Problem 1 .docx

Problem 1 (30%):
In the attached sheet are data collected from a survival test of
an electronic
component in a specific thermal environment. Use these data in
the following.
As part of the quality control, 25 components were subjected to
test until failure. The data
presented (one set for each team) gives the time, in seconds, at
which they failed.
Using the approach covered in class (show probability plots;
usage of 'canned'
programs for fitting distribution will be penalized) fit a Weibul
distribution to
this data.
a. Determine the two parameters of the pdf.
b. Determine its mean and the standard deviation. (denote the
mean by W )
c. If the target life and the Lower Specification Limit (LSL) are
as provided in
the table (specific for each team), determine % yield.
Problem 2 (30%):
A circuit-board is assembled using four identical components
(numbered 1 through 4) in
their youth phase (ie. constant failure rate) with MTTF , W .( W
determined
above.) The overall life of the board is reflected by the
reliability diagram given below,

(Note: components 1 and 2 occur at two places).
a. Write down its structure function (x) explicitly in terms of
the states xi.
b. Determine all of its path sets.
c. Identify the minimal path sets. (Hint: there will be 3)
d. Redraw the diagram as a parallel structure of the minimum
path series structures,
and generate its structure function.
e. Determine the reliability function R(t) for each minimal path
set.
Problem 1 (30%):
In the attached sheet are data collected from a survival test of
an electronic
component in a specific thermal environment. Use these data in
the following.
As part of the quality control, 25 components were subjected to
test until failure. The data
presented (one set for each team) gives the time, in seconds, at
which they failed.

Using the approach covered in class (show probability plots;
usage of 'canned'
programs for fitting distribution will be penalized) fit a Weibul
distribution to
this data.
a. Determine the two parameters of the pdf.
b. Determine its mean and the standard deviation. (denote the
mean by W )
c. If the target life and the Lower Specification Limit (LSL) are
as provided in
the table (specific for each team), determine % yield.
Problem 2 (30%):
A circuit-board is assembled using four identical components
(numbered 1 through 4) in
their youth phase (ie. constant failure rate) with MTTF , W .( W
determined
above.) The overall life of the board is reflected by the
reliability diagram given below,
(Note: components 1 and 2 occur at two places).
a. Write down its structure function (x) explicitly in terms of
the states xi.
b. Determine all of its path sets.
c. Identify the minimal path sets. (Hint: there will be 3)
d. Redraw the diagram as a parallel structure of the minimum
path series structures,
e. Determine the reliability function R(t) for each minimal path

set.
f. Using (e) above, determine the R(t) of the circuit-board, and
determine its
reliability at 30 seconds.
g. If the MTTF of each component in the highest reliable path
set is increased by
for this question)
h. Determine all of its cut sets.
i. Identify the minimal cut sets.
j. Redraw the diagram as a series structure of the minimum cut
parallel structures,
Problem 3. (30%)
C nits a, b, and c.
1. Using the numerical value for , determine the MTTF of each
unit.
2. Ignore the unit with the least reliability (a judgment call may
be involved here).
You now have an active parallel system with two units. Assume
that both these
units can be repaired as and when they occur with a constant
repair rate of

1.5 / .
i. Draw the state transition diagram for this system.
ii. Determine the transition matrix M in P MP .
iii. Determine numerically the steady-state probability state
vector
iv. Determine the steady-
_____________________________________________________
___________________
Problem
3

Data
1.5884E+01
2.2748E+01
2.0435E+01
1.5528E+01
1.6978E+01
2.2020E+01
1.8425E+01
1.6250E+01
1.6611E+01
1.1202E+01
1.4635E+01
1.5114E+01
1.8043E+01

2.1401E+01
1.2765E+01
2.5028E+01
2.0877E+01
1.9616E+01
1.3991E+01
2.0021E+01
1.9215E+01
1.8815E+01
2.3701E+01
1.7693E+01
1.7327E+01
Target1.7500E+01
LSL1.5000E+01
f. Using (e) above, determine the R(t) of the circuit-board, and
determine its
reliability at 30 seconds.
g. If the MTTF of each component in the highest reliable path
set is increased by

for this question)
h. Determine all of its cut sets.
i. Identify the minimal cut sets.
j. Redraw the diagram as a series structure of the minimum cut
parallel structures,
Problem 3. (30%)
C nits a, b, and c.
1. Using the numerical value for , determine the MTTF of each
unit.
2. Ignore the unit with the least reliability (a judgment call may
be involved here).
You now have an active parallel system with two units. Assume
that both these
units can be repaired as and when they occur with a constant
repair rate of
1.5 / .
i. Draw the state transition diagram for this system.
ii. Determine the transition matrix M in P MP .
iii. Determine numerically the steady-state probability state
vector
iv. Determine the steady-
_____________________________________________________
___________________

WORLD RELIGIONS – REL 212 World Religions
HINDUISM & JAINISM
WEEK 2
Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe
It’s taught that Brahman is the Creator, and there is no
beginning and no end to the universe. Every being comes from
dying and being reborn again into some life form. Jainism is
similar in the same respect that it’s known to have an eternal
life cycle with no beginning or end. Fisher, 2014 pg. 77, 87 &
pg 124
Nature of God/Creator
The Hindu religion worship a number of deities. Shiva who is
considered as the destroyer, Vishnu who is the preserver, and
Brahma who is the creator. The Jains do not believe in a
creator, however they do believe in gods just not one of their
own. They believe that nature is what controls the world.
Fisher, 2014 pg.87-89 & pg. 124
View of Human Nature
Hindus believe that humans are reincarnated to follow a specific
way of living and to avoid samara. Jains believe that
everything is a living being, and they practice a strict pantheism
way of living. They take conscious measures to avoid bringing
any violence to living things. Fisher, 2014 pg. 77 & pg. 125

View of Good & Evil
The Hindus believe that one that has good thoughts and does
good for others is delivered from karma. Karma is the effect of
the negative and evil spirits of ones actions. With the Hindus
believing in rebirth occurring multiple times over, they also
teach that karma follows you through reincarnation. Much like
myself they believe that your present actions determine what
happens to you in the future. Their main objective is to avoid
karma, by maintaining a good mind, body, and soul. In the
Jainism religion any person that is violent in body or mind is
seen as evil. One who is said to be violent in any way will reap
the effects of karma, similar to the Hindu religion. One who
equally treats all living things with care and a pure heart is
considered to be good and therefore will be liberated. Fisher,
2014 pg. 77& pg. 124-126
View of Salvation
To achieve moksha is the Hindus main objective of salvation.
This is not easily achieved. There are solidified life stages that
the Hindus must go through. This is thought to require one to
become completely vulnerable to the practice of meditation and
their spiritual scriptures. In Jainism, they have a vegan lifestyle
as a result of their belief of nonviolence to living things. True
followers base the jobs they take solely of this belief. They are
to take twelve vows to ensure they are living right by the
religion. Evil is considered to be one that may have malicious
intents and doesn’t adopt the three principles of ahimsa,
aparigraha, and anekantwad to strive towards perfection. Fisher,
2014 pg. 101 & pg. 126-129
View of After Life
The Hindus believe in reincarnation. They believe that the
spirit comes back over and over again in a number of bodies or
possibly even other life form, such as an animal. Jains believe
that an impure soul will experience a revolving cycle of birth,
death, and rebirth. Only those that seek to be perfect will be
free from samsara. Fisher, 2014 pg. 77 & pg. 124-126
Practices and Rituals

The Hindus way of living revolves around rituals. Their rituals
begin in the womb of the mother and follow them until death.
Jatakarma, for example, is done once they baby is born. They
whisper the name of God to the child and put honey in their
mouth. Many other rituals include; the naming ceremony,
braiding the pregnant mother’s hair, and first leaving the house
to name a few. Puja is also a daily part of their religion. All
Hindu homes have shrines that are for ritual purity that they
pray to at specific times in the day. They use the Vedic
scripture to lead their rituals and traditions. The rites of
passage are Nitya, Naimittika, and Kamya. A lot of foods are
off limits based on the Jains strict vegetarian diet. Not only do
they practice meditation, but they also practice fasting, a life of
no sexual interactions, and a mentality free from attachment to
material things. In order to be accepted as a Jain their hair may
be pulled completely out, as this is a practice to free them from
the need to feel accepted by society. Ultimately Jains are to
avoid at all cost bringing any harm to themselves and other
living beings or things and seek perfection. A popular practice
is their travel to scared site for worship. Fisher, 2014 pg. 95-98
& pg. 128-130
Celebrations & Festivals
The Hindus celebrate in so many different ways. They can have
up to sixteen religious holidays that the government approves in
any given year. They celebrate the change of seasons, which is
called the Holi. They celebrate their Gods, spirits, and the
earth. Their celebrations occur at specific times during specific
months or seasons. For instance, the Vashnavites celebrate
Krishna’s birthday in either August or September. During this
time worshipers fast and stay up until late night speaking about
Krishna’s life. Jainism is completely different then the Hindus
given how they celebrate. Jains celebrate in a more subtle way.
They fast for days at a time, study scriptures, and mediate.
Their most important celebration is called Paryushan
Mahaparva, which is held annually. This is a fast that last for
over a week and during that time they focus on the right way to

live through scriptures and lectures. Fisher, 2014 pg. 108-111 &
pg. 131-133
Week 2 - Sources
Fisher, M. P. (2014) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle
River, NJ
http://www.patheos.com/Library.html
BUDDHISM
WEEK 3
In the Buddhism religion they do not believe there is a God or
a creator of the universe. They believe that people come as a
result of their bad karma. They believe people to live in a
never-ending cycle of being born, aging, suffering, and death
until they are completely pure. Fisher, 2014 pg. 143 & 149
Buddhist do not believe in a God or a creator. Fisher, 2014 pg.
143
Buddha believed the human population to be made up of
naturalistic/materialistic beings. People were attached to ideas
and physical things and it’s all really just an illusion. This
caused inevitable suffering, and Buddha found the cure to end
all suffering through teaching the Noble Eightfold Path.
Suffering is caused by a state of ignorance and not seeing things
for what they really are. Fisher, 2014 pg. 143-145
View of Good & Evil
Buddhist consider the good to be the ones that follow the

teachings of Buddha and fully commit themselves and keep
their vows. Good deeds will also result in one receiving good
merit that will benefit them in this lifetime as well as the next.
Evil in the form of an actual person is not something that they
believe in. They believe that certain feelings to be evil such as,
greed, anger, and the disregard of seeing and accepting things
for what they really are. The only way to avoid these feelings
is by following the Noble Eightfold Path. These feelings are
toxic and will result in the person having bad karma being
ending up in the wheel of birth and death.
View of Salvation
Buddha didn’t direct his teaching so much on the goal to
achieve nirvana, instead he focused on ending suffering in
humans and how to accomplish that. As a result he came up
with The Four Noble Truths which ultimately laid out what
individual can expect to experience in this lifetime and how to
accept it, because it’s evident. This then led to The Noble
Eightfold Path to liberation. This path gave human being the
exact orders they needed to follow, in addition to any vows they
made, in order to achieve the Buddhist goal of nirvana. Fisher,
2014 pg. 143-145; http://www.patheos.com/Library.html
View of After Life
Buddhist believe that only people with bad karma are reborn
again and having to continuously experience the cycle of birth,
suffering, and death over and over again. Those that are able to
make themselves pure in mind, body, and soul are able to
escape this cycle and accomplish the ultimate Buddhist goal,
which is nirvana. Fisher, 2014 pg. 146-149
The practices of Buddhist varies depending on the country.
There is a daily ritual where monks give offerings to a Buddha
image and do a small recitation, this is practiced in the
Theravada countries and in Mahayana countries they have a
similar ritual as well. Meditation is another widely preformed
practice, which is an important aspect on the path to finding

enlightenment. The teachings of the Dharma played a
significant role in Buddhism. This outlined Buddha’s truths and
how a true Buddhist should behave in order to achieve nirvana.
Although there wasn’t a specific action one had to take in order
to enter into the religion, there were some that had to let go of
all ties to family and get rid of all material things in order to
get spiritual enlightenment. Fisher, 2014 pg. 143, 153-157;
The festivals held by Buddhist will vary in different countries
due to the evolving religion. Their celebrations surround
honoring Buddha and his teachings. One festival that is
important to the different schools of Buddhism is Vesak, which
is the day they celebrate Buddha’s birthday and enlightenment.
This occurs in April or May, and they would go to temples to
hear stories of Buddha’s life, release animals, and make
offering such as; flowers, candles, and incense. In several
countries heavily populated by Buddhist this is considered a
holiday by the government. Fisher, 2014 pg. 173-175
Week 3 - Sources
River, NJ
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/ataglance/gla
nce.shtml
DAOISM & CONFUCIANISM
WEEK 4
There is not any text that spoke of how the world began and if
they believe in a creator of the world.

Some contested that Confucianism was not a religion because it
was not known if they believed in a deity.
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/PHIL_of_R
ELIGION_TEXT/CHAPTER_2_RELIGIONS/Confucianism.htm
In Confucianism humans are beings with a heart and mind and
it’s their feelings that make them truly human. Humans are
born good, however there are some later followers that believe
differently. Hsun Tzu tought that individuals were born evil but
could be changed and become good through moral education.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism/Beliefs/Human-
Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence;
View of Good & Evil
The two schools of Confucian thought that came after be die
had different views on initial human nature. Mencius believe
that humans were born good and there was a connect between
the goodness of human nature and the nature of Heaven. On the
other hand Hsun Tzu believed differently. He believe that
humans are initially evil and the Heavens had nothing to do
with it. He believed that humans can only become good by
moral education and good works. Fisher, 2014 pg. 211-212
View of Salvation
Salvation was not so much of an important aspect in
Confucianism. Their main focus was to teach how to have a
purposeful life by following Confucian’s teachings. He taught
that there was always an order in which to do things.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism/Beliefs/Afterlife
-and-Salvation
View of After Life
They did not focus their attention on what happens to humans
when they die. The put their attention into learning how to live
right by Heavens definition. The here and now was what
Confucian’s teaching focused on. Fisher, 2014 pg. 209-211

Ancestor ritual is a very important ritual to Confucians. The
praised and gave offering to their deceased relatives, this was a
way of ensuring that they became ancestors and ghost to them.
Between Confucian and his followers there were a total of 9
writings that can be broken down into two categories; The Five
Classics and The Four Books. After Confucian died his classic
were used to train individuals how would later go on to serve in
the government.
Fisher, 2014 pg. 209-214
The text did not touch on the celebrations and festivals of the
Confucians.
Week 4 - Sources
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism/Beliefs/Afterlife
-and-Salvation
River, NJ
WEEK 5
SHINTO
Shinto has no founder. It has no sacred literatures and no set
codes of ethical requirements. They do not have any implied
beliefs about how the world being. The Nihongi’s tells a
different creation story. Nihongi tells that before there was an
earth there was a deity who came forth on its own, and it gave

birth to many kami. Two in particular kami Amatsu and
Amaterasu who worked to give birth to all things and organize
the world.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/ataglance/glance.
shtml; Fisher, 2014 pg. 222, 226
The Shinto’s believe in kami, and they are made up of Gods and
spirits. Kami is not perfect and no different in kind from
humans, just a higher manifestation and energy. Some kami can
be evil and make mistakes just like humans. They answer
prayers and they have influence over human events and the
course of natural forces.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/beliefs/kami_1.s
html
In Shintoism humans are said to be born pure. If later in life
one becomes impure then they could be freed from the pollution
by cleansing and practicing purifying rituals.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/beliefs/
View of Good & Evil
Shinto’s believe that humans are born good, and that evil is any
person or thing that disturbs kami in any way. They also
believe that any person or thing that disrupts the harmony of the
world, natural and social order, or that is just impure is evil.
There is no set standard of what is right and what is wrong in
Shintoism. To avoid evil one should maintain purity morally
and spiritually. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto;
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Shinto/Beliefs
View of Salvation
The human purpose is to maintain purity to connect with like
kami. However, if one is impure or experience tsumi they can
be purified to get rid of it and connect with heavenly kami.
Fisher, 2014 pg 232-234
View of After Life
Due to the great influence that Buddhism had on the Shinto
religion, it is thought that they had a lot of the same beliefs. As

in Buddhism, they believed that if you live righteously then you
will be rewarded in the afterlife.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Shinto/Beliefs/Afterlife-and-
Salvation
Everything in Shintoism has symbolic importance so their
rituals are conducted in a very specific manner. A daily home
ritual will begin in the morning as the sun comes up, they will
clap and say a prayer and then give offering to kami such as;
rice, water, and as salt which all have a symbolic meaning.
Fisher, 2014pg. 231
The Shinto’s have many different ceremonies and festivals.
They invest so much into kami so some of their ceremonies are
very detailed. As a result, it could take up to ten years for some
priest to learn how to conduct the ceremony. These celebrations
may service many purposes. The highest is to celebrate kami.
All local shrines participate in celebrating their own kami.
Kami is taken out on a shrine in a parade. They offer food,
entertainment, and praises to kami and all that attend are
blessed by the priest. In the Shinto religion they have many
other festivals that are celebrated seasonally, annually, and
throughout life celebrations. They have festivals for the unborn
fetus and for those that have reached a milestone in age. Fisher,
2014 pg. 230-231
Week 5 - Sources
River, NJ
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Shinto/Beliefs/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/shintoethics/ethi
cs.shtml

WEEK 6
JUDAISM
The world began under the direction of God, who is the
creator. Jews believe in only one God who is transcendent. God
first created the material world and shortly after created man
and woman to be the masters of everything. In the religion
Judaism there is no single founder. Fisher, 2014 pg. 246-249
and 278
The Jews believe in God, and he is their majestic father and
king. Some thought of God as a remote God, while others
perceived him to be in close relationship with the people.
Fisher, 2014 pg. 253
All humans are equal with the potential to mirror the same
qualities of God. The have all the ability to be prefect human
beings. Humans have free will giving them the choice of which
path that want to take. Fisher, 2014 pg. 279-280
View of Good & Evil
Good is the one that loves God wholeheartedly and follow his
will. Evil is anyone that defies God in a sense of sinning. In
Judaism there is a set standard of good. That is giving thanks
continuously, praying, abiding by all the commandments, and
praising God. If they stray from God’s will then they are
exiled, but could find their way back to their spiritual home
through righteous living. Fisher, 2014 pg. 249-250
View of Salvation
Salvation is described as the soul experiencing eternal life
unaffected by evil. In order to obtain salvation one must follow
all of God’s commandments and abide by the Torah. All of his
children can experience the good life by doing this as following
the most important commandment, which is to love God.
Fisher, 2014 pg. 279-280
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Judaism/Beliefs/Afterlife-and-

Salvation?offset=1&max=1
View of After Life
Rabbis believed that Jews had a special place, in what they
called olam ha-bah, if they abided by the Torah, repent for their
sin, and did good deed. There were different beliefs on
reincarnation. There was a Rabbi that believed that God being
the creator of all things could resurrect the dead, while others
believed that the spirit if was godly would go on to experience
eternal divine pleasure. Other literatures explained that the
wicked go to hell and the godly go to a paradise.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Judaism/Beliefs/Afterlife-and-
Salvation
Prayer was especially important in Judaism. Prayer started
before their eyes opened in the morning and would continue
throughout the day until bedtime. They believed firmly that one
should continuously give thanks to God. One of the most
important rituals in Judaism was the circumcision of all baby
boys after they are eight days old. The Torah was the scared
Jewish literature. It outlined how God’s will, that one should
seek to follow. In order to be a Jew you have to be circumcised
and have a ritual Jewish bath for cleansing. Foods that are not
kosher are forbidden. These foods include pork and shellfish.
Fisher, 2014 pg. 283-284
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/convers
ion.shtml
Celebrations are very important in Jewish life. Their
celebrations provided specific times to repent, give thanks to
God for everything he’s done, and to reflect. All Jews
participate in these celebrations. They have a set of annual
celebrations that occur at the beginning of the New Year. They
call it High Holy Days. They consists of Jews being spiritual
renewed. Over the 30 day course of this time there are prayers
to God, blowing of a ram’s horn, and more. Shortly after
there’s time within these celebrations that promote change and

repent for any wrongdoing they may have occurred the previous
year. Hanukkah is a celebration that is more widely familiar
throughout the different realms of religions. This is celebrated
right before winter, and for eight nights a candle is lit in a
dedicated holder. This represents a victory of the Maccabean
rebellion at an attempt by Antiochus to force non Jewish
practices on the Jews. Within some families they give gifts
during this time. Fisher, 2014 pg. 286-288
Week 6 - Sources
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Judaism/Beliefs
River, NJ
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/convers
ion.shtml
WEEK 7
CHRISTIANITY
Christians believe that God was the almighty creator of the
universe. Out of love God created the world and the human
race. God role was to allow them all the possibilities of leading
a righteous life. Fisher, 2014 pg. 308
ELIGION_TEXT/CHAPTER_2_RELIGIONS/Christianity.htm
Christians believe in God, and that God is love. They believe
that Jesus was God’s son and sent to save mankind. God
interacts with humans through the work of the holy spirit.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/basi
cs_1.shtml

Humans are divine creatures made by God, with their only
purpose being to love and serve God. The root of the universe
and people is good, and they are given the gift of reason from
God. Although humans are good at their core they are inclined
to sin.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Christianity/Beliefs/Human-
Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence Fisher, 2014 pg. 346
View of Good & Evil
Good in Christianity is following the teachings of Jesus, and
evil is denying God and steering away from the Holy Bible.
Evil is constituted by sin and humans are inclined to sin. Yes,
one should avoid sinning because it can result in being
completed disconnected from God. Jesus life was the ultimate
mold of how the human race should behave. Fisher, 2014 pg.
346-347
View of Salvation
After death comes “judgment day.” This is the day where God
either rewards or punishes the soul based on ones’ faith. To
make it to heaven one must believe in God and show it.
Everyone can make it to heaven to live with if they love God,
followed his word, and what Jesus taught. Christians believe
that Jesus is going to return one day to judge all people as he
promised.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Christianity/Beliefs/Afterlife-
and-Salvation
View of After Life
Christians do believe there is life after earthly death. They
believe that all sins will follow you into the afterlife. They
believe that another world exists for the decease. Once dead
God judges you by your sins and your relationship with him,
and it’s possible to be eternally punished for your sins.
and-Salvation
In Christianity worships usually take place in churches.
Baptism and Eucharist are two of the most important rituals in

Christianity. Baptism is a cleansing with water to purify the
body, mind, and soul. It’s the beginning of a Christian way of
life. Eucharist is the Holy communion representing Jesus’ last
supper. During this communion Christians are given a piece of
bread and wine to signify the body and blood of Christ. The
Bible plays a very important role in Christianity as believers
read and recite passages out of it during prayers or service.
Baptism is the rites of passage into the religion. Fisher, 2014
pg. 348-351
Christianity has a yearly cycle of celebrations which the focus
is surrounded by the life of Jesus. Christmas is one of the
major celebrations, which celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ.
Many Christians celebrate this day by exchanging gifts and
fellowshipping. In spring they celebrate Easter and “Good
Friday.” These days signify the death of Jesus and his
resurrection day. Forty five days before Easter, many followers
participate in Lent, another celebration where they focus on
repenting and fasting. They pray, and perform acts of charity in
order to contribute to Jesus’ greatest sacrifice. Fisher, 2014 pg.
351-353
Week 7 - Sources
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/basi
cs_1.shtml
and-Salvation
River, NJ
WEEK 8

ISLAM
Muslims believed that God created the universe and everything
in it. They believed in signs that God was working. They
believed that he protected and was merciful to faithful
believers. People come from clay. Fisher, 2014 pg. 388
They believed that God was a compassionate God. That he was
their “only” and his followers were not to worship anyone but
him. They believed that God showed signed when he was
working, and that individuals were warned before they endured
punishment from God. Allah is benevolent. Fisher, 2014 pg.
388-389
Islam is a monotheistic religion. Good gave humans gifts that
make them superior to anything else that exists. Humans are
imperfect, but they are not inclined to sin. It can be difficult
for them to resist temptation though, and as a result they forget
the God they are supposed to serve.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-
and-the-Purpose-of-Existence
View of Good & Evil
Good are those that follow God’s will and serve him. Islamic
people seen good as those that do good deeds, feed the poor,
follow the Qur’an and simply abide by God’s law. Evil is any
person that strays from God and does not genuinely seek
forgiveness from him. Humans make become evil in spirit but
Islam teaches that God is a forgiving God and one that purely
repents will be forgiven by God. Doing bad thing constitutes
evil and one should avoid it by always serving God and
following Muhammad’s teachings.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Suffering-and-
the-Problem-of-Evil
View of Salvation
They Day of Judgment has many names in the Qur’an. It is this

day that the Islamic nation believed that God will resurrect all
and judge them. Determining if their good deeds outweigh the
bad and vice versa. They will then either be sent to the eternal
flames of hell if they did more bad than good, or be sent to
paradise in heaven if they did more good. In order to get to
heaven one must be faithful to Allah and know the laws and live
by them. Everyone can go to heaven. Fisher, 2014 pg. 388
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Afterlife-and-
Salvation
View of After Life
Muslims believe in heaven and hell. After death and being in
the grave for a short period of time, the body is then resurrected
and will then be finally judged by their deeds. It is at this time
one will either be sent to hell or heaven. The afterlife is
considered to be a reflection of this life. Heaven and hell is two
completely different experiences. Fisher, 2014 pg. 390-391
Some of the most important practices in Islam are the Five
Pillars of Islam. These Five Pillars include: belief and witness,
daily prayers, zakat or charity, fasting, and hajj. Pork and wine
are prohibited by Muslims. The Qur’an was very important in
the practices of Islam as it contain the messages of God. They
use it in prayer, to spread the Islam faith to others, and as a
guide. Fisher, 2014 pg. 391-396
There are only two festivals observed in Islamic law. Those
two festivals are Eid ul Fitr, and Eid ul Adha. Eid ul Fitr is
celebrated at the first sight of the new moon. It comes after a
month long of fasting, and all Muslims celebrate. Eid ul Adha
is a four day celebration commemorating Ibrahim sacrificing his
son and his complete obedience to God orders. All Muslims
celebrate, but only Muslims that can afford to sacrifice animals
in a proper slaughterhouse participate in the sacrifice. Another
important celebration is the Night of Power also known as
Lailat al Qadr. This night celebrates when the Qur’an was first
revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. They spend the night

studying the Qur’an and praying. This takes place the 27th of
Ramadan. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/
Week 8 - Sources
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/
River, NJ
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/
WEEK 9
SIKHISM
Sikhs believe that God is the creator of all things. He is
without form or gender, and he is found within everything.
Fisher, 2014 pg. 435-436
God is the only God and that he is everywhere at all times. God
is the only doer and giver. God is a personal God that treats
everyone equally. He lives within everyone, so no matter how
bad or evil one can be there is always the ability to change.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/beliefs/beliefs.
shtml
The purpose of life for humans is to realize God within the
world. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion who completed
devotes themselves to God. They believe that Nam carries the
all the power that one needs to live an ethical life. Fisher,
2014pg. 445
View of Good & Evil

Good is people that serve other people, work hard, sharing with
the needy, and remembering God at all times. Evils is one that
has self-centered ways or actions that could be cause by the five
evils lust, pride, greed, anger, and attachment to things. This
can be avoided by staying tru and abiding by the three duties of
the Sikh, which is to pray, work, and give. Fisher, 2014 pg.
435-436 & 446
shtml
View of Salvation
Sikhs believe that one actions determine one’s afterlife.
Serving everyone is an importation tradition to the Sikhs as it
plays a major role in reaching liberation. They believe in karma
and the wheel of birth, death, and rebirth. In order to get to
God Sikhs must follow three steps. They must work hard in
society, they must share their earning with the needy, and keep
God first at all times. Everyone is that follows those steps is
able to achieve liberation. Fisher, 2014 pg. 435-436
View of After Life
In Sikhism they believe in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.
They believe that quality of life is determined by karma. This
is a reflection of how good or bad someone behaved in their
previous life and the only way to rid yourself of this vicious
cycle is to completely become one with God and know him.
They teach not to worry themselves with the afterlife as it’s
determined by one’s deeds.
shtml
Sikhs devoted hours of daily prayer to God. They have a
morning prayer that starts very early in the morning called
JapJi. During this time the comb away all negative thoughts
and focus on the blessings of Nam. The Guru Granth Sahib
plays an important role in the daily rituals of Sikhs as the
recite, chant, and sing melodies from it. Sikhs don’t have a
prescribed initiation process, although they can choose at birth

to partake in a straight sword baptism. Fisher, 2014 pg. 447-
449 http://www.patheos.com/Library/Sikhism/Ritual-Worship-
Devotion-Symbolism/Rites-and-Ceremonies
Celebrations are especially important to Sikhs as it directly
celebrates their Guru’s and Sikhism as religion. Vaisakhi is one
of the most important days to Sikhs. This day celebrates the
year that Sikhism was born. This day is celebrated in April.
They dance, sing and have parades much like Gurpurbs.
Gurpurbs is another festival that celebrates the lives of the
Gurus. They have separate celebrations of each Guru’s birthday
or martyrdom.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/holydays/gurpu
rbs.shtml
Week 9 - Sources
shtml
River, NJ
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Sikhism/Ritual-Worship-
Devotion-Symbolism/Rites-and-Ceremonies
WEEK 10
NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
Mormons believe that God created the world. He was able to
create the universe out of materials that already existed and was
assisted by Jesus Christ.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/god_1.s
html

Mormons believe in a God but that there is more than one God.
God possesses all powers. They believe that he is like humans
and body and feelings. They believe that he is a personal God
because of what he has lived through and because he is relatable
that people can have a personal relationship with God.
html
The Book of Mormon refers to humans as carnal, sensual, and
devilish, and that they have to be reborn in order for the soul to
progress. They believe that the human sinful tendencies could
cause humans to stray from God. They believe that his could be
overcome. The ultimate goal for Mormons is to live and clean
life and have strong family values. Fisher, 2014 pg. 466
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Mormonism/Beliefs/Human-
Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence
View of Good & Evil
Mormonism teaches that humans are not evil but are easily
tempted and it could result in them doing evil deeds. God
allows his children the freedom to choose between good and
evil. Good is doing good deeds and following the teachings of
Jesus and living life to please God. Evil is the person that has
fallen, which in turn means that they have succumb to sins.
One should avoid evil by living a clean life, having strong
family values, and hold the moral ethics of the Church to the
highest regards. Fisher, 2014 pg. 466-467
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/socialvalues/et
hics_1.shtml
14View of Salvation
Salvation can be achieved through ones actions and through the
grace of God. To Mormons there are steps that need to be
followed in order to achieve salvation. To name a few; they
must believe in Jesus Christ, be baptized, endure test in their
life, repent, and right their wrongs. They teach that everyone
has the potential to be a like God.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/salvatio

n_1.shtml
View of After Life
Mormons do not believe in reincarnation. They believe that
after death the spirit goes to one or two places, paradise
(heaven) or spirit prison. They are judged by their actions and
based off that their spirit will live in heaven or be eternally
tortured. However they believe that even those spirits in jail
have the ability to be granted into the Celestial Kingdom by
accepting the teaching of the church through missionary work.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Mormonism/Beliefs/Afterlife-
and-Salvation
Mormons teach not only out of the Bible but also The Book of
Mormon. The live by The Book of Mormon because they
believe it to be the most authentic teaching of Jesus. They
highly disapprove of alcohol, coffee, tea, and tobacco. Baptism
was a very important ritual in Mormonism. Converters has to
be baptized, as well as children when they reach the age of 8.
Fisher, 2014 pg. 466
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/ritesrituals/bap
tism.shtml
Mormons don’t have many celebrations like other religions.
They mainly only celebrate two widely known days Christmas
and Easter. They do have one other festival that they celebrate
on July 24th known as Pioneer Day. All Mormons participates
in these holidays. One this day they celebrate the first arrival
of Saint Latter Day Saints in 1847. This day is recognized not
only by the Mormon churches but also by the state of Utah.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/holydays/holyd
ays_1.shtml
Week 10 - Sources
html
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Mormonism/Beliefs/Human-

Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence
River, NJ

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