Thesis and Outline of Final Paper This assignment is to be a thorough outline, including components as detailed below, of your Final Paper.  Your Final Paper is to be a comprehensive research study on one of the following public policy topics: · Environmental Concerns · Immigration · Health Care · Primary and Secondary Public Education · Social Security · Welfare Your outline of the topic will include: a. The scope and nature of the public policy problem. b. How the problem came to public and political awareness. c. The evolution of related public policy. d. Level of government and the actors involved. e. The intergovernmental structure and political concerns. f. Conflicting public opinion and impact on policy solutions. g. The approaches to policy formulation, adoption, and evaluation. h. The suggested policy direction (continuation, change or termination) and future impact. This assignment is to include a title page, introductory paragraph with thesis statement, outline of your major points, summarizing or concluding paragraph, and reference page.  It must be at least four pages in length and include a minimum of five scholarly sources, including a minimum of four from the Ashford University Library. Your paper must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. All sources must be properly cited in text, and your paper must include a separate title page and reference page. The Ashford Writing Center is located within the Learning Resources tab, on the left navigation toolbar. Your outline should be organized as follows: 1. Title page (one page) 2. Introduction with thesis statement 3. Outline of topic 4. Concluding paragraph 5. Reference page (one page) Final Paper Your Final Paper is to be a comprehensive research study on one of the following public policy topics: · Environmental Concerns · Immigration · Health Care · Primary and Secondary Public Education · Social Security · Welfare Your analysis of the topic will include: 1. The scope and nature of the public policy problem. 2. How the problem came to public and political awareness. 3. The evolution of related public policy. 4. Level of government and the actors involved. 5. The intergovernmental structure and political concerns. 6. Conflicting public opinion and impact on policy solutions. 7. The approaches to policy formulation, adoption, and evaluation. 8. The suggested policy direction (continuation, change or termination) and future impact. Writing the Final Paper The Final Paper: 1. Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length (including title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 2. Must include a title page with the following: a. Title of paper b. Student’s name c. Course name and number d. Instructor’s name e. Date submitted 3. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. 4. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. 5. Mus.

1. Thesis and Outline of Final Paper
This assignment is to be a thorough outline, including
components as detailed below, of your Final Paper.
Your Final Paper is to be a comprehensive research study on
one of the following public policy topics:
· Environmental Concerns
· Immigration
· Health Care
· Primary and Secondary Public Education
· Social Security
· Welfare
Your outline of the topic will include:
a. The scope and nature of the public policy problem.
b. How the problem came to public and political awareness.
c. The evolution of related public policy.
d. Level of government and the actors involved.
e. The intergovernmental structure and political concerns.
f. Conflicting public opinion and impact on policy solutions.
g. The approaches to policy formulation, adoption, and
evaluation.
h. The suggested policy direction (continuation, change or
termination) and future impact.
This assignment is to include a title page, introductory
paragraph with thesis statement, outline of your major points,
summarizing or concluding paragraph, and reference page. It
must be at least four pages in length and include a minimum of
five scholarly sources, including a minimum of four from the
Ashford University Library. Your paper must be formatted
according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing
Center. All sources must be properly cited in text, and your
paper must include a separate title page and reference page. The
Ashford Writing Center is located within the Learning
Resources tab, on the left navigation toolbar.

2. Your outline should be organized as follows:
1. Title page (one page)
2. Introduction with thesis statement
3. Outline of topic
4. Concluding paragraph
5. Reference page (one page)
Final Paper
Your Final Paper is to be a comprehensive research study on
one of the following public policy topics:
· Environmental Concerns
· Immigration
· Health Care
· Primary and Secondary Public Education
· Social Security
· Welfare
Your analysis of the topic will include:
1. The scope and nature of the public policy problem.
2. How the problem came to public and political awareness.
3. The evolution of related public policy.
4. Level of government and the actors involved.
5. The intergovernmental structure and political concerns.
6. Conflicting public opinion and impact on policy solutions.
7. The approaches to policy formulation, adoption, and
evaluation.
8. The suggested policy direction (continuation, change or
termination) and future impact.
Writing the Final Paper
The Final Paper:
1. Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length (including
title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style
as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
2. Must include a title page with the following:
a. Title of paper
b. Student’s name

3. c. Course name and number
d. Instructor’s name
e. Date submitted
3. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct
thesis statement.
4. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
5. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
6. Must use at six to ten scholarly sources, including a minimum
of four from the Ashford University Library.
7. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
8. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according
to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center
5 FREE TRADE
What is Free Trade?
Free trade is a policy to eliminate discrimination against
imports and exports.
Buyers and sellers from different economies may
voluntarily trade without a government applying tariffs, quotas,
subsidies or prohibitions on goods and services.
Free trade is the opposite of trade protectionism or economic
isolationism.
History of Free Trade
The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on
imported food and grain ("corn") enforced in Great Britain
between 1815 and 1846. ... They were designed to keep grain
prices high to favour domestic producers, and represented the
British version of mercantilism:
Protect domestic agricultural products producers, even though
this meant high prices for consumers, especially low paid urban

4. workers.
The Corn Laws Fight
The Corn Laws, kept prices high. In the process they pushed up
the price of bread with devastating consequences for the poor.
Hundreds of thousands went hungry. Manchester’s emerging
class of merchants and manufacturers — they were known as
“the Manchester Men” — were incensed, and not only for
humanitarian reasons.
Many of the Manchester Men were self-made and didn’t
appreciate the fact that the aristocracy were running the
country. People who’d inherited all their land and money.”
The campaign to repeal the laws turned into a totemic struggle
with Britain’s ruling class. Factory bosses and their workers,
bankers and lawyers, politicians, churchmen and social
reformers joined the crusade. But it was not only a battle
against what were widely seen as greedy and selfish aristocrats;
for the textile tycoons, in particular, it was also a drive toward
free trade. They wanted other countries to scrap their tariffs and
throw open their markets to British goods.
The case against the Corn Laws proved irresistible. The laws
were repealed in 1846. Foreign corn began to pour into Britain.
Much of it came eventually from the former colony that
supplied the Manchester mills with most of their raw cotton.
America benefited from UK Imports
“America was having a lot of innovations in its farming at the
time on the prairies, and what this meant was that for the U.K.,
huge quantities of grain could be imported relatively
inexpensively,”
American grain was significantly cheaper than the stuff that
British aristocrat landowners were growing. As they’d feared,
the aristocrats’ revenues and power began to shrink, said Will
Ashworth, author of a new book about the Industrial

5. Revolution.
“The rapid influx of American prairie grain had a major impact
on the social structure of Britain,” he said. “You saw the demise
of the landowner and the rise of the British manufacturing
class.”
Expansion of Free Trade
The repeal of the Corn Laws did not persuade the rest of the
world to immediately follow suit. With the exception of a brief
interlude before the outbreak of the Civil War, America, which
benefited most from the repeal of the Corn Laws, did not
embark on the same program of tariff scrapping.
“We think of America as being the great capitalist power, but in
fact America was opposed to free trade right the way through
the rest of the 19th century and all the way up to 1945,” said
Adrian Wooldridge, political editor of The Economist
magazine, which was founded in 1843 as the voice of the anti-
Corn Laws crusade.
“Britain was the first country to embrace free trade and to say:
The best way to create universal prosperity is to have freedom
of commerce and trade. Britain led that in a world where that
was disapproved of by practically everyone,” Wooldridge said.
Britain may not have been as high-minded in embracing free
trade as it might seem, however. Some historians suggest that
the U.K.’s main aim was to exploit its industrial dominance,
flood other countries with its manufactured goods, while they
focused their energies on agriculture.
How did it work out?
If that was the plan, it has, in the long term, spectacularly

6. backfired:
Britain today has a huge trade deficit
its manufacturing sector is a pale shadow of its former self, and
more than half of its food (including grain) comes from abroad.
What Are Free Trade Agreements?
Free trade agreements are treaties that regulate the tariffs,
taxes, and duties that countries impose on their imports and
exports. The most well-known U.S. regional trade agreement is
the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
The advantages and disadvantages of free trade agreements
affect jobs, business growth, and living standards…
Advantages 1
Six Advantages:
Free trade agreements are designed to increase trade between
two countries. Increased international trade has six main
advantages:
Increased Economic Growth: The U.S. Trade Representative
Office estimates that NAFTA increased U.S. economic
growth by 0.5 percent a year.
More Dynamic Business Climate: Often, businesses were
protected before the agreement. These local industries risked
becoming stagnant and non-competitive on the global market.
With the protection removed, they have the motivation to
become true global competitors.
Lower Government Spending: Many governments subsidize
local industry segments. After the trade agreement removes
subsidies, those funds can be put to better use.
Advantages 2

7. Foreign Direct Investment: Investors will flock to the country.
This adds capital to expand local industries and boost domestic
businesses. It also brings in U.S. dollars to many formerly
isolated countries.
Expertise: Global companies have more expertise than domestic
companies to develop local resources. That's especially true in
mining, oil drilling, and manufacturing. Free trade agreements
allow the global firms access to these business opportunities.
When the multinationals partner with local firms to develop the
resources, they train them on the best practices. That gives local
firms access to these new methods.
Technology Transfer: Local companies also receive access to
the latest technologies from their multinational partners. As
local economies grow, so do job opportunities. Multi-national
companies provide job training to local employees.
Seven Disadvantages
The biggest criticism of free trade agreements is that they are
responsible for job outsourcing. There are seven total
disadvantages:
Increased Job Outsourcing: Why does that happen? Reducing
tariffs on imports allows companies to expand to other
countries. Without tariffs, imports from countries with a low
cost of living cost less. It makes it difficult for U.S. companies
in those same industries to compete, so they may reduce their
workforce. Many U.S. manufacturing industries did, in fact, lay
off workers as a result of NAFTA. One of the biggest criticisms
of NAFTA is that it sent jobs to Mexico.
Disadvantages
Theft of Intellectual Property: Many developing countries don't

8. have laws to protect patents, inventions, and new processes. The
laws they do have aren't always strictly enforced. As a result,
corporations often have their ideas stolen. They must then
compete with lower-priced domestic knock-offs.
Crowd out Domestic Industries: Many emerging markets are
traditional economies that rely on farming for most
employment. These small family farms can't compete with
subsidized agri-businesses in the developed countries. As a
result, they lose their farms and must look for work in the
cities. This aggravates unemployment, crime, and poverty.
Disadvantages
Poor Working Conditions: Multi-national companies may
outsource jobs to emerging market countries without adequate
labor protections. As a result, women and children are often
subjected to grueling factory jobs in sub-standard conditions.
Degradation of Natural Resources: Emerging market countries
often don’t have many environmental protections. Free trade
leads to depletion of timber, minerals, and other natural
resources. Deforestation and strip-mining reduce their jungles
and fields to wastelands.
Destruction of Native Cultures: As development moves into
isolated areas, indigenous cultures can be destroyed. Local
peoples are uprooted. Many suffer disease and death when their
resources are polluted.
Reduced Tax Revenue: Many smaller countries struggle to
replace revenue lost from import tariffs and fees.
Conclusion 1
On balance, free trade is better than mercantilism, protectionism
or “managed trade” arrangements

9. However, its benefits are uneven. When markets open up, not
everybody wins
Hence the need to “phase in” market liberalization, taking into
account specific realities in individual countries, and trying at
the same time to calculate how much time certain sectors may
need to adjust to the new competition coming from foreign
producers who can sell competitive products at lower prices
Conclusion 2
Weak sectors, some of them benefiting from state favors, once
exposed to open international competition, may prove to be
uncompetitive; that is imports coming into their market without
customs duties that increase their prices will wipe them out
In other instances, fragile young sectors may not have the
strength to resist massive imports of cheaper goods massively
produced in other countries.
Example: Chinese manufactured goods exported into Africa or
Latin America simply wiped out domestic producers
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
MIDTERM EXAM
Please write a short essay on 2 out of the 5 following questions:
1. International trade has always existed, although it did not
create huge volumes of exchanges in antiquity. We discussed in
class early examples of societies that specialized on trade, with
significant success, (think of the Phoenicians, and the
Athenians). Among them, at the dawn of the Modern Era, the
Republic of Venice was especially successful. For centuries it
managed to dominate East-West trade, (mostly goods that had
traveled from East to West on the “Silk Road” and arrived to
the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean), after having acquired

10. control over the sea lanes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Explain how Venice accomplished this dominant position, and
why eventually it was lost.
2. Discuss the “Hansa League” and why it became so successful,
for centuries in creating a reliable system of trade relations
connecting cities in Northern Germany, to other cities in the
Baltic City and beyond. It was a rules based system. Please
describe why this is a significant achievement in the history of
modern trade.
3. What is Mercantilism? Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert? What
were mercantilist policies supposed to achieve? Was this
approach to trade ultimately successful; or not? Please discuss.
4. The first long public debate about the merits of
“Protectionism”, versus “Free Trade” policies took place in
Britain around the issue of the “Corn Laws’. Please discuss the
arguments made on both sides, and why eventually Free Trade
won.
5. The European Union is a solid example of a successful Free
Trade Area, FTA. Please discuss the motives that led back in
the 1950s to the beginning of the process of trade cooperation
among the first group of 6 members and the EU mixed record
when later on its development it started a process of integration
in areas beyond trade (free movement of people, competition
policy, monetary union, and more).
Please write clearly your name and the name of the course at the
top of the first page of your exam. Please select double spaced.
Good Luck to All!
Library Competence
You will write a short (1 page) paper on a topic related to our
course in which you will properly quote and foot note when
necessary relevant literature, (articles, scholarly journals,
books), this way showing that you know how to do academic
research.

11. I attach the one of our class topic that you can read it and it will
help you to write something about it.