الكمبيوتر وتكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات الدرس الثالث

1. ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر‬
‫واﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻟدرس‬
‫اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت‬
1

2. : Hardware ‫اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬
(Central Processing unit)CPU ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬ ‫أواﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
processor ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬
Arithmatic and Logic Unit (ALU) ‫واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬-1
Control Unit ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ -2
2

3. : Hardware ‫اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬
(‫)اﺛﺮاﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
- ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬
(Processor) ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
(RAM) ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬
(ROM) ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬
.(Case Computer) ‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬ ،(Motherboard) ‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
3

4. (‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫)ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫وﺣدات‬
… A B C) ‫رﻣﺰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ Byte ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻳﺖ‬ :‫اﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ -١
( ‫اﻟﺦ‬
( ‫اﻟﺦ‬ … ! @ # & %) ‫او‬
Byte = 8 bit<<
0 ‫ب‬ bit ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ bit ‫ال‬
‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮور‬ 1 ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪم‬ 0 ,1 ‫أو‬
4

5. (‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫)ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫وﺣدات‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ Byte ‫ﺒﺎﯾﺖ‬b
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬
(Byte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ 1024 (KByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬ 1
(KByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬ 1024 (MByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺠﺎ‬ 1
(MByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺠﺎ‬ 1024 (GByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺠﺎ‬ 1
(GByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺠﺎ‬ 1024 (TByte)‫ﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺮا‬ 1
5

6. (‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫)ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫وﺣدات‬
(‫ﻟﻠﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ) ‫اﺛﺮاﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
6

7. (‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫)ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫وﺣدات‬
7

8. (‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫)ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫وﺣدات‬
Hz ‫اﻟﻬﯿﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ :‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ -2
(‫)وﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
1000 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ : ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
KHZ
HZ
/
x
1000
1000
8

9. ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬ ‫ﻷداء‬ ‫وﺗﻮﻇﻔﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬-1
Operating systems
(Linux -windows)
‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت‬-2
Utilities
(‫اﻟﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت‬ ‫)ﻣﻀﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬-4
Applications
(‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ‬ ‫)ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
Microsoft office
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎت‬-3
Programming languages
(c++ , c#)
9

10. ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
closed sources programs ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت‬ open sources programs ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت‬
●
.‫اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻟرﺧﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدد‬ ❖
.‫ﻣﺟﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺻورة‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬
●
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯾﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑرﻣﺟﯾن‬ ‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬ ‫ﻛود‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬
. ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﮭﺔ‬
❖
‫ﺗﻌدﯾﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬ ‫ﻛود‬
.‫وﺗطوﯾره‬
●
‫رﺧﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺻرح‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬
. ‫اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام‬
❖
.‫ﻗﯾود‬ ‫ﺑدون‬ ‫اﻵﺧرﯾن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺣرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوﻓر‬
10

11. ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎءا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
Freeware
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
.‫ﻣﺎدي‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
Shareware
‫ﻣﺤﺪودة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودة‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪة‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮح‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫إﻻ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ( ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ ) ............... ‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬
. ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
11

12. ‫اﻟﺑﺷري‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻧﺻر‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
Humanware
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ‬ -1
Analyst
‫ﻣﺼﻤﻢ‬-2
Designer
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-4
User
‫ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ‬-3
programmer
12