally sound method.
It improves efficiency of use of water & reduces losses &
waste.
A water conservation measure is an action, behavioral
change, device or improved design process
implemented to reduce water loss/waste.

36. MEASURES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION
The objective of water conservation can be achieved
through following different measures in different areas:
1. Domestic conversation
2. Industrial conversation
3. Agricultural conversation

37. Domestic conversation
– Almost half of the water used for domestic purpose
can be saved by taking following measures.
1. Repair the leaks
2. Turn off water when not required
3. Use appliances which use low volume of water
4. By installing water meters and putting pricing
policies on the basis of use.
MEASURES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION

38. Industrial conversation
– Following measures can be taken in industry:
1. Use cooling system so it uses less water
2. Reuse cooling water for irrigation for other purposes
3. Develop equipments & processes which requires
less water
4. New sewage carriage system which uses less water
5. Reuse of treated water which was used in sewage
disposal
MEASURES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION

39. Agricultural conversation
– The available water supply can be increased by
conservation of water supply. Following measures can
be taken:
1. Improved irrigation methods
2. By reducing conveyance losses
3. Reduce evaporation losses by making roof on
reservoirs
4. By constructing ground water storage
5. Use lined canals which reduces seepage &
evaporation
MEASURES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION

40. 6. Infiltration losses can be reduced by sealing the soil
surfaces with chemicals
7. Constructing small dams on tributary streams
– For conservation of water following structures we
can construct:
1. Stone building
2. Earthen bund (pala)
3. Gully plugging
4. Check dam
5. Khet talavadi
MEASURES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION

46. WATER HARVESTING
In semi arid regions water shortage is more so
preservation of rain water is necessary.
Collection of rain water is called water harvesting, which
is collection of rain water & run-off primarily for irrigation,
human use.
Rainwater harvesting is for storing & reuse of it before
it reaches aquifer.
It has been used to provide drinking water, water for
irrigation & other typical use.

47. WATER HARVESTING
Utilization of this water is generally for domestic &
agriculture purposes.
Rain waters collected from roof tops of home, institutes
can be too much useful.
Water collected from the ground , sometimes from the
area which is prepared for this is called storm water
harvesting.

48. BENEFITS OF WATER
HARVESTING
Increase water availability.
Check the decreasing water table & augment ground
water table.
Its environment friendly.
Improves quality of groundwater.
Prevent soil erosion hence flooding.
Surface runoff conservation during monsoon.

49. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
TECHNIQUES
1. Rain water collection
2. Run-off collection
3. Recharge to ground water
4. Run-off enhancement

50. RAIN WATER COLLECTION
TECHNIQUE
It is also called as Rooftop rainwater harvesting.
In this method water is captured from roof top & stored
in subsurface ground water reservoir.
Main objective of this technique is to make available
water for future use.
The water which is stored is useful in areas like dry
land, hilly, urban & costal area.
Quality of water is very good providing proper
installation & maintenance should be done.

51. RAIN WATER COLLECTION
TECHNIQUE
Objectives
1. To meet increasing demand of water.
2. Avoiding flooding on roads.
3. To control of ground water table.
4. To reduce ground water pollution.
5. Reduce soil erosion.
6. Improve quality of water.
7. Reduce cost for pumping of ground water.

52. RAIN WATER COLLECTION
TECHNIQUE
Component of the system
1. A collection area.
2. A conveyance system consisting pipes & gutters.
3. A storage facility.
4. A delivery system consisting of a tap & pump.

53. RAIN WATER COLLECTION
TECHNIQUE

55. RAIN WATER COLLECTION
TECHNIQUE

56. RUNOFF COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
The storage of run off water is generally done by check
dams, ponds, tanks etc.
Check Dams:
o Check dams are constructed in natural channels to
collect runoff water upto certain depth.
o Excess water is allowed to overflow the dam.
o In some areas check dams are made for increasing
water level not for storing purpose.
o Percolation increases by this method.
o Water can be harvested by constructing well near
infiltration zone.

57. RUNOFF COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
Ponds & Reservoirs:
o They are constructed to store runoff for irrigation &
domestic use.
o Such reservoirs are also useful for the production of
fishes & vegetables.
o The storage capacity can be increased by desilting &
widening.
o This method improves quality of water & quantity of
ground water recharge.
o Area selected for reservoir is such that it requires min
possible earthworks to minimize cost.

58. RUNOFF COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
o Following are the three basic components of
reservoirs:
1. Water storage area
2. Spillways
3. Earth embankments

59. RECHARGE GROUNDWATER
TECHNIQUE
Recharge of groundwater is new concept.
It is done by constructing structures like:
 Pits
 Trenches
 Dug wells
 Hand pumps
 Recharge walls
 Underground reservoirs
 Lateral shaft with bore walls

60. RUNOFF ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE
Precipitation is increased by 10% by this method.
The weather modification can be done by cloud
seeding to increase precipitation or decrease
evapotranspiration.
Which ultimately result in increase of runoff.
Runoff can be enhanced by many methods which are
listed here.

61. 1. By cloud seeding.
2. By making paved surfaces.
3. By making proper surface of drainage basin.
4. By constructing structure on windward side.
5. By treating soil through chemicals(If soil is pervious)
6. By improving storage characteristics of a drainage
basin.
7. By compacting the soil.
RUNOFF ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE

62. See you in next lecture....hopefully