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Briefing
May 2017
Governing the Gemstone Sector:
Considerations for Myanmar
Paul Shortell
Ongoing reforms present an unprecedented opportunity to improve management
of Myanmar’s multi-billion-dollar jade and gemstone industry, and reorganization
of the sector may proceed most effectively if it is informed by the experience of
other gemstone-producing countries. Based on a review of international policies
and practices, as summarized in NRGI’s report Governing the Gemstone Sector:
Lessons from Global Experience, this briefing highlights ten areas that the Myanmar
government may consider as priorities for the country’s reform process:
1	 Develop a jade and gemstone policy.
2	 Revise the legal framework.
3	 Reform gemstone institutions.
4	 Strengthen the licensing process.
5	 Formalize citizen miners.
6	 Adjust fiscal terms.
7	 Amend the valuation process.
8	 Support domestic beneficiation.
9	 Facilitate traceability in the supply chain.
10	 Improve transparency.
2
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
1. DEVELOP A JADE AND GEMSTONE POLICY
Myanmar stands to gain from formulating a national jade and gemstone policy, which
should reflect open consultation with all stakeholders, identify shared priorities for
sustainable development of the country’s finite gemstone resources, and shape revi-
sion of the legal and institutional framework. The multi-stakeholder committee being
set up to support this process may benefit from exchange with other countries, such
as Pakistan,1
that have pioneered similar approaches to strategy development.
We recommend that the government:
•	 Sequence reforms appropriately. A national jade and gemstone policy should
precede and inform changes to the Myanmar Gemstone Law. Strategy develop-
ment under the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environmental Conservation
(MoNREC) will be most advantageous if it is closely coordinated with ongoing
review of the legal framework by the Union Parliament. (See consideration 2.)
•	 Undertake necessary assessments. Policy discussion regarding the jade and
gemstone sector is constrained by a scarcity of available and reliable data. Expert
geological surveys, market studies, and other evaluations may be commissioned
to support national planning.
•	 Initiate broader stakeholder dialogue. Beyond the necessary involvement of
regional and local government, companies, and community representatives, the
participation of actors with de facto control over jade and gemstone-producing
regions—most notably the Myanmar military and Kachin Independence Army—is
essential to crafting a workable management strategy. As in Sierra Leone, gemstone
policy development should be linked to the process of national reconciliation.2
1	 See Pakistan case study (p. 37-38) in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector:
Lessons from Global Experience (Natural Resource Governance Institute: May 2017).
2	 See, for example, description of the Diamond Area Community Development Fund (p. 45) in Shortell
and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
3
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
2. REVISE THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The Myanmar Gemstone Law (1995; amended 2003 and 2016) remains critically
flawed, while additional reforms under discussion in the sitting Union Parliament3
do not meaningfully address serious weaknesses in the governing framework. The
government has historically relied on regulations, internal directives and contracts to
establish key policies; however, these have not been publicly disclosed.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
•	 Consider adopting a single mining code (covering minerals, jade and
gemstones). Unlike most countries, Myanmar separates laws, regulations, and
contracts for jade and gemstones from those for other minerals. This system has
created legal ambiguity, increased coordination challenges, and resulted in the
uneven enforcement of standards. These negative effects would be further exac-
erbated by the passage of separate laws for jade and other colored gemstones, as
recently proposed by the American Gem Traders Association.4
•	 Address remaining gaps. The Myanmar Gemstone Law, including recent
and proposed amendments, do not link to a gemstone or mining policy (see
consideration 1) or adequately address the structure and mandate of gemstone
sector institutions (consideration 3), the licensing process (consideration 4),
mining conducted by citizens (consideration 5), production monitoring, taxation
(consideration 6), the valuation process (consideration 7), rough marketing
and sales, beneficiation (consideration 8), community grievance mechanisms,
anti-corruption measures, and transparency and accountability mechanisms
(consideration 10).
•	 Harmonize existing laws. Further review is needed to clarify inconsisten-
cies between the Myanmar Gemstone Law and other current or proposed laws,
including those regarding environmental conservation, investment, land rights,
labor standards, state-owned enterprises, and taxation.
3	 At the time of writing reforms have been submitted to the Parliament in the form of a “2017 Myanmar
Gemstone Law,” which amalgamates 2003 and 2016 changes to the 1995 law along with additional
modifications proposed by the Natural Resource Committee of the Amyotha Hluttaw.
4	 See Erin Murphy, Peter Kucik, and Zachary Harris, Step by Step: Myanmar Gem Industry Emerges from
Isolation and U.S. Sanctions (American Gem Traders Association: 2016).
4
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
3. REFORM GEMSTONE INSTITUTIONS
The Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE) does not yet meet international criteria for
good governance of state-owned companies. MGE’s principle functions, which
include participating in joint ventures on behalf of the state, managing regular
emporiums (auctions) and serving as the principle regulator for the jade and
gemstone industry, have been undermined in practice by its vague mandate, limited
capabilities, and the undue influence of the private sector over sector management.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
•	 Revisit MGE’s role. There remains significant ambiguity and overlap between
MGE’s responsibilities and those of the Department of Mines, Department
of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, Environmental Conservation
Department, Central Gemstone Central Supervisory Committee (see Chapter
10 of the 1995 Myanmar Gemstone Law), and the Working Committee for
Issuing Permits, Inspecting and Supervising Gemstone Blocks (see MGE
Licensing Directives). The scope and limitations of MGE’s authority should
be clearly defined in law, and steps should be taken to separate its commercial
functions as a joint venture partner from its regulatory responsibilities.
•	 Eliminate conflicts of interest. Legislators should reconsider recent
amendments to the Myanmar Gemstone Law that reserve seats for MGJEA on
the Gemstone Central Supervisory Committee, an entity serves as the ultimate
valuation body (consideration 7) and is responsible for tendering advice on
sector regulation. MGJEA's role in overseeing jade and gemstone emporiums
and managing certain associated revenues also merits scrutinity, particularly in
light of recent allegations that association members embezzled approximately
USD 100 million in emporium funds.5
•	 Increase institutional capacity. MGE currently employs approximately half
the number of staff it is authorized to hire, and many key officers are appointed
with little or no experience related to the gemstone sector. Its administration
should be brought in line with best international practices, including by hiring
or promoting technically skilled professionals to management positions,
publishing detailed annual reports, and undergoing regular public audits.
5	 See Chan Mya Htwe, “Tribunal to investigate gem association embezzlement claims” Myanmar Times,
2 June 2016.
5
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
4. STRENGTHEN THE LICENSING PROCESS
Although Myanmar distributes extractive rights via a bidding process, the
competitiveness of license allocation has been reduced by a lack of transparency and
collusion between officials and companies. Approval of permits has outstripped
government institutions' ability to monitor operations, contributing to widespread
violations of license terms. Myanmar is unusual in prohibiting foreign investment in
gemstone mining, and this policy may have further slowed the diffusion of modern
mining techniques and standards for environmental and social management.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
•	 Set limits on license allocation. The approval of an unusual high number of
jade and gemstone mining licenses—totaling more than 20,000 as of early 2016
(prior to the current ban on licensing)—has allowed for the rapid depletion of
gemstone deposits and eroded government oversight of mining operations.
Myanmar may follow the example of other countries, such as Sri Lanka,6
in setting
licensing targets that preserve resources for the future and support effective
monitoring.
•	 Reconsider license and contract terms. Myanmar grants permits for
mechanized gemstone mining at a smaller scale (one acre for privately operated
blocks) and shorter tenure (typically three to five years) than is generally observed
in other countries. The sector is also highly mechanized, with approximately
one backhoe in operation for every two acres licensed for production.7
The
terms of gemstone mining licenses should be adjusted to encourage extraction
at an appropriate pace and with adequate investment, robust assessment
and mitigation of environmental, social, and health impacts, construction of
necessary infrastructure and responsible disposal of wastes, and the formal
participation of citizen miners. (See consideration 5.) A comprehensive
assessment of Myanmar’s model joint venture contract is needed to bring its
agreements in line with international standards.
•	 Modify bidding processes. Extractive rights should be allocated in a clear,
open, and competitive manner based on equal treatment of companies.
Authorities and the public should be able to know the identities of individuals
who ultimately own and control bidding companies. In the case of mechanized
mining projects, the government should establish technical criteria for license
allocation and thoroughly assess applicants against potential conflicts of
interest, evidence of past criminal activity, and record of contract violations or
other grievances.
6	 See Sri Lanka case study (p. 19-20) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
7	 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
6
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
5. FORMALIZE CITIZEN MINERS
As in other countries, the influx of citizen miners to Myanmar’s jade-producing
regions has been accompanied by an uptick in disease and drug use, increased crime,
and unsanctioned incursions into company concessions. International experience
indicates that these challenges cannot be mitigated simply by strengthening the
rule of law; augmenting the presence of military or security personnel is unlikely
to deter illegal mining but may increase the incidence of human rights abuses and
corruption.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
•	 Establish a clear legal basis for citizen mining. Unlike most other countries,
Myanmar’s governing framework effectively excludes citizens from legally
participating in gemstone extraction. The government should lay out a path
for formalization that closely aligns with the capabilities of citizen miners,
for example by establishing artisanal gemstone mining licenses, encouraging
the organization of mining cooperatives, and/or piloting a local or web-based
mining registration system for miners and traders.
•	 Provide citizen miners access to resources. The rights of citizen miners vis-
Ă -vis mining companies should be clarified in law. Depending on local geology,
specific tracts may be set aside for citizen mining (see, for example, Tanzania8
)
or companies holding permits may be encouraged to subcontract citizen miners
organized in cooperatives (see, for example, Brazil9
).
•	 Strengthen exchange between investors, citizen miners and local
communities. The government should facilitate sustained dialogue between
investors and local populations, which in cases such as Tanzania’s Mwadui
Community Diamond Partnership10
has led to the development of shared
approaches to addressing company concerns and community needs .
8	 See Tanzania case study (p. 28-29) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
9	 See Brazil case study (p. 26-27) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
10	 Ibid 8.
7
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
6. ADJUST FISCAL TERMS
Myanmar taxes the gemstone sector at significantly higher rates than other
countries, and there is evidence that this has contributed widespread
underreporting by companies. Key revenue streams include license fees (which in
Myanmar is understood to cover signature bonuses as well as administrative fees),
the state’s production share from joint ventures (25 percent for certain companies),
royalties (20 percent of the value or rough production), commercial tax (a 5 percent
general tax plus a 15 percent special commodity tax for rough gemstones or a 5
percent special commodity tax for polished gemstones), corporate income tax (25
percent for domestic companies), and service fees (1 to 3 percent). Much of the
country’s jade is reported to be subject to further informal taxation by the Myanmar
military and/or Kachin Independence Army.
We recommend that MoNREC, the Union Parliament and the Ministry of Planning
and Finance (MoPF):
•	 Clarify the fiscal framework. Ambiguity in the Union Tax Law and Myanmar
Gemstone Law, especially vague tax exemptions in the latter (see section 27(b)
of the 1995 version), undermine effective tax administration. Coordination
remains weak between MGE, the Internal Revenue Department, and other
agencies involved in revenue collection.
•	 Set rates that encourage participation. Myanmar levies royalties at rates 2 to
20 times greater than those in most countries, and also charges unusually high
commercial tax on the sale, import and export of gemstones. The government
may benefit from establishing special rules for citizen miners, which tend to
generate special challenges for revenue collection.11
•	 Rebalance revenue collection. Unlike most countries, Myanmar captures
a large share of gemstone revenues through license fees (including signature
bonuses), which may not secure the state a good deal for its resources and can
encourage the unsustainable allocation of extractive rights. The government
does not appear to collect its fair share of royalties (see consideration 7), which
are a primary source of gemstone revenue for many other nations.
•	 Improve incentives to sell via the emporium. Official data indicates that
around 70 percent of MGE's total revenues are collected at emporiums held
jointly with MGJEA,12
yet industry sources estimate that 75 percent or more
of all jade and gemstone transactions occur outside of this channel. Myanmar
may consider adopting certain fiscal incentives to increase participation at the
emporium given its outsized role in revenue generation. Additional scrutiny of
emporium transactions also appears warranted, as less than half of sales agreed
at events held since 2013 were concluded.13
11	 See, for example, Sierra Leone and Guyana case studies (p. 43) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the
Gemstone Sector.
12	 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
13	 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
8
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
7. AMEND THE VALUATION PROCESS
Myanmar’s jade and gemstones are assessed by valuation bodies consisting of no
fewer than nine persons, including three representatives from MGE, four from
other government institutions, one from MGJEA and one external expert. For
the fiscal years between 2011/2012 and 2015/2016, the Government received
royalties of MMK 337 to MMK 450 (worth less than USD .50) per kilogram of jade
declared and MMK 13 to MMK 18 (worth USD .01 to .02) per carat of gemstone
declared.14
These figures suggest that Myanmar's resources have been routinely
valued well below the fair market rate.
We recommend that MoNREC and MoPF:
•	 Toughen oversight. Current rules open the door for clientelism by
allowing the chairman of the valuation body (an MGE officer) ultimate
discretion in determining gemstones’ official value, whereas many other
countries seek to safeguard the valuation process by holding auctions,
commissioning third party valuators, or requiring checks against reference
prices.15
While MGE employs a number of skilled assessors, it is unclear
whether other members of the committee possess the requisite gemological
and market knowledge to independently verify the government assessor’s
valuation.
•	 Conduct audits. Carrying out randomized physical and financial audits
and imposing appropriate penalties may encourage accurate declarations by
companies. Investigations are most effective when they supported through
investments in necessary infrastructure (such as gemstone laboratories in
mining areas) and acquisition of experienced staff (for example, those with
knowledge of gemstone valuation methods and/or accounting practices).
14	 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
15	 See country case studies (p. 47-48) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
9
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
8. SUPPORT DOMESTIC BENEFICIATION
Myanmar stakeholders increasingly recognize the potential benefits of developing
a domestic value-added gemstone processing industry. Leadership by key industry
actors has helped catalyze important policy changes, including the establishment of
a first gemstone laboratory and the revision of certain tax rates. Yet it is important
to recognize that the outlook for beneficiation remains challenging; Myanmar
borders the world’s three leading markets for gemstone processing (China, India,
and Thailand) but currently lacks the economic fundamentals or policies needed to
compete with these neighbors.
We recommend that MoNREC, MoPF and MGJEA:
•	 Develop a plan for the midstream and downstream value chain.
Assessments are needed to determine specific needs and potential areas
of comparative advantage for the cutting and polishing industry. It may be
advantageous to begin by developing expertise in lower-value gemstones
such as amber, peridot, and spinel, that are produced in significant quantities
in Myanmar but have not been a primary focus for Chinese, Indian and Thai
cutters. Borrowing from the experience of Sri Lanka,16
Myanmar should
capitalize on its reputation for high-quality jade, ruby, and sapphire by
developing a national branding strategy.
•	 Support skill development and technology transfer. A scarcity of skilled
and productive labor remains a key impediment to developing a robust
midstream industry; Myanmar's leading jewelry companies overwhelmingly
import polished gemstones from overseas, while significant domestic value-
added processing operations either operate at a loss or depend on foreign
workers. The state can support domestic beneficiation by establishing
international-quality laboratories and training centers, especially in gemstone-
producing regions.
•	 Adjust trade and taxation policies. Most beneficiation hubs, including
Myanmar’s neighbors, benefit from liberal trade policies and provide various
forms of financial support for the gemstone processing sector.17
Myanmar
remains at a disadvantage in terms of export tariffs (it levies a 15 percent tax
on rough gemstone exports and 5 percent tax on polished gemstone exports),
taxation of gems and jewelry companies (it lacks significant tax breaks or
lending facilities), and external promotion (the government does not regularly
participate in international gem fairs).
16	 Ibid 6.
17	 See, for example, Thailand case study (p. 54-55) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
10
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
9. FACILITATE TRACEABILITY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Burgeoning demand for jewelry that is “responsibly sourced” in accordance
with certain standards—for example, those that are produced without the use of
child or forced labor, unsafe working conditions, ties to conflict or corruption, or
significant impacts on the environment, indigenous groups or other vulnerable
communities—has increasingly prompted retailers to demonstrate the provenance
of their gemstones. As a consequence, countries and companies that can certify
their production are increasingly favored by global (especially Western) markets.
Traceability in Myanmar remains limited by gaps between operating practices and
international standards, and the informal nature of relationships throughout the
supply chain.
We recommend that MoNREC, MoPF and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
•	 Strengthen international cooperation. Much of Myanmar’s jade and
gemstones production is trafficked illegally into China and Thailand. Improved
collaboration with law enforcement, customs authorities, and industry
associations in these countries is needed to combat prevalent smuggling.
•	 Comply with OECD guidance. The government should take steps to
harmonize the legal framework with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for
Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk
Areas,18
and support Myanmar stakeholders in conforming to and documenting
their compliance with relevant standards.
•	 Identify potential for certification mechanisms. Myanmar may work
towards adopting certification systems for colored gemstones in coordination
with emerging international initiatives.19
In the case of jade, this process may be
partially informed by Tanzania’s experience developing the Tucson Tanzanite
Protocols, as both resources originate from a confined region in a single country.
18	 For more, see p. 61-62 in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
19	 For more, see p. 60-61 in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
The Natural Resource Governance Institute, an independent, non-profit organization, helps people
to realize the benefits of their countries’ oil, gas and mineral wealth through applied research, and
innovative approaches to capacity development, technical advice and advocacy.
Learn more at www.resourcegovernance.org
10. IMPROVE TRANSPARENCY
Myanmar scores poorly in terms of transparency in NRGI’s Resource Governance
Index.20
Although a growing body of independent research has helped to elevate the
quality of public debate around jade and gemstone governance, the government yet
to release key information related to the sector.
We recommend that MoNREC, the Union Parliament and the Myanmar Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative (MEITI):
•	 Publish relevant laws and contracts. The Myanmar Gemstone Law, related
amendments, and accompanying regulations and directives are not currently
accessible to stakeholders and the general public. Following the example of
countries including Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Liberia,
Malawi and Sierra Leone, Myanmar should disclose gemstone mining contracts.
•	 Expand scope of MEITI disclosures. While Myanmar’s participation in the
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has shed unprecedented
light on the extractives sector, the multi-stakeholder group must work to
strengthen reporting on the jade and gemstone industry. The country’s first
EITI report, focusing on the 2013/14 fiscal year, was limited to only 30
companies (out of approximately 900 active in the sector) and covered just
35 percent of these entities' combined payments to government.21
Myanmar
should continue working within the framework of EITI to develop a publicly-
available license cadaster and publish beneficial ownership information
pertaining to the gemstone sector.
•	 Allow for independent monitoring. To support ongoing reform and
strengthen public accountability, access to gemstone-producing areas should
be protected for academics, civil society, international organizations and
the media.
20	 The 2013 Resource Governance Index is available at: https://resourcegovernance.org/resource-
governance-index. The 2017 Resource Governance Index will be launched in Summer 2017.
21	 Based on analysis of Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: 2013/2014 Myanmar EITI
Reconciliation Report (January 2016) and Scoping Study for the First Report (September 2015).
စာတမ္းတို
၂၀၁၇ခုႏွစ္၊ ေမလ
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္
ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
လက္ရွိျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသာျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားသည္ ေဒၚလာဘီလ်ံႏွင့္ခ်ီ၍တန္ဖိုးရွိ
ေသာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္း က႑စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈ ပိုမိုေကာ
င္းမြန္ေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ ယခင္မရရွိခဲ့ဖူးေသာအခြင့္အလမ္းမ်ား ဖန္တီးေပးပါသည္။
အျခားေက်ာက္မ်က္ထြက္ရွိ ေသာႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏အေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ားအား ေလ့လာျခင္းျဖင့္
ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ က႑အားျပန္လည္ဖြဲ႔စည္းျခင္းကို ထိေရာက္စြာေဆာင္
ရြက္ႏိုင္မည္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ - ကမာၻတစ္ဝွမ္းအေတြ႔အႀကံဳမွ
သင္ခန္းစာမ်ား တြင္ စုစည္းတင္ျပထားေသာ ႏိုင္ငံ တကာ၌ က်င့္သံုးသည့္ မူဝါဒမ်ားႏွင့္
လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ားအေပၚအေျခခံလ်က္ ဤစာတမ္းတြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑
ျပဳျပင္ ေျပာင္းလဲေရးျဖစ္စဥ္အတြက္ ဦးစားေပးေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္နယ္ပယ္ ၁၀ ခုကို
မီးေမာင္းထိုးေဖာ္ျပထားပါသည္ -
၁။ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒေရးဆြဲပါ
၂။ ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ကို ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ
၃။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆိုင္ရာအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားအား ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲပါ
၄။ လိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္အား အားေကာင္းေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ
၅။ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ားကို တရားဝင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
၆။ ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား ကိုက္ညႇိပါ
၇။ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ကို ျပင္ဆင္ပါ
၈။ ျပည္တြင္းအရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို ပံ့ပိုးပါ
၉။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈလမ္းေၾကာင္းတေလ်ာက္
ျပန္လည္ေျခရာခံႏိုင္ေအာင္ ပံ့ပိုးေဆာင္ရြက္ပါ
၁၀။ ပြင့္လင္းျမင္သာမႈပိုမိုအားေကာင္ေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ပါ
2
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၁။ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒေရးဆြဲပါ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေနျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ႏွင့္သက္ဆိုင္ေသာပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားအားလံုးႏွင့္
ပြင့္လင္းစြာတိုင္ပင္ေဆြးေႏြးမႈကို ထင္ဟပ္ၿပီး ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အကန္႔အသတ္ႏွင့္သာရွိေသာ
ေက်ာက္မ်က္အရင္းအျမစ္မ်ား ေရရွည္တည္တံ့စြာဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳး တိုးတက္ေရးအတြက္
အားလံုးဝိုင္းဝန္းဦးစားေပးေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္ အခ်က္မ်ားကိုေပၚလြင္ေစကာ ဥပေဒႏွင့္ဌာန
ဆိုင္ရာ မူေဘာင္အား ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ျခင္းကို ပံုေဖာ္ေပးႏိုင္ေသာ
အမ်ိဳးသားေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒ ေရးဆြဲျခင္းက အက်ိဳးရွိပါမည္။ အဆိုပါျဖစ္စဥ္ကို
ပံ့ပိုးရန္အတြက္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းထားေသာ ညြန္႔ေပါင္း ေကာ္မတီအေနျဖင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေရးဆြဲရာ၌
အလားတူနည္းလမ္းမ်ား စတင္က်င့္သံုးခဲ့ ေသာ ပါကစၥတန္ႏိုင္ငံစသည့္
အျခားေသာႏိုင္ငံ မ်ားႏွင့္ ေတြ႔ဆံုဖလွယ္မႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။1
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားကို အစီအစဥ္တက်ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါ။
အမ်ိဳးသားေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒအား ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ထက္ ဦးစြာေရးဆြဲသင့္ၿပီး
ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ကိုျပင္ဆင္ရာတြင္ အဆိုပါမူဝါဒအေပၚ
အေျခခံသင့္ ပါသည္။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနက
ေဆာင္ရြက္ေသာမဟာဗ်ဴဟာ ေရးဆြဲျခင္းအား ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္တြင္
လက္ရွိေဆာင္ရြက္ေနသည့္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ မူေဘာင္ျပန္လည္သံုးသပ္ျခင္းႏွင့္
အနီးကပ္ညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ပါက ထိေရာက္မႈအရွိဆံုး ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မည္။
(ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၂ ကို ၾကည့္ပါ)
•	 လိုအပ္ေသာေလ့လာဆန္းစစ္မႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
ရယူႏိုင္ၿပီး ယံုၾကည္အားကိုးရေသာအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားရွားပါး ျခင္းေၾကာင့္
ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာ မူဝါဒဆိုင္ရာေဆြးေႏြးမႈမ်ား
အေပၚတြင္ အကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားရွိေနဆဲျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အမ်ိဳးသားစီမံကိန္းေရးဆြဲမႈကို
အေထာက္အကူျဖစ္ေစရန္ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ သူမ်ား၏ ဘူမိေဗဒစစ္တမ္းေကာက္ယူမႈမ်ား၊
ေဈးကြက္ဆိုင္ရာေလ့လာမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ အျခားဆန္းစစ္မႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ ႏိုင္ပါသည္။
•	 သက္ဆိုင္ေသာပုဂိၢဳလ္မ်ား ပိုမိုစံုလင္စြာပါဝင္ေသာ ေဆြးေႏြးမႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
ေဒသႏၲရႏွင့္ ေဒသခံအစိုးရ၊ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားႏွင့္ လူထုကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၏
လိုအပ္ေသာပါဝင္မႈအျပင္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ထြက္ရွိ ေသာ ေဒသမ်ားအား
အမွန္တကယ္ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ထားသည့္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ား အထူးသျဖင့္ ျမန္မာ့တပ္မေတာ္ႏွင့္
ကခ်င္လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္တို႔၏ ပါဝင္မႈသည္ အလုပ္ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေသာ
စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈနည္းဗ်ဴဟာေရးဆြဲရာတြင္ မရွိမျဖစ္ လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ဆီရာလီယြန္ႏိုင္ငံတြင္
ေဆာင္ရြက္သည့္အတိုင္း ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒေရးဆြဲျခင္းအား အမ်ိဳးျပန္လည္သင့္ျမတ္ေရးႏွင့္
ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေဆာင္ရြက္သင့္ပါသည္။2
3
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၂။ ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ကို ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ
ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ (၁၉၉၅ခုႏွစ္၊ ၂၀၁၆ခုႏွစ္ျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္) သည္
အေရးပါေသာအားနည္းခ်က္မ်ားရွိေနသည့္ အျပင္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္တြင္
ေဆြးေႏြးေနေသာ (“၂၀၁၇ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ”ျပ႒ာန္းက်င့္သံုးျခင္း အပါအဝင္)3
ထပ္ေဆာင္းျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားသည္လည္း ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑
စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ မူေဘာင္ ၏ အေရးႀကီးေသာအားနည္းခ်က္မ်ားကို
ထိေရာက္စြာေျဖရွင္းထားျခင္းမရွိပါ။ သမိုင္းတေလ်ာက္ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရ သည္
အဓိကမူဝါဒမ်ားႏွင့္ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ားကိုသတ္မွတ္ရာ၌ စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ား၊ ႐ံုးတြင္း
ၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္မ်ားကို မွီခိုအသံုးျပဳခဲ့ၾကေသာ္လည္း အဆိုပါစည္းမ်ဥ္း၊
ၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္မ်ား အား အမ်ားျပည္သူထံဖြင့္ဟထုတ္ေဖာ္ျခင္းမရွိပါ။
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ႏွင့္ သယံဇာတႏွင့္ သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရး
ဦးစီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 (တြင္းထြက္ပစၥည္းမ်ား၊ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တို႔ကို လႊမ္းၿခံဳေသာ)
တြင္းထြက္ဆိုင္ရာ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္း တစ္ခုတည္းသာ က်င့္သံုးရန္စဥ္စားပါ။
အျခားႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္မတူဘဲ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္း ႏွင့္ေက်ာက္ မ်က္မ်ားအတြက္
ဥပေဒမ်ား၊ စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ားႏွင့္ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္မ်ားအား အျခားတြင္းထြက္မ်ားႏွင့္ ခြဲျခား
သတ္မွတ္ထားပါသည္။ ထိုသို႔ခဲြျခားက်င့္သံုးေသာစနစ္သည္ မေရရာမႈျဖစ္ေပၚေစၿပီး၊
ညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ရာ တြင္လည္း စိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ား ပိုမိုျဖစ္ေပၚေစကာ စံႏႈန္းမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ရာ၌
တစ္ေျပးညီမရွိျခင္းတို႔ျဖစ္ေပၚေစ ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါဆိုးရြားေသာသက္ေရာက္မႈမ်ားသည္
အေမရိကန္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ကုန္သည္မ်ားအသင္း [American Gem Traders Association –
AGTA]က မၾကာေသးမီက အဆိုျပဳထားသည့္အတိုင္း ေက်ာက္ စိမ္းႏွင့္
အျခားေရာင္စံုေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ားအတြက္ သီးျခားဥပေဒမ်ားျပ႒ာန္းျခင္းကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါက
ပိုမိုဆိုး႐ြား သြားႏိုင္ပါသည္။4
•	 က်န္ရွိေနေသာကြာဟခ်က္မ်ားအား ေျဖရွင္းပါ။
မၾကာေသးမီကျပဳလုပ္ထားေသာျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ အဆိုျပဳ
ထားေသာျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္မ်ားအပါအဝင္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒသည္
(ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၁ တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) ေက်ာက္မ်က္ သို႔မဟုတ္
တြင္းထြက္မူဝါဒႏွင့္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈမရွိဘဲ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရ မည့္အခ်က္
၃တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ဆိုင္ရာအစိုးရအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ား၏ ဖြဲ႔စည္းပံုႏွင့္
လုပ္ပိုင္ ခြင့္အာဏာ၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၄ တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)
လိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္
၅တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားတူးေဖာ္မႈ၊ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈအား
ေစာင့္ၾကပ္ စစ္ေဆးျခင္း၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၆တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)
ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္
၇တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္၊ အၾကမ္းထည္ေဈးကြက္
ရွာေဖြျခင္းႏွင့္ေရာင္းခ်ျခင္း၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၈ တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)
အရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ ျခင္း၊ ေဒသခံမ်ား မေၾကနပ္ခ်က္တိုင္ၾကားမႈမ်ားအား
ေျဖရွင္းေပးေရးနည္းလမ္းမ်ား၊ အဂတိလိုက္စားမႈ တိုက္ ဖ်က္ေရးအစီအမံမ်ားႏွင့္
(ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၁၀တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)ပြင့္လင္းျမင္သာမႈႏွင့္
တာဝန္ခံမႈဆိုင္ရာနည္းလမ္းမ်ာႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ၿပီး လံုေလာက္စြာေျဖရွင္းေပးႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိပါ။
•	 တည္ဆဲဥပေဒမ်ား သဟဇာတျဖစ္ေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒႏွင့္ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရး၊ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈ၊
ေျမယာအခြင့္အေရးမ်ား၊ အလုပ္သမားဆိုင္ရာစံႏႈန္းမ်ား၊
ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ အခြန္စည္းၾကပ္ေကာက္ခံျခင္းဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒမ်ား
အပါအဝင္ အျခားလက္ရွိ သို႔မဟုတ္ အဆိုျပဳထားေသာ ဥပေဒ မ်ားအၾကား
မညီညြတ္မႈမ်ားကိုေျဖရွင္းရန္အတြက္
ထပ္ေဆာင္းေလ့လာသံုးသပ္မႈျပဳလုပ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။
4
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၃။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆိုင္ရာအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားအား ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲပါ
ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္း(မကလ)သည္ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ကုမၸဏီမ်ား၏
ေကာင္းမြန္ေသာစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ အတြက္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာစံႏႈန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ကိုက္ညီမႈ
မရွိေသးပါ။ မကလ၏ အလြန္ေယဘုယ်ဆန္ေသာလုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္အာဏာ၊ ၎၏
နည္းပါးေသာစြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္
က႑စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအေပၚ ပုဂၢလိက႑၏ မေလ်ာ္ကန္ေသာလႊမ္းမိုးမႈမ်ားသည္ လက္ေတြ႔တြင္
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ကိုယ္စား ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၌ ပါဝင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ား(ေလလံပြဲမ်ား)
ပံုမွန္က်င္းပျခင္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑အတြက္အဓိကထိန္းသိမ္း
ႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးအဖြဲ႔အစည္းအျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းတို႔အပါအဝင္ မကလ၏
အဓိကလုပ္ငန္းတာဝန္မ်ားကို အားနည္းေစ ပါသည္။
သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 မကလ၏ အခန္းက႑ကို ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ။
မကလ၏တာဝန္ဝတၱရားမ်ားႏွင့္ သတၱဳတြင္းဦးစီးဌာန၊ ဘူမိေဗဒ ေလ့လာေရးႏွင့္
ဓာတ္သတၱဳရွာေဖြေရးဦးစီးဌာန၊ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဦးစီးဌာန၊
(၁၉၉၅ခုႏွစ္ျမန္မာ့ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ အခန္း ၁၀ တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)
ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာႀကီးၾကပ္ေရး ဗဟိုေကာ္မတီႏွင့္ (မကလ၏လိုင္စင္
ထုတ္ေပးေရးဆိုင္ရာၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားတြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)
ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာ လုပ္ကြက္မ်ား ခြင့္ျပဳမိန္႔ခ်ထားေပးေရး၊
စစ္ေဆးေရးႏွင့္ႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းေကာ္မတီမ်ား၏ တာဝန္ဝတၱရားမ်ားႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ၿပီး
အေရးပါေသာမေရရာမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ တာဝန္ဝတၱရားမ်ားထပ္ေနျခင္းတို႔ ရွိေနဆဲျဖစ္ပါသည္။
မကလ၏လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္နယ္ပယ္ႏွင့္ ၎လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္၏အကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားကို ဥပေဒတြင္
ရွင္းလင္းစြာသတ္မွတ္ထားသင့္ၿပီး ၎၏ ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းတြင္ပါဝင္မႈအရရွိေနေသာ
လုပ္ငန္းတာဝန္မ်ားအား ထိန္သိမ္းႀကီးၾကပ္ျခင္းဆိုင္ရာလုပ္ငန္းတာဝန္မ်ားမွ ခြဲထုတ္ရန္
လိုအပ္ေသာအဆင့္မ်ားကို ေဆာင္ရြက္သင့္ ပါသည္။
•	 အက်ိဳးစီးပြားဆန္႔က်င္မႈမ်ားအား ဖယ္ရွားပါ။
ဥပေဒျပဳသူမ်ားအေနျဖင့္(ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၇ တြင္
ေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္အတိုင္း) အၿပီးသတ္တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္အဖြဲ႔အျဖစ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿပီး
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ထိန္းသိမ္း ႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးအတြက္ အႀကံဥာဏ္ေပးရန္
တာဝန္ရွိေသာေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးဗဟိုေကာ္မတီတြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ
ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားအသင္းအတြက္ ေနရာမ်ားသီျခားသတ္မွတ္ထားေပးေသာ
ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ၏ မၾကားေသးမီကျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္မ်ားကို
ျပန္လည္စဥ္းစားသင့္ပါသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ျပပြဲရန္ပံုေငြ အေမရိကန္
ေဒၚလာ သန္း ၁၀၀ခန္႔ အလြဲသံုးစားျပဳလုပ္ထားေၾကာင္း စြပ္စြဲခံရၿပီး ေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္
ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ျပပြဲမ်ားအား ႀကီးၾကပ္းျခင္းႏွင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ
သက္ဆိုင္ရာဝင္ေငြ မ်ားအား စီမံခန္႔ခြဲျခင္းတို႔တြင္ပါဝင္ေသာ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားအသင္း၏ အခန္းက႑ကို လည္း
စစ္ေဆးသင့္ပါသည္။5
•	 အစိုးရဌာနမ်ား၏ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ျမႇင့္တင္ပါ။
လက္ရွိတြင္ မကလသည္၎ခန္႔အပ္ႏိုင္ေသာဝန္ထမ္းအင္အား၏
ခန္႔မွန္းေျခတစ္ဝက္ကိုသာခန္႔အပ္ထားၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ႏွင့္
ပတ္သက္ေသာနယ္ပယ္အလိုက္ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈ ေနာက္ခံ နည္းပါးသည့္ သို႔မဟုတ္
မရွိသည့္ အဓိကအရာရွိမ်ားစြာကိုလည္း ခန္႔အပ္ထားပါသည္။ နည္းပညာ
ကၽြမ္းက်င္ေသာပညာရွင္မ်ားအား စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအဆင့္ရာထူးမ်ားအတြက္ ခန္႔အပ္ထားျခင္း
သို႔မဟုတ္ အဆိုပါ ရာထူးမ်ားသို႔ ရာထူးတိုးျမႇင့္ေပးျခင္း၊ အေသးစိတ္ႏွစ္ပတ္လည္
အစီရင္ခံစာထုတ္ေဝျခင္းႏွင့္ လူသိရွင္ၾကား စာရင္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားပံုမွန္ျပဳလုပ္ေပးျခင္း
အပါအဝင္ မကလ၏ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈကို ႏိုင္ငံတကာအေကာင္းဆံုး အေလ့အထမ်ားႏွင့္
အညီ ျဖစ္ေစသင့္ပါသည္။
5
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၄။ လိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္အား အားေကာင္းေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ တူးေဖာ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခြင့္မ်ားကို ေဈးၿပိဳင္စနစ္ျဖင့္ ခ်ေပးေသာ္လည္း
ပြင့္လင္းျမင္သာမႈမရွိျခင္းႏွင့္ အရာရွိ မ်ားႏွင့္ကုမၸဏီမ်ား
တရားမဝင္ညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းတို႔သည္ လိုင္စင္ခ်ထားေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္၏
ထိေရာက္မႈကို အားနည္းေစပါသည္။ ခြင့္ျပဳမိန္႔မ်ားအတည္ျပဳမႈသည္ လုပ္ငန္းေဆာင္ရြက္မႈမ်ားကို
ႀကီးၾကပ္ရန္ အစိုးရအဖြဲ႔အစည္း မ်ား၏ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္စြမ္းကို ေက်ာ္လြန္ေနၿပီး
လိုင္စင္ပါစည္းကမ္းခ်က္မ်ား ေဖာက္ဖ်က္မႈမ်ား အႏံွအျပားျဖစ္ေပၚေစ ပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္
ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္မႈတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈကို ထူးထူးျခားျခားတားျမစ္ထားၿပီး
အဆိုပါမူဝါဒသည္ ေခတ္မီွေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးနည္းစနစ္မ်ားႏွင့္ သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ႏွင့္
လူမႈေရးစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈ ဆိုင္ရာ စံႏႈန္းမ်ားအား က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ က်င့္သံုးႏိုင္ျခင္းကို
ထပ္မံေႏွာင့္ေႏွးေစႏိုင္ပါသည္။
သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 လိုင္စင္ခ်ထားေပးျခင္းအေပၚအကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားသတ္မွတ္ပါ။
(လက္ရွိလိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးမႈပိတ္ထားျခင္းမတိုင္ မီ) ၂၀၁၆ခုႏွစ္အေစာပိုင္း၌
လိုင္စင္ေပါင္း၂၀,၀၀၀ေက်ာ္အထိရွိေသာ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္
ေရးလိုင္စင္အမ်ားအျပား ခ်ထားေပးျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ေက်ာက္မ်က္သိုက္မ်ား
အား အလွ်င္အျမန္ ကုန္ခမ္းေစၿပီး အစိုးရ၏ တူးေဖာ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအား ႀကီးၾကပ္ႏိုင္မႈကို
က်ဆင္းေစပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရ အေနျဖင့္
လံုေလာက္ေသာႀကီးၾကပ္မႈေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ၿပီး သယံဇာတမ်ားကို ေရရွည္တည္တံ့စြာ
ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေစမည့္ လိုင္စင္အေရအတြက္သတ္မွတ္ျခင္းျဖင့္ သီရိလကၤာႏိုင္ငံ
စေသာအျခားႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏သာဓကမ်ားအတိုင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။6
•	 လိုင္စင္ႏွင့္ စာခ်ဳပ္ပါစည္းကမ္းခ်က္မ်ားကို ျပန္လည္သံုးသပ္ပါ။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ အျခား ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားထက္စာလွ်င္
စက္ယႏၲရားျဖင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းအား ပိုမိုေသးငယ္ေသာလုပ္ကြက္ အရြယ္ အစား
(ပုဂၢလိကလုပ္ကိုင္ေသာ လုပ္ကြက္မ်ားအတြက္ ၁ ဧက)ႏွင့္ ပိုမိုတိုေတာင္းေသာသက္တမ္း
(ပံုမွန္ ၃ႏွစ္မွ ၅ႏွစ္ အထိ)အတြက္ လိုင္စင္မ်ားခ်ထားေပးပါသည္။7
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑တြင္
စက္ယႏၲရားအသံုးျပဳမႈ ျမင့္မားၿပီး တူးေဖာ္ထုတ္လုပ္ရန္လိုင္စင္ရရွိထားေသာ
ေျမ ၂ဧကစီတိုင္းအတြက္ ခန္႔မွန္းေျခ ေျမတူးစက္တစ္စီး အသံုးျပဳပါသည္။
ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းကိုသင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာႏႈန္းႏွင့္လံုေလာက္ေသာ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈျဖင့္
ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊ သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္၊ လူမႈပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ႏွင့္
က်န္းမာေရးဆိုင္ရာသက္ေရာက္မႈမ်ားအား စနစ္တက်ဆန္းစစ္ျခင္းႏွင့္တားဆီးျခင္း၊
လိုအပ္ေသာအေျခခံအေဆာက္အအံုတည္ေဆာက္ျခင္းႏွင့္ စြန္႔ပစ္ ပစၥည္းမ်ားအား
တာဝန္ယူမႈရွိစြာစြန္႔ပစ္ျခင္းတို႔ကို အားေပးလာေအာင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးလိုင္စင္ပါ
သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ားအား အလိုက္သင့္ျပင္ဆင္သင့္ပါသည္ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္
၅ ကို ၾကည့္ပါ)။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းဆိုင္ရာသေဘာတူညီခ်က္မ်ားကို
ႏိုင္ငံတကာစံႏႈန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ကိုက္ညီေအာင္ နမူနာဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းပံုစံကို
ေစ့ေစ့စပ္စပ္ဆန္းစစ္အကဲျဖတ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။
•	 ေဈးၿပိဳင္တင္သြင္းေသာလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္မ်ားကို ျပင္ဆင္ပါ။
တူးေဖာ္ခြင့္မ်ားကို ကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား မွ်တစြာ ဆက္ဆံမႈ အေပၚ အေျခခံ၍ ရွင္းလင္းေသာ၊
ပြင့္လင္းေသာ၊ အၿပိဳင္အဆိုင္ရွိေသာနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ခြဲေဝခ်ထား ေပးသင့္ ပါသည္။ ေဈးၿပိဳ
င္တင္သြင္းေသာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား ပင္ရင္းပိုင္ဆိုင္ၿပီးခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္ထားသည့္
ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားသည္ မည္သူ မည္ဝါျဖစ္သည္ကို အာဏာပိုင္မ်ားႏွင့္ အမ်ားျပည္သူက
သိရွိႏိုင္သင့္ပါသည္။ စက္ယႏၲရားအသံုးျပဳေသာ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရး
စီမံကိန္းမ်ားအတြက္ အစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ လိုင္စင္ခ်ထားေပးျခင္းဆိုင္ရာ နည္းပညာ
စံသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ားကို သတ္မွတ္က်င့္သံုးသင့္ၿပီး ေလွ်ာက္ထားလာေသာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား
ျဖစ္ေပၚလာႏိုင္ေျခ ရွိေသာ အက်ိဳးစီးပြားဆန္႔က်င္မႈမ်ား၊ ယခင္က
ရာဇဝတ္မႈဆိုင္ရာလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့သည့္ အေထာက္ အထားႏွင့္ စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈ
သို႔မဟုတ္ တိုင္ၾကားမႈဆိုင္ရာမွတ္တမ္းမ်ားႏွင့္စပ္လ်ဥ္း၍စစ္ေဆးသင့္ပါသည္။
6
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၅။ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ားကို တရားဝင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
အအျခားေသာႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကဲ့သို႔ပင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းထြက္ရွိေသာေဒသမ်ား
သို႔ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ား အလံုး အရင္းျဖင့္ ဝင္ေရာက္လာျခင္း ႏွင့္တစ္ဆက္တည္း
ေရာဂါကူးဆက္ျဖစ္ပြားမႈႏွင့္ မူးယစ္ေဆးဝါးသံုးစြဲမႈတိုးျမင့္လာျခင္း၊ ရာဇဝတ္မႈမ်ားျဖစ္ပြားမႈႏွင့္
ကုမၸဏီမ်ား၏လုပ္ကြက္မ်ားအတြင္းသို႔ တရားမဝင္ ဝင္ေရာက္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းမ်ားလည္း
ျဖစ္ ေပၚလာပါသည္။ ႏိုင္ငံတကာတြင္ ႀကံဳေတြ႔ရ ေသာအေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ား
အရ အဆိုပါစိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ားအား တရားဥပေဒစိုးမိုးမႈ
အားေကာင္းေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္အလြယ္တကူေျဖရွင္းႏိုင္ျခင္း မရွိသည္ကိုေတြ႔ရရွိရၿပီး
စစ္တပ္ သို႔မဟုတ္ လံုၿခံဳေရးအဖြဲ႔မ်ားခ်ထားျခင္းသည္ တရားမဝင္တူးေဖာ္မႈကို
ေလ်ာ့က်ေစႏိုင္ဖြယ္မရွိဘဲ အၾကမ္းဖက္မႈ၊ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈႏွင့္
အဂတိလိုက္စားမႈတို႔ကိုသာ တိုးျမင့္လာေစႏိုင္ပါသည္။
သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳ ပါသည္ -
•	 ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္မႈအတြက္ ရွင္းလင္းေသာဥပေဒအေျခခံကို သတ္မွတ္ပါ။
အျခားႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုႏွင့္မတူဘဲ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္မ်က္
က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးမူေဘာင္တြင္ ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားအား ဥပေဒႏွင့္အညီ တရားဝင္
ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းမွ ဖယ္ၾကဥ္ထားပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရအေနျဖင့္
လက္လုပ္လက္စားေက်ာက္ မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးလိုင္စင္မ်ားသတ္မွတ္ေပးျခင္း၊
ေက်ာက္မ်က္သမဝါယမအသင္းမ်ားဖြဲ႔စည္းျခင္းကို အားေပး ျခင္း၊ ႏွင့္/သို႔မဟုတ္
ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္မႈ အြန္လိုင္းမွတ္ပံုတင္စနစ္စမ္းသပ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းအစရွိေသာ
ႏိုင္ငံသား တူးေဖာ္သူမ်ား၏ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္စြမ္းႏွင့္ကိုက္ညီမႈရွိေသာ
တရားဝင္ျပဳလုပ္မႈလမ္းေၾကာင္းတစ္ရပ္ ခ်မွတ္ေပးသင့္ပါသည္။
•	 ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားအား အရင္းအျမစ္မ်ား ရရွိႏိုင္ေအာင္သတ္မွတ္ေပးပါ။
ႏိုင္ငံသားတူေဖာ္သူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ တူးေဖာ္ေရးကုမၸဏီမ်ား ၏
အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားကို ဥပေဒတြင္ ရွင္းလင္းစြာသတ္မွတ္ထားသင့္ပါသည္။ ေဒသ
အလိုက္ဘူမိေဗဒအအေျခအေနအေပၚမူတည္၍ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာရတနာနယ္ေျမမ်ားကို
ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားတူးေဖာ္ရန္ အတြက္သတ္မွတ္ေပးျခင္း(ဥပမာ တန္ဇန္နီးယားႏိုင္ငံကို
ၾကည့္ပါ8
) ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ၊ ပါမစ္ရရွိထားေသာ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား
သမဝါယမအသင္းမ်ားတြင္ပါဝင္ေသာႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္မ်ားကို
ဆပ္ကန္ထ႐ိုက္ျပန္ခ်ေပးရန္ အားေပးျခင္း (ဥပမာ ဘရာဇီးႏိုင္ငံကို ၾကည့္ပါ9
)
ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။
•	 ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒသခံလူ႔အသိုက္အဝန္းမ်ားႏွင့္
ညႇိႏိႈင္းဖလွယ္မႈအားေကာင္းေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရသည္ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံသူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒသခံျပည္သူမ်ားအၾကား
စဥ္ဆက္မျပတ္ေတြ႔ဆံုညႇိႏိႈင္း ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္းကို ဦးေဆာင္ျပဳလုပ္သင့္ၿပီး ထိုသို႔
ေတြ႔ဆံုေဆြးေႏြးမႈေၾကာင့္ တန္ဇန္နီးယားႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေဒသခံ စိန္ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္း
(Community Diamond Partnership)10
ကဲ့သို႔ေသာကိစၥရပ္မ်ားတြင္ ကုမၸဏီအေနျဖင့္
စိုးရိမ္ေသာကိစၥရပ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒသခံျပည္သူမ်ား၏ လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကိုေျဖရွင္းရန္
အမ်ားလက္ခံေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ား ခ်မွတ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ပါသည္။
7
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၆။ ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား ကိုက္ညႇိပါ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၌ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑အေပၚေကာက္ခံေသာအခြန္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားသည္
အျခားႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုထက္စာလွ်င္ ပို၍ျမင့္မားၿပီး အဆိုပါျမင့္ မားေသာ အခြန္ႏႈန္းထားေၾကာင့္
ကုမၸဏီမ်ားက ေလွ်ာ့ေပါ့အစီရင္ခံမႈအား က်ယ္က်ယ္ ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ျဖစ္ေပၚေစေၾကာင္း
အေထာက္အထားမ်ားရွိပါသည္။ အဓိကဝင္ေငြရရွိမႈလမ္းေၾကာင္းမ်ားတြင္ လိုင္စင္ ေၾကးမ်ား
(လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဆုေၾကးမ်ားအျပင္ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈဆိုင္ရာအခြန္အခမ်ားပါဝင္သည္ဟု
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ နားလည္ထားၾကပါသည္)၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ကိုင္မႈအတြက္
ထုတ္လုပ္မႈေဝစု(အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအတြက္ ၂၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)၊ ရတနာခြန္
(တန္ဖိုး၏ ၂၀ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)၊ ကုန္သြယ္လုပ္ငန္းခြန္ (ပံုမွန္ ၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း အေပါင္း
ေက်ာက္မ်က္ အၾကမ္းထည္မ်ားအတြက္ အထူးကုန္စည္ခြန္ ၁၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း သို႔မဟုတ္
ေက်ာက္မ်က္အေခ်ာထည္မ်ားအတြက္ အထူးကုန္စည္ခြန္ ၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)၊ ကုမၸဏီဝင္ေငြခြန္
(ျပည္တြင္းကုမၸဏီမ်ားအတြက္ ၂၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)ႏွင့္ ဝန္ေဆာင္ခမ်ား (၁ မွ ၃ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းအထိ)
တို႔ပါဝင္ပါသည္။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားအေပၚ ျမန္မာ့တပ္မေတာ္ ႏွင့္/သို႔မဟုတ္
ကခ်င္လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္တို႔ကလည္း တရားမဝင္အခြန္ေကာက္ခံမႈမ်ားရွိပါသည္။
သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ႏွင့္
စီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ဘ႑ာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 ဘ႑ာေရးမူေဘာင္ကို ရွင္းလင္းေအာင္လုပ္ပါ။
ျပည္ေထာင္စုအေကာက္ခြန္ ဥပေဒႏွင့္ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္
ဥပေဒအၾကားမ်ားစြာ႐ႈပ္ေထြးေနျခင္း အထူးသျဖင့္ (၁၉၉၅ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ
ပုဒ္မ ၂၇(ခ) တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္)တိက်မႈမရွိေသာအခြန္ကင္းလြတ္ခြင့္မ်ားေၾ
ကာင့္ အခြန္ဆိုင္ရာစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈကိုထိေရာက္စြာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ရန္ ခက္ခဲေစပါသည္။
မကလ၊ ျပည္တြင္းအခြန္မ်ားဦးစီးဌာန၊ အေကာက္ခြန္ဦးစီးဌာနႏွင့္ အခြန္
ေကာက္ခံရန္တာဝန္ရွိေသာ အျခားအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားအၾကား ပူးေပါင္းညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္မႈ
အားနည္းလ်က္ ရွိေနပါသည္။
•	 အခြန္ထမ္းေဆာင္မႈကိုအားေပးေသာ ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ပါ။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစု၌ေကာက္ခံေသာ ရတနာခြန္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားထက္ ၂ဆ မွ
အဆ၂၀ အထိ ပိုမိုျမင့္မားစြာေကာက္ခံၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ား ေရာင္းခ်မႈ၊ တင္သြင္းမႈႏွင့္
တင္ပို႔မႈတို႔အေပၚလည္း ထူးထူးျခားျခားျမင့္မားေသာ ကုန္သြယ္လုပ္ငန္းခြန္
ေကာက္ခံပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ အခြန္ဆိုင္ရာစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအတြက္
ထူးထူးျခားျခားအခက္အခဲမ်ား ျဖစ္ေပၚေစေလ့ရွိ ေသာ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္မႈအတြက္
သီးသန္႔စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္းျဖင့္လည္း အက်ိဳးရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။11
•	 ဝင္ေငြေကာက္ခံမႈကို ျပန္လည္ထိန္းညႇိပါ။
အျခားႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုႏွင့္မတူဘဲ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆိုင္ရာ ဝင္ေငြအမ်ားစုကို
(လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဆုေၾကးမ်ားအပါအဝင္) လိုင္စင္ေၾကးမ်ား
မွတဆင့္ေကာက္ခံရရွိပါသည္။ လိုင္စဥ္ေၾကးမ်ားသည္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အား
၎၏သယံဇာတမ်ားထံမွ ဝင္ေငြေကာင္းမြန္စြာရွာေဖြေပးႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိ သည့္အျပင္
တူးေဖာ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခြင့္မ်ားအလြန္အကၽြံခ်ထားေပးျခင္းကိုလည္း
အားေပးရာေရာက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ အျခားႏိုင္ငံအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားတြင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မွ
ဝင္ေငြအဓိကရရွိေသာနည္းလမ္းျဖစ္သည့္ ရတနာခြန္မ်ားကို ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္
မွ်တစြာေကာက္ခံႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိသည့္ပံုေပၚပါသည္
(ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၇ကို ၾကည့္ပါ)။
•	 ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္ေရာင္းခ်ရန္မက္လံုးမ်ားတိုးျမႇင့္ပါ။
တရားဝင္အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားအရ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မွရရွိ ေသာဝင္ေငြအားလံုး၏
၇၀ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းကို ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းႏွင့္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားအသင္းက က်င္းပေသာ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္
ေကာက္ခံရရွိေသာ္လည္း ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ဆိုင္ရာအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားအရ
စုစုေပါင္းေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ေရာင္းဝယ္မႈ၏ ၇၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းႏွင့္အထက္သည္
ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ား၏ျပင္ပတြင္အေရာင္းအဝယ္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ခန္႔မွန္းရပါသည္။12
8
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေနျဖင့္ ဝင္ေငြအမ်ားစုေကာက္ခံရရွိေနေသာ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္
လာေရာက္ေရာင္းခ်ျခင္းကို အားေပးေစမည့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာေငြေၾကးဆိုင္ရာမက္လံုးမ်ားကို
ခ်မွတ္က်င့္သံုးရန္စဥ္းစားႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၂၀၁၃ခုႏွစ္ ကတည္းက က်င္းပေသာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္
သေဘာတူညီထားေသာေရာင္းခ်မႈမ်ား၏ တစ္ဝက္ေအာက္သာ အမွန္
တကယ္အေရာင္းအဝယ္ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ား တြင္ အေရာင္းအဝယ္ျပဳလုပ္မႈမ်ားကို
ထပ္မံေလ့လာ စစ္ေဆးရန္ လိုအပ္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။13
၇။ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ကို ျပင္ဆင္ပါ
တရားဝင္အားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ားအား ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာ
ေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမွ ကိုယ္ စားလွယ္ ၃ဦး၊ အျခားအစိုးရအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားမွ
ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ၄ဦး၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာလုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ား အသင္းမွ
ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ၁ဦးႏွင့္ ျပင္ပကၽြမ္းက်င္ပညာရွင္ ၁ဦးအပါအဝင္ လူ
၉ဦးထက္မနည္းပါဝင္ေသာ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ အဖြဲ႔က စိစစ္တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ပါသည္။
၂၀၁၁/၂၀၁၂ဘ႑ာႏွစ္ႏွင့္ ၂၀၁၅/၂၀၁၆ဘ႑ာႏွစ္အၾကား အစိုးရသည္
ထုတ္ေဖာ္ ေၾကညာေသာ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းတစ္ကီလိုဂရမ္လွ်င္ ျမန္မာက်ပ္ေငြ
၃၃၇က်ပ္မွ ၄၅၀က်ပ္အထိ(သို႔မဟုတ္ အေမရိကန္ ေဒၚလာျပား၅၀ေအာက္)ႏွင့္
ထုတ္ေဖာ္ေၾကညာေသာ ေရာင္စံုေက်ာက္မ်က္ တစ္ကာရက္လွ်င္
ျမန္မာက်ပ္ေငြ ၁၃ မွ ၁၈က်ပ္အထိ(အေမရိကန္ေဒၚလာ ၁ျပားမွ ၂ျပားအထိ)
ရရွိခဲ့ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါကိန္းဂဏန္းမ်ားအရ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ သယံဇာတမ်ားကို
မွ်တေသာေဈးကြက္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားေအာက္ မ်ားစြာေလ်ာ့နည္းလ်က္
တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္မႈမ်ား ပံုမွန္ျဖစ္ေပၚ ေနေၾကာင္း သိရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။14
သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္
စီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ဘ႑ာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 ႀကီးၾကပ္မႈကို ပိုမိုတင္းၾကပ္စြာေဆာင္ရြက္ပါ။
အျခားႏိုင္ငံအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားတြင္ ေလလံပြဲမ်ားက်င္းပျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္သူမ်ားအား
ေစခိုင္းျခင္း သို႔မဟုတ္ ရည္ၫႊန္းေဈးႏႈန္းႏွင့္ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ျခင္းတို႔ျဖင့္
တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ ငန္းစဥ္အား အကာအကြယ္ေပးထားေသာလည္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏လက္ရွိစည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ားတြင္ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္အဖြဲ႔၏
ဥကၠ႒(မကလအရာရွိတစ္ဦး)အား ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ား၏ တရားဝင္တန္ဖိုးကို
သတ္မွတ္ရာတြင္ အၿပီးသတ္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခြင့္ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္
အက်ိဳးေမွ်ာ္ကိုးလက္သိပ္ထိုးဝါဒျဖစ္ေပၚေစရန္ တံခါးဖြင့္ေပးထားပါသည္။15
မကလ
အေနျဖင့္ အရည္အခ်င္းျပည့္မီေသာ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္သူအခ်ို႕ ခန္႔အပ္ထားေသာ္လည္း
အျခားေကာ္မတီဝင္မ်ား သည္ အစိုးရ၏တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းကို မွန္မမွန္စစ္ေဆးရန္
လိုအပ္ေသာေက်ာက္မ်က္ေဗဒႏွင့္ ေဈးကြက္ဆိုင္ရာ အသိပညာ ရွိ မရွိကို
ရွင္းလင္းစြာမသိရပါ။
•	 စာရင္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
႐ုပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာႏွင့္ ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာ ေရွာင္တခင္ စာရင္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ား
ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာျပစ္ဒဏ္မ်ားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္းသည္ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား
တိတိက်က်ဖြင့္ဟထုတ္ေဖာ္ လာေစရန္ အားေပးႏိုင္ပါသည္။
စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ရာတြင္ လိုအပ္ေသာအေျခခံအေဆာက္ အအံုမ်ား
(ဥပမာ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးလုပ္ကြက္ရွိ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဓာတ္ခြဲခန္းမ်ား)
ရင္းႏွီးတည္ေဆာက္ ေပးျခင္းႏွင့္အေတြ႔အႀကံဳရွိေသာဝန္ထမ္းမ်ား
(ဥပမာေက်ာက္မ်က္တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းနည္းလမ္းမ်ား ႏွင့္/သို႔မဟုတ္
စာရင္းကိုင္လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ားအား သိရွိနားလည္ေသာဝန္ထမ္းမ်ား)
ခန္႔အပ္ထားျခင္းျဖင့္ ပံ့ပိုးေပးပါက စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားသည္
အထိေရာက္ဆံုးျဖစ္ပါသည္။
9
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား
၈။ ျပည္တြင္းအရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို ပံ့ပိုးပါ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွ ေက်ာက္မ်က္႑ႏွင့္သက္ဆိုင္ေသာပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားသည္
ျပည္တြင္းတန္ဖိုးျမႇင့္တင္ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္း လုပ္ငန္းဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးလာေအာင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္
ရရွိလာႏိုင္ေသာအက်ိဳးေက်းဇူးမ်ားကို ပိုမိုသိရွိနားလည္လာၾကပါသည္။
ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑တြင္ အဓိကပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ား၏ ဦးေဆာင္မႈေၾကာင့္ ပထမဦးဆံုးေက်ာက္မ်က္
ဓာတ္ခြဲခန္းတည္ေထာင္ ျခင္းႏွင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာအခြန္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားျပင္ဆင္ျခင္းအပါအဝင္
အေရးႀကီးေသာမူဝါဒဆိုင္ရာေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားျဖစ္ေပၚလာ ေစရန္
အေထာက္အကူျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ပါသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္းဤလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္သည္
ေရရွည္ေဆာင္ရြက္ ရမည့္လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ ျဖစ္ၿပီး အရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္း၏
အေနအထားသည္ စိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ားရင္ဆိုင္ေနရဆဲျဖစ္ၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္
ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္း၌ ကမာၻေပၚတြင္ ဦးေဆာင္ေနေသာ ေဈးကြက္သံုးခု (တ႐ုတ္ႏိုင္ငံ၊
အိႏိၵယႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ)ႏွင့္ နယ္နိမိတ္ခ်င္းထိစပ္ေနေသာ္လည္း
အဆိုပါအိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္ရန္လိုအပ္ေသာ လုပ္သားမ်ား၏ကုန္ထုတ္ စြမ္းအား
သို႔မဟုတ္ စီးပြားေရးမူဝါဒမ်ား မရွိေသးပါ။
သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊
စီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ဘ႑ာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ား
အသင္းအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ -
•	 ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ငန္းအဆင့္ဆင့္ (Value Chain) ၏ အလယ္ပိုင္း (Midstream)
ႏွင့္ေအာက္ပိုင္း (Downstream)အတြက္ အစီအစဥ္ေရးဆြဲပါ။
ေက်ာက္မ်က္ေသြးျခင္းႏွင့္အေခ်ာထည္ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္း အတြက္
တိက်ေသာလိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းရအားသာမႈရွိရန္အလားအလာရွိေသာနယ္ပယ္
မ်ားအား ေဖာ္ထုတ္ရန္ စိစစ္ေလ့လာမႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္
ပမာဏအေျမာက္အမ်ားထုတ္ လုပ္ေသာ္လည္း တ႐ုတ္၊
အိႏိၵယႏွင့္ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံတို႔မွ ေက်ာက္ေသြးသမားမ်ား အဓိကထားေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း မရွိေသာ
ပယင္း၊ ေျပာင္ေခါင္းစိမ္းႏွင့္ ပန္းညံ့စသည့္ တန္ဖိုးနိမ့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္
ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈ တိုးတက္ေအာင္စတင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။
သီရိလကၤာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အေတြ႔အႀကံဳမွသင္ခန္းစာ ယူ၍ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ကုန္အမွတ္တံဆိပ္ျမႇင့္တင္ေရးနည္းဗ်ဴဟာေရးဆြဲၿပီး
၎၏အရည္အေသြး ျမင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္း၊ ပတၱျမားႏွင့္ နီလာအတြက္
ဂုဏ္သတင္းေက်ာ္ၾကားမႈကို အသံုးခ်သင့္ပါသည္။16
•	 အတတ္ပညာျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းႏွင့္ နည္းပညာလႊဲေျပာင္းရယူျခင္းကို ပံ့ပိုးပါ။
ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈရွိေသာလုပ္သား ရွားပါးျခင္း သည္ အားေကာင္း ေသာ Value Chain
အလယ္ပိုင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာတြင္ အဓိက
အတားအဆီးတစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္ၿပီး ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၌ ဦးေဆာင္ေနေသာလက္ဝတ္ရတနာကုမၸဏီ
မ်ားသည္ အေခ်ာထည္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အမ်ားစုကို ႏိုင္ငံျခားမွတင္သြင္းကာ ျပည္တြင္းမွ
တန္ဖိုးျမႇင့္တင္ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္း မ်ားစြာသည္ အ႐ႈံးခံ၍လုပ္ကိုင္ေနၾကသည္
သို႔မဟုတ္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသား အလုပ္သမားမ်ား အား မွီခိုေနရပါသည္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အေနျဖင့္
ႏိုင္ငံတကာအရည္အေသြးမီဓာတ္ခြဲခန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ေလ့က်င့္သင္ၾကားေရးစင္တာမ်ား အထူး
သျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ထြက္ရွိေသာေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္
ျပည္တြင္းအရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္း လုပ္ငန္းအား ပံ့ပိုးေပးႏိုင္ပါသည္။
•	 ကုန္သြယ္မႈႏွင့္ အခြန္ေကာက္ခံမႈမူဝါဒမ်ားအား အလိုက္သင့္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏိုင္ငံမ်ား အပါအဝင္ အရည္အေသြး
ျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ကိုင္ေသာႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုသည္ လြတ္လပ္ေသာကုန္သြယ္မႈ မူဝါဒ
မ်ားေၾကာင့္ အက်ိဳးအျမတ္ရရွိခဲ့ၿပီး အဆိုပါႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုတြင္
ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္းက႑အတြက္ ေငြေၾကးပံ့ပိုးမႈပံုစံမ်ိဳးစုံ ေပးထားပါသည္။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ပို႔ကုန္အေကာက္ခြန္ (ေက်ာက္မ်က္အၾကမ္းထည္ တင္ပို႔မႈအေပၚ ၁၅
ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အေခ်ာထည္တင္ပို႔မႈအေပၚ ၅ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း
အခြန္ေကာက္ခံပါ သည္)၊ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ႏွင့္လက္ဝတ္ရတနာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအေပၚ
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar

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Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar

  • 1. Briefing May 2017 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar Paul Shortell Ongoing reforms present an unprecedented opportunity to improve management of Myanmar’s multi-billion-dollar jade and gemstone industry, and reorganization of the sector may proceed most effectively if it is informed by the experience of other gemstone-producing countries. Based on a review of international policies and practices, as summarized in NRGI’s report Governing the Gemstone Sector: Lessons from Global Experience, this briefing highlights ten areas that the Myanmar government may consider as priorities for the country’s reform process: 1 Develop a jade and gemstone policy. 2 Revise the legal framework. 3 Reform gemstone institutions. 4 Strengthen the licensing process. 5 Formalize citizen miners. 6 Adjust fiscal terms. 7 Amend the valuation process. 8 Support domestic beneficiation. 9 Facilitate traceability in the supply chain. 10 Improve transparency.
  • 2. 2 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 1. DEVELOP A JADE AND GEMSTONE POLICY Myanmar stands to gain from formulating a national jade and gemstone policy, which should reflect open consultation with all stakeholders, identify shared priorities for sustainable development of the country’s finite gemstone resources, and shape revi- sion of the legal and institutional framework. The multi-stakeholder committee being set up to support this process may benefit from exchange with other countries, such as Pakistan,1 that have pioneered similar approaches to strategy development. We recommend that the government: • Sequence reforms appropriately. A national jade and gemstone policy should precede and inform changes to the Myanmar Gemstone Law. Strategy develop- ment under the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) will be most advantageous if it is closely coordinated with ongoing review of the legal framework by the Union Parliament. (See consideration 2.) • Undertake necessary assessments. Policy discussion regarding the jade and gemstone sector is constrained by a scarcity of available and reliable data. Expert geological surveys, market studies, and other evaluations may be commissioned to support national planning. • Initiate broader stakeholder dialogue. Beyond the necessary involvement of regional and local government, companies, and community representatives, the participation of actors with de facto control over jade and gemstone-producing regions—most notably the Myanmar military and Kachin Independence Army—is essential to crafting a workable management strategy. As in Sierra Leone, gemstone policy development should be linked to the process of national reconciliation.2 1 See Pakistan case study (p. 37-38) in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector: Lessons from Global Experience (Natural Resource Governance Institute: May 2017). 2 See, for example, description of the Diamond Area Community Development Fund (p. 45) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
  • 3. 3 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 2. REVISE THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Myanmar Gemstone Law (1995; amended 2003 and 2016) remains critically flawed, while additional reforms under discussion in the sitting Union Parliament3 do not meaningfully address serious weaknesses in the governing framework. The government has historically relied on regulations, internal directives and contracts to establish key policies; however, these have not been publicly disclosed. We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament: • Consider adopting a single mining code (covering minerals, jade and gemstones). Unlike most countries, Myanmar separates laws, regulations, and contracts for jade and gemstones from those for other minerals. This system has created legal ambiguity, increased coordination challenges, and resulted in the uneven enforcement of standards. These negative effects would be further exac- erbated by the passage of separate laws for jade and other colored gemstones, as recently proposed by the American Gem Traders Association.4 • Address remaining gaps. The Myanmar Gemstone Law, including recent and proposed amendments, do not link to a gemstone or mining policy (see consideration 1) or adequately address the structure and mandate of gemstone sector institutions (consideration 3), the licensing process (consideration 4), mining conducted by citizens (consideration 5), production monitoring, taxation (consideration 6), the valuation process (consideration 7), rough marketing and sales, beneficiation (consideration 8), community grievance mechanisms, anti-corruption measures, and transparency and accountability mechanisms (consideration 10). • Harmonize existing laws. Further review is needed to clarify inconsisten- cies between the Myanmar Gemstone Law and other current or proposed laws, including those regarding environmental conservation, investment, land rights, labor standards, state-owned enterprises, and taxation. 3 At the time of writing reforms have been submitted to the Parliament in the form of a “2017 Myanmar Gemstone Law,” which amalgamates 2003 and 2016 changes to the 1995 law along with additional modifications proposed by the Natural Resource Committee of the Amyotha Hluttaw. 4 See Erin Murphy, Peter Kucik, and Zachary Harris, Step by Step: Myanmar Gem Industry Emerges from Isolation and U.S. Sanctions (American Gem Traders Association: 2016).
  • 4. 4 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 3. REFORM GEMSTONE INSTITUTIONS The Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE) does not yet meet international criteria for good governance of state-owned companies. MGE’s principle functions, which include participating in joint ventures on behalf of the state, managing regular emporiums (auctions) and serving as the principle regulator for the jade and gemstone industry, have been undermined in practice by its vague mandate, limited capabilities, and the undue influence of the private sector over sector management. We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament: • Revisit MGE’s role. There remains significant ambiguity and overlap between MGE’s responsibilities and those of the Department of Mines, Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, Environmental Conservation Department, Central Gemstone Central Supervisory Committee (see Chapter 10 of the 1995 Myanmar Gemstone Law), and the Working Committee for Issuing Permits, Inspecting and Supervising Gemstone Blocks (see MGE Licensing Directives). The scope and limitations of MGE’s authority should be clearly defined in law, and steps should be taken to separate its commercial functions as a joint venture partner from its regulatory responsibilities. • Eliminate conflicts of interest. Legislators should reconsider recent amendments to the Myanmar Gemstone Law that reserve seats for MGJEA on the Gemstone Central Supervisory Committee, an entity serves as the ultimate valuation body (consideration 7) and is responsible for tendering advice on sector regulation. MGJEA's role in overseeing jade and gemstone emporiums and managing certain associated revenues also merits scrutinity, particularly in light of recent allegations that association members embezzled approximately USD 100 million in emporium funds.5 • Increase institutional capacity. MGE currently employs approximately half the number of staff it is authorized to hire, and many key officers are appointed with little or no experience related to the gemstone sector. Its administration should be brought in line with best international practices, including by hiring or promoting technically skilled professionals to management positions, publishing detailed annual reports, and undergoing regular public audits. 5 See Chan Mya Htwe, “Tribunal to investigate gem association embezzlement claims” Myanmar Times, 2 June 2016.
  • 5. 5 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 4. STRENGTHEN THE LICENSING PROCESS Although Myanmar distributes extractive rights via a bidding process, the competitiveness of license allocation has been reduced by a lack of transparency and collusion between officials and companies. Approval of permits has outstripped government institutions' ability to monitor operations, contributing to widespread violations of license terms. Myanmar is unusual in prohibiting foreign investment in gemstone mining, and this policy may have further slowed the diffusion of modern mining techniques and standards for environmental and social management. We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament: • Set limits on license allocation. The approval of an unusual high number of jade and gemstone mining licenses—totaling more than 20,000 as of early 2016 (prior to the current ban on licensing)—has allowed for the rapid depletion of gemstone deposits and eroded government oversight of mining operations. Myanmar may follow the example of other countries, such as Sri Lanka,6 in setting licensing targets that preserve resources for the future and support effective monitoring. • Reconsider license and contract terms. Myanmar grants permits for mechanized gemstone mining at a smaller scale (one acre for privately operated blocks) and shorter tenure (typically three to five years) than is generally observed in other countries. The sector is also highly mechanized, with approximately one backhoe in operation for every two acres licensed for production.7 The terms of gemstone mining licenses should be adjusted to encourage extraction at an appropriate pace and with adequate investment, robust assessment and mitigation of environmental, social, and health impacts, construction of necessary infrastructure and responsible disposal of wastes, and the formal participation of citizen miners. (See consideration 5.) A comprehensive assessment of Myanmar’s model joint venture contract is needed to bring its agreements in line with international standards. • Modify bidding processes. Extractive rights should be allocated in a clear, open, and competitive manner based on equal treatment of companies. Authorities and the public should be able to know the identities of individuals who ultimately own and control bidding companies. In the case of mechanized mining projects, the government should establish technical criteria for license allocation and thoroughly assess applicants against potential conflicts of interest, evidence of past criminal activity, and record of contract violations or other grievances. 6 See Sri Lanka case study (p. 19-20) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector. 7 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
  • 6. 6 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 5. FORMALIZE CITIZEN MINERS As in other countries, the influx of citizen miners to Myanmar’s jade-producing regions has been accompanied by an uptick in disease and drug use, increased crime, and unsanctioned incursions into company concessions. International experience indicates that these challenges cannot be mitigated simply by strengthening the rule of law; augmenting the presence of military or security personnel is unlikely to deter illegal mining but may increase the incidence of human rights abuses and corruption. We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament: • Establish a clear legal basis for citizen mining. Unlike most other countries, Myanmar’s governing framework effectively excludes citizens from legally participating in gemstone extraction. The government should lay out a path for formalization that closely aligns with the capabilities of citizen miners, for example by establishing artisanal gemstone mining licenses, encouraging the organization of mining cooperatives, and/or piloting a local or web-based mining registration system for miners and traders. • Provide citizen miners access to resources. The rights of citizen miners vis- Ă -vis mining companies should be clarified in law. Depending on local geology, specific tracts may be set aside for citizen mining (see, for example, Tanzania8 ) or companies holding permits may be encouraged to subcontract citizen miners organized in cooperatives (see, for example, Brazil9 ). • Strengthen exchange between investors, citizen miners and local communities. The government should facilitate sustained dialogue between investors and local populations, which in cases such as Tanzania’s Mwadui Community Diamond Partnership10 has led to the development of shared approaches to addressing company concerns and community needs . 8 See Tanzania case study (p. 28-29) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector. 9 See Brazil case study (p. 26-27) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector. 10 Ibid 8.
  • 7. 7 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 6. ADJUST FISCAL TERMS Myanmar taxes the gemstone sector at significantly higher rates than other countries, and there is evidence that this has contributed widespread underreporting by companies. Key revenue streams include license fees (which in Myanmar is understood to cover signature bonuses as well as administrative fees), the state’s production share from joint ventures (25 percent for certain companies), royalties (20 percent of the value or rough production), commercial tax (a 5 percent general tax plus a 15 percent special commodity tax for rough gemstones or a 5 percent special commodity tax for polished gemstones), corporate income tax (25 percent for domestic companies), and service fees (1 to 3 percent). Much of the country’s jade is reported to be subject to further informal taxation by the Myanmar military and/or Kachin Independence Army. We recommend that MoNREC, the Union Parliament and the Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF): • Clarify the fiscal framework. Ambiguity in the Union Tax Law and Myanmar Gemstone Law, especially vague tax exemptions in the latter (see section 27(b) of the 1995 version), undermine effective tax administration. Coordination remains weak between MGE, the Internal Revenue Department, and other agencies involved in revenue collection. • Set rates that encourage participation. Myanmar levies royalties at rates 2 to 20 times greater than those in most countries, and also charges unusually high commercial tax on the sale, import and export of gemstones. The government may benefit from establishing special rules for citizen miners, which tend to generate special challenges for revenue collection.11 • Rebalance revenue collection. Unlike most countries, Myanmar captures a large share of gemstone revenues through license fees (including signature bonuses), which may not secure the state a good deal for its resources and can encourage the unsustainable allocation of extractive rights. The government does not appear to collect its fair share of royalties (see consideration 7), which are a primary source of gemstone revenue for many other nations. • Improve incentives to sell via the emporium. Official data indicates that around 70 percent of MGE's total revenues are collected at emporiums held jointly with MGJEA,12 yet industry sources estimate that 75 percent or more of all jade and gemstone transactions occur outside of this channel. Myanmar may consider adopting certain fiscal incentives to increase participation at the emporium given its outsized role in revenue generation. Additional scrutiny of emporium transactions also appears warranted, as less than half of sales agreed at events held since 2013 were concluded.13 11 See, for example, Sierra Leone and Guyana case studies (p. 43) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector. 12 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE). 13 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
  • 8. 8 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 7. AMEND THE VALUATION PROCESS Myanmar’s jade and gemstones are assessed by valuation bodies consisting of no fewer than nine persons, including three representatives from MGE, four from other government institutions, one from MGJEA and one external expert. For the fiscal years between 2011/2012 and 2015/2016, the Government received royalties of MMK 337 to MMK 450 (worth less than USD .50) per kilogram of jade declared and MMK 13 to MMK 18 (worth USD .01 to .02) per carat of gemstone declared.14 These figures suggest that Myanmar's resources have been routinely valued well below the fair market rate. We recommend that MoNREC and MoPF: • Toughen oversight. Current rules open the door for clientelism by allowing the chairman of the valuation body (an MGE officer) ultimate discretion in determining gemstones’ official value, whereas many other countries seek to safeguard the valuation process by holding auctions, commissioning third party valuators, or requiring checks against reference prices.15 While MGE employs a number of skilled assessors, it is unclear whether other members of the committee possess the requisite gemological and market knowledge to independently verify the government assessor’s valuation. • Conduct audits. Carrying out randomized physical and financial audits and imposing appropriate penalties may encourage accurate declarations by companies. Investigations are most effective when they supported through investments in necessary infrastructure (such as gemstone laboratories in mining areas) and acquisition of experienced staff (for example, those with knowledge of gemstone valuation methods and/or accounting practices). 14 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE). 15 See country case studies (p. 47-48) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
  • 9. 9 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 8. SUPPORT DOMESTIC BENEFICIATION Myanmar stakeholders increasingly recognize the potential benefits of developing a domestic value-added gemstone processing industry. Leadership by key industry actors has helped catalyze important policy changes, including the establishment of a first gemstone laboratory and the revision of certain tax rates. Yet it is important to recognize that the outlook for beneficiation remains challenging; Myanmar borders the world’s three leading markets for gemstone processing (China, India, and Thailand) but currently lacks the economic fundamentals or policies needed to compete with these neighbors. We recommend that MoNREC, MoPF and MGJEA: • Develop a plan for the midstream and downstream value chain. Assessments are needed to determine specific needs and potential areas of comparative advantage for the cutting and polishing industry. It may be advantageous to begin by developing expertise in lower-value gemstones such as amber, peridot, and spinel, that are produced in significant quantities in Myanmar but have not been a primary focus for Chinese, Indian and Thai cutters. Borrowing from the experience of Sri Lanka,16 Myanmar should capitalize on its reputation for high-quality jade, ruby, and sapphire by developing a national branding strategy. • Support skill development and technology transfer. A scarcity of skilled and productive labor remains a key impediment to developing a robust midstream industry; Myanmar's leading jewelry companies overwhelmingly import polished gemstones from overseas, while significant domestic value- added processing operations either operate at a loss or depend on foreign workers. The state can support domestic beneficiation by establishing international-quality laboratories and training centers, especially in gemstone- producing regions. • Adjust trade and taxation policies. Most beneficiation hubs, including Myanmar’s neighbors, benefit from liberal trade policies and provide various forms of financial support for the gemstone processing sector.17 Myanmar remains at a disadvantage in terms of export tariffs (it levies a 15 percent tax on rough gemstone exports and 5 percent tax on polished gemstone exports), taxation of gems and jewelry companies (it lacks significant tax breaks or lending facilities), and external promotion (the government does not regularly participate in international gem fairs). 16 Ibid 6. 17 See, for example, Thailand case study (p. 54-55) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
  • 10. 10 Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar 9. FACILITATE TRACEABILITY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN Burgeoning demand for jewelry that is “responsibly sourced” in accordance with certain standards—for example, those that are produced without the use of child or forced labor, unsafe working conditions, ties to conflict or corruption, or significant impacts on the environment, indigenous groups or other vulnerable communities—has increasingly prompted retailers to demonstrate the provenance of their gemstones. As a consequence, countries and companies that can certify their production are increasingly favored by global (especially Western) markets. Traceability in Myanmar remains limited by gaps between operating practices and international standards, and the informal nature of relationships throughout the supply chain. We recommend that MoNREC, MoPF and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: • Strengthen international cooperation. Much of Myanmar’s jade and gemstones production is trafficked illegally into China and Thailand. Improved collaboration with law enforcement, customs authorities, and industry associations in these countries is needed to combat prevalent smuggling. • Comply with OECD guidance. The government should take steps to harmonize the legal framework with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas,18 and support Myanmar stakeholders in conforming to and documenting their compliance with relevant standards. • Identify potential for certification mechanisms. Myanmar may work towards adopting certification systems for colored gemstones in coordination with emerging international initiatives.19 In the case of jade, this process may be partially informed by Tanzania’s experience developing the Tucson Tanzanite Protocols, as both resources originate from a confined region in a single country. 18 For more, see p. 61-62 in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector. 19 For more, see p. 60-61 in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
  • 11. The Natural Resource Governance Institute, an independent, non-profit organization, helps people to realize the benefits of their countries’ oil, gas and mineral wealth through applied research, and innovative approaches to capacity development, technical advice and advocacy. Learn more at www.resourcegovernance.org 10. IMPROVE TRANSPARENCY Myanmar scores poorly in terms of transparency in NRGI’s Resource Governance Index.20 Although a growing body of independent research has helped to elevate the quality of public debate around jade and gemstone governance, the government yet to release key information related to the sector. We recommend that MoNREC, the Union Parliament and the Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (MEITI): • Publish relevant laws and contracts. The Myanmar Gemstone Law, related amendments, and accompanying regulations and directives are not currently accessible to stakeholders and the general public. Following the example of countries including Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Liberia, Malawi and Sierra Leone, Myanmar should disclose gemstone mining contracts. • Expand scope of MEITI disclosures. While Myanmar’s participation in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has shed unprecedented light on the extractives sector, the multi-stakeholder group must work to strengthen reporting on the jade and gemstone industry. The country’s first EITI report, focusing on the 2013/14 fiscal year, was limited to only 30 companies (out of approximately 900 active in the sector) and covered just 35 percent of these entities' combined payments to government.21 Myanmar should continue working within the framework of EITI to develop a publicly- available license cadaster and publish beneficial ownership information pertaining to the gemstone sector. • Allow for independent monitoring. To support ongoing reform and strengthen public accountability, access to gemstone-producing areas should be protected for academics, civil society, international organizations and the media. 20 The 2013 Resource Governance Index is available at: https://resourcegovernance.org/resource- governance-index. The 2017 Resource Governance Index will be launched in Summer 2017. 21 Based on analysis of Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: 2013/2014 Myanmar EITI Reconciliation Report (January 2016) and Scoping Study for the First Report (September 2015).
  • 12. စာတမ္းတို ၂၀၁၇ခုႏွစ္၊ ေမလ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား လက္ရွိျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသာျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားသည္ ေဒၚလာဘီလ်ံႏွင့္ခ်ီ၍တန္ဖိုးရွိ ေသာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္း က႑စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈ ပိုမိုေကာ င္းမြန္ေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ ယခင္မရရွိခဲ့ဖူးေသာအခြင့္အလမ္းမ်ား ဖန္တီးေပးပါသည္။ အျခားေက်ာက္မ်က္ထြက္ရွိ ေသာႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏အေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ားအား ေလ့လာျခင္းျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ က႑အားျပန္လည္ဖြဲ႔စည္းျခင္းကို ထိေရာက္စြာေဆာင္ ရြက္ႏိုင္မည္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ - ကမာၻတစ္ဝွမ္းအေတြ႔အႀကံဳမွ သင္ခန္းစာမ်ား တြင္ စုစည္းတင္ျပထားေသာ ႏိုင္ငံ တကာ၌ က်င့္သံုးသည့္ မူဝါဒမ်ားႏွင့္ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ားအေပၚအေျခခံလ်က္ ဤစာတမ္းတြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ ျပဳျပင္ ေျပာင္းလဲေရးျဖစ္စဥ္အတြက္ ဦးစားေပးေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္နယ္ပယ္ ၁၀ ခုကို မီးေမာင္းထိုးေဖာ္ျပထားပါသည္ - ၁။ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒေရးဆြဲပါ ၂။ ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ကို ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ ၃။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆိုင္ရာအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားအား ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲပါ ၄။ လိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္အား အားေကာင္းေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ ၅။ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ားကို တရားဝင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ၆။ ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား ကိုက္ညႇိပါ ၇။ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ကို ျပင္ဆင္ပါ ၈။ ျပည္တြင္းအရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို ပံ့ပိုးပါ ၉။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈလမ္းေၾကာင္းတေလ်ာက္ ျပန္လည္ေျခရာခံႏိုင္ေအာင္ ပံ့ပိုးေဆာင္ရြက္ပါ ၁၀။ ပြင့္လင္းျမင္သာမႈပိုမိုအားေကာင္ေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ပါ
  • 13. 2 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၁။ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒေရးဆြဲပါ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေနျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ႏွင့္သက္ဆိုင္ေသာပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားအားလံုးႏွင့္ ပြင့္လင္းစြာတိုင္ပင္ေဆြးေႏြးမႈကို ထင္ဟပ္ၿပီး ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အကန္႔အသတ္ႏွင့္သာရွိေသာ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အရင္းအျမစ္မ်ား ေရရွည္တည္တံ့စြာဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳး တိုးတက္ေရးအတြက္ အားလံုးဝိုင္းဝန္းဦးစားေပးေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္ အခ်က္မ်ားကိုေပၚလြင္ေစကာ ဥပေဒႏွင့္ဌာန ဆိုင္ရာ မူေဘာင္အား ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ျခင္းကို ပံုေဖာ္ေပးႏိုင္ေသာ အမ်ိဳးသားေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒ ေရးဆြဲျခင္းက အက်ိဳးရွိပါမည္။ အဆိုပါျဖစ္စဥ္ကို ပံ့ပိုးရန္အတြက္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းထားေသာ ညြန္႔ေပါင္း ေကာ္မတီအေနျဖင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေရးဆြဲရာ၌ အလားတူနည္းလမ္းမ်ား စတင္က်င့္သံုးခဲ့ ေသာ ပါကစၥတန္ႏိုင္ငံစသည့္ အျခားေသာႏိုင္ငံ မ်ားႏွင့္ ေတြ႔ဆံုဖလွယ္မႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။1 ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားကို အစီအစဥ္တက်ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါ။ အမ်ိဳးသားေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒအား ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ထက္ ဦးစြာေရးဆြဲသင့္ၿပီး ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ကိုျပင္ဆင္ရာတြင္ အဆိုပါမူဝါဒအေပၚ အေျခခံသင့္ ပါသည္။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနက ေဆာင္ရြက္ေသာမဟာဗ်ဴဟာ ေရးဆြဲျခင္းအား ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္တြင္ လက္ရွိေဆာင္ရြက္ေနသည့္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ မူေဘာင္ျပန္လည္သံုးသပ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ အနီးကပ္ညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ပါက ထိေရာက္မႈအရွိဆံုး ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မည္။ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၂ ကို ၾကည့္ပါ) • လိုအပ္ေသာေလ့လာဆန္းစစ္မႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ရယူႏိုင္ၿပီး ယံုၾကည္အားကိုးရေသာအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားရွားပါး ျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာ မူဝါဒဆိုင္ရာေဆြးေႏြးမႈမ်ား အေပၚတြင္ အကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားရွိေနဆဲျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အမ်ိဳးသားစီမံကိန္းေရးဆြဲမႈကို အေထာက္အကူျဖစ္ေစရန္ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ သူမ်ား၏ ဘူမိေဗဒစစ္တမ္းေကာက္ယူမႈမ်ား၊ ေဈးကြက္ဆိုင္ရာေလ့လာမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ အျခားဆန္းစစ္မႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ • သက္ဆိုင္ေသာပုဂိၢဳလ္မ်ား ပိုမိုစံုလင္စြာပါဝင္ေသာ ေဆြးေႏြးမႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ေဒသႏၲရႏွင့္ ေဒသခံအစိုးရ၊ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားႏွင့္ လူထုကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၏ လိုအပ္ေသာပါဝင္မႈအျပင္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ထြက္ရွိ ေသာ ေဒသမ်ားအား အမွန္တကယ္ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ထားသည့္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ား အထူးသျဖင့္ ျမန္မာ့တပ္မေတာ္ႏွင့္ ကခ်င္လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္တို႔၏ ပါဝင္မႈသည္ အလုပ္ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေသာ စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈနည္းဗ်ဴဟာေရးဆြဲရာတြင္ မရွိမျဖစ္ လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ဆီရာလီယြန္ႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည့္အတိုင္း ေက်ာက္မ်က္မူဝါဒေရးဆြဲျခင္းအား အမ်ိဳးျပန္လည္သင့္ျမတ္ေရးႏွင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေဆာင္ရြက္သင့္ပါသည္။2
  • 14. 3 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၂။ ဥပေဒမူေဘာင္ကို ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ (၁၉၉၅ခုႏွစ္၊ ၂၀၁၆ခုႏွစ္ျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္) သည္ အေရးပါေသာအားနည္းခ်က္မ်ားရွိေနသည့္ အျပင္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္တြင္ ေဆြးေႏြးေနေသာ (“၂၀၁၇ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ”ျပ႒ာန္းက်င့္သံုးျခင္း အပါအဝင္)3 ထပ္ေဆာင္းျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားသည္လည္း ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ မူေဘာင္ ၏ အေရးႀကီးေသာအားနည္းခ်က္မ်ားကို ထိေရာက္စြာေျဖရွင္းထားျခင္းမရွိပါ။ သမိုင္းတေလ်ာက္ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရ သည္ အဓိကမူဝါဒမ်ားႏွင့္ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ားကိုသတ္မွတ္ရာ၌ စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ား၊ ႐ံုးတြင္း ၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္မ်ားကို မွီခိုအသံုးျပဳခဲ့ၾကေသာ္လည္း အဆိုပါစည္းမ်ဥ္း၊ ၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္မ်ား အား အမ်ားျပည္သူထံဖြင့္ဟထုတ္ေဖာ္ျခင္းမရွိပါ။ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ႏွင့္ သယံဇာတႏွင့္ သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရး ဦးစီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • (တြင္းထြက္ပစၥည္းမ်ား၊ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တို႔ကို လႊမ္းၿခံဳေသာ) တြင္းထြက္ဆိုင္ရာ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္း တစ္ခုတည္းသာ က်င့္သံုးရန္စဥ္စားပါ။ အျခားႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္မတူဘဲ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္း ႏွင့္ေက်ာက္ မ်က္မ်ားအတြက္ ဥပေဒမ်ား၊ စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ားႏွင့္ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္မ်ားအား အျခားတြင္းထြက္မ်ားႏွင့္ ခြဲျခား သတ္မွတ္ထားပါသည္။ ထိုသို႔ခဲြျခားက်င့္သံုးေသာစနစ္သည္ မေရရာမႈျဖစ္ေပၚေစၿပီး၊ ညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ရာ တြင္လည္း စိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ား ပိုမိုျဖစ္ေပၚေစကာ စံႏႈန္းမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ရာ၌ တစ္ေျပးညီမရွိျခင္းတို႔ျဖစ္ေပၚေစ ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါဆိုးရြားေသာသက္ေရာက္မႈမ်ားသည္ အေမရိကန္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ကုန္သည္မ်ားအသင္း [American Gem Traders Association – AGTA]က မၾကာေသးမီက အဆိုျပဳထားသည့္အတိုင္း ေက်ာက္ စိမ္းႏွင့္ အျခားေရာင္စံုေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ားအတြက္ သီးျခားဥပေဒမ်ားျပ႒ာန္းျခင္းကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါက ပိုမိုဆိုး႐ြား သြားႏိုင္ပါသည္။4 • က်န္ရွိေနေသာကြာဟခ်က္မ်ားအား ေျဖရွင္းပါ။ မၾကာေသးမီကျပဳလုပ္ထားေသာျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ အဆိုျပဳ ထားေသာျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္မ်ားအပါအဝင္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒသည္ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၁ တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) ေက်ာက္မ်က္ သို႔မဟုတ္ တြင္းထြက္မူဝါဒႏွင့္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈမရွိဘဲ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရ မည့္အခ်က္ ၃တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ဆိုင္ရာအစိုးရအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ား၏ ဖြဲ႔စည္းပံုႏွင့္ လုပ္ပိုင္ ခြင့္အာဏာ၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၄ တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) လိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၅တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားတူးေဖာ္မႈ၊ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈအား ေစာင့္ၾကပ္ စစ္ေဆးျခင္း၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၆တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၇တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္၊ အၾကမ္းထည္ေဈးကြက္ ရွာေဖြျခင္းႏွင့္ေရာင္းခ်ျခင္း၊ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၈ တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) အရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ ျခင္း၊ ေဒသခံမ်ား မေၾကနပ္ခ်က္တိုင္ၾကားမႈမ်ားအား ေျဖရွင္းေပးေရးနည္းလမ္းမ်ား၊ အဂတိလိုက္စားမႈ တိုက္ ဖ်က္ေရးအစီအမံမ်ားႏွင့္ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၁၀တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ)ပြင့္လင္းျမင္သာမႈႏွင့္ တာဝန္ခံမႈဆိုင္ရာနည္းလမ္းမ်ာႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ၿပီး လံုေလာက္စြာေျဖရွင္းေပးႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိပါ။ • တည္ဆဲဥပေဒမ်ား သဟဇာတျဖစ္ေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒႏွင့္ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရး၊ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈ၊ ေျမယာအခြင့္အေရးမ်ား၊ အလုပ္သမားဆိုင္ရာစံႏႈန္းမ်ား၊ ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ အခြန္စည္းၾကပ္ေကာက္ခံျခင္းဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒမ်ား အပါအဝင္ အျခားလက္ရွိ သို႔မဟုတ္ အဆိုျပဳထားေသာ ဥပေဒ မ်ားအၾကား မညီညြတ္မႈမ်ားကိုေျဖရွင္းရန္အတြက္ ထပ္ေဆာင္းေလ့လာသံုးသပ္မႈျပဳလုပ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။
  • 15. 4 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၃။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆိုင္ရာအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားအား ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲပါ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္း(မကလ)သည္ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ကုမၸဏီမ်ား၏ ေကာင္းမြန္ေသာစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ အတြက္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာစံႏႈန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ကိုက္ညီမႈ မရွိေသးပါ။ မကလ၏ အလြန္ေယဘုယ်ဆန္ေသာလုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္အာဏာ၊ ၎၏ နည္းပါးေသာစြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ က႑စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအေပၚ ပုဂၢလိက႑၏ မေလ်ာ္ကန္ေသာလႊမ္းမိုးမႈမ်ားသည္ လက္ေတြ႔တြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ကိုယ္စား ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၌ ပါဝင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ား(ေလလံပြဲမ်ား) ပံုမွန္က်င္းပျခင္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑အတြက္အဓိကထိန္းသိမ္း ႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးအဖြဲ႔အစည္းအျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းတို႔အပါအဝင္ မကလ၏ အဓိကလုပ္ငန္းတာဝန္မ်ားကို အားနည္းေစ ပါသည္။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • မကလ၏ အခန္းက႑ကို ျပန္လည္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ။ မကလ၏တာဝန္ဝတၱရားမ်ားႏွင့္ သတၱဳတြင္းဦးစီးဌာန၊ ဘူမိေဗဒ ေလ့လာေရးႏွင့္ ဓာတ္သတၱဳရွာေဖြေရးဦးစီးဌာန၊ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဦးစီးဌာန၊ (၁၉၉၅ခုႏွစ္ျမန္မာ့ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ အခန္း ၁၀ တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာႀကီးၾကပ္ေရး ဗဟိုေကာ္မတီႏွင့္ (မကလ၏လိုင္စင္ ထုတ္ေပးေရးဆိုင္ရာၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားတြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ) ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာ လုပ္ကြက္မ်ား ခြင့္ျပဳမိန္႔ခ်ထားေပးေရး၊ စစ္ေဆးေရးႏွင့္ႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းေကာ္မတီမ်ား၏ တာဝန္ဝတၱရားမ်ားႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ၿပီး အေရးပါေသာမေရရာမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ တာဝန္ဝတၱရားမ်ားထပ္ေနျခင္းတို႔ ရွိေနဆဲျဖစ္ပါသည္။ မကလ၏လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္နယ္ပယ္ႏွင့္ ၎လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္၏အကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားကို ဥပေဒတြင္ ရွင္းလင္းစြာသတ္မွတ္ထားသင့္ၿပီး ၎၏ ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းတြင္ပါဝင္မႈအရရွိေနေသာ လုပ္ငန္းတာဝန္မ်ားအား ထိန္သိမ္းႀကီးၾကပ္ျခင္းဆိုင္ရာလုပ္ငန္းတာဝန္မ်ားမွ ခြဲထုတ္ရန္ လိုအပ္ေသာအဆင့္မ်ားကို ေဆာင္ရြက္သင့္ ပါသည္။ • အက်ိဳးစီးပြားဆန္႔က်င္မႈမ်ားအား ဖယ္ရွားပါ။ ဥပေဒျပဳသူမ်ားအေနျဖင့္(ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၇ တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္အတိုင္း) အၿပီးသတ္တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္အဖြဲ႔အျဖစ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ထိန္းသိမ္း ႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးအတြက္ အႀကံဥာဏ္ေပးရန္ တာဝန္ရွိေသာေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးဗဟိုေကာ္မတီတြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားအသင္းအတြက္ ေနရာမ်ားသီျခားသတ္မွတ္ထားေပးေသာ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ၏ မၾကားေသးမီကျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္မ်ားကို ျပန္လည္စဥ္းစားသင့္ပါသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ျပပြဲရန္ပံုေငြ အေမရိကန္ ေဒၚလာ သန္း ၁၀၀ခန္႔ အလြဲသံုးစားျပဳလုပ္ထားေၾကာင္း စြပ္စြဲခံရၿပီး ေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ျပပြဲမ်ားအား ႀကီးၾကပ္းျခင္းႏွင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ သက္ဆိုင္ရာဝင္ေငြ မ်ားအား စီမံခန္႔ခြဲျခင္းတို႔တြင္ပါဝင္ေသာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားအသင္း၏ အခန္းက႑ကို လည္း စစ္ေဆးသင့္ပါသည္။5 • အစိုးရဌာနမ်ား၏ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ျမႇင့္တင္ပါ။ လက္ရွိတြင္ မကလသည္၎ခန္႔အပ္ႏိုင္ေသာဝန္ထမ္းအင္အား၏ ခန္႔မွန္းေျခတစ္ဝက္ကိုသာခန္႔အပ္ထားၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာနယ္ပယ္အလိုက္ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈ ေနာက္ခံ နည္းပါးသည့္ သို႔မဟုတ္ မရွိသည့္ အဓိကအရာရွိမ်ားစြာကိုလည္း ခန္႔အပ္ထားပါသည္။ နည္းပညာ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ေသာပညာရွင္မ်ားအား စီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအဆင့္ရာထူးမ်ားအတြက္ ခန္႔အပ္ထားျခင္း သို႔မဟုတ္ အဆိုပါ ရာထူးမ်ားသို႔ ရာထူးတိုးျမႇင့္ေပးျခင္း၊ အေသးစိတ္ႏွစ္ပတ္လည္ အစီရင္ခံစာထုတ္ေဝျခင္းႏွင့္ လူသိရွင္ၾကား စာရင္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားပံုမွန္ျပဳလုပ္ေပးျခင္း အပါအဝင္ မကလ၏ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈကို ႏိုင္ငံတကာအေကာင္းဆံုး အေလ့အထမ်ားႏွင့္ အညီ ျဖစ္ေစသင့္ပါသည္။
  • 16. 5 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၄။ လိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္အား အားေကာင္းေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ တူးေဖာ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခြင့္မ်ားကို ေဈးၿပိဳင္စနစ္ျဖင့္ ခ်ေပးေသာ္လည္း ပြင့္လင္းျမင္သာမႈမရွိျခင္းႏွင့္ အရာရွိ မ်ားႏွင့္ကုမၸဏီမ်ား တရားမဝင္ညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းတို႔သည္ လိုင္စင္ခ်ထားေပးေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္၏ ထိေရာက္မႈကို အားနည္းေစပါသည္။ ခြင့္ျပဳမိန္႔မ်ားအတည္ျပဳမႈသည္ လုပ္ငန္းေဆာင္ရြက္မႈမ်ားကို ႀကီးၾကပ္ရန္ အစိုးရအဖြဲ႔အစည္း မ်ား၏ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္စြမ္းကို ေက်ာ္လြန္ေနၿပီး လိုင္စင္ပါစည္းကမ္းခ်က္မ်ား ေဖာက္ဖ်က္မႈမ်ား အႏံွအျပားျဖစ္ေပၚေစ ပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္မႈတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈကို ထူးထူးျခားျခားတားျမစ္ထားၿပီး အဆိုပါမူဝါဒသည္ ေခတ္မီွေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးနည္းစနစ္မ်ားႏွင့္ သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ႏွင့္ လူမႈေရးစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈ ဆိုင္ရာ စံႏႈန္းမ်ားအား က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ က်င့္သံုးႏိုင္ျခင္းကို ထပ္မံေႏွာင့္ေႏွးေစႏိုင္ပါသည္။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • လိုင္စင္ခ်ထားေပးျခင္းအေပၚအကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားသတ္မွတ္ပါ။ (လက္ရွိလိုင္စင္ထုတ္ေပးမႈပိတ္ထားျခင္းမတိုင္ မီ) ၂၀၁၆ခုႏွစ္အေစာပိုင္း၌ လိုင္စင္ေပါင္း၂၀,၀၀၀ေက်ာ္အထိရွိေသာ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ ေရးလိုင္စင္အမ်ားအျပား ခ်ထားေပးျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ေက်ာက္မ်က္သိုက္မ်ား အား အလွ်င္အျမန္ ကုန္ခမ္းေစၿပီး အစိုးရ၏ တူးေဖာ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအား ႀကီးၾကပ္ႏိုင္မႈကို က်ဆင္းေစပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရ အေနျဖင့္ လံုေလာက္ေသာႀကီးၾကပ္မႈေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ၿပီး သယံဇာတမ်ားကို ေရရွည္တည္တံ့စြာ ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေစမည့္ လိုင္စင္အေရအတြက္သတ္မွတ္ျခင္းျဖင့္ သီရိလကၤာႏိုင္ငံ စေသာအျခားႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏သာဓကမ်ားအတိုင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။6 • လိုင္စင္ႏွင့္ စာခ်ဳပ္ပါစည္းကမ္းခ်က္မ်ားကို ျပန္လည္သံုးသပ္ပါ။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ အျခား ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားထက္စာလွ်င္ စက္ယႏၲရားျဖင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းအား ပိုမိုေသးငယ္ေသာလုပ္ကြက္ အရြယ္ အစား (ပုဂၢလိကလုပ္ကိုင္ေသာ လုပ္ကြက္မ်ားအတြက္ ၁ ဧက)ႏွင့္ ပိုမိုတိုေတာင္းေသာသက္တမ္း (ပံုမွန္ ၃ႏွစ္မွ ၅ႏွစ္ အထိ)အတြက္ လိုင္စင္မ်ားခ်ထားေပးပါသည္။7 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑တြင္ စက္ယႏၲရားအသံုးျပဳမႈ ျမင့္မားၿပီး တူးေဖာ္ထုတ္လုပ္ရန္လိုင္စင္ရရွိထားေသာ ေျမ ၂ဧကစီတိုင္းအတြက္ ခန္႔မွန္းေျခ ေျမတူးစက္တစ္စီး အသံုးျပဳပါသည္။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းကိုသင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာႏႈန္းႏွင့္လံုေလာက္ေသာ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊ သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္၊ လူမႈပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ႏွင့္ က်န္းမာေရးဆိုင္ရာသက္ေရာက္မႈမ်ားအား စနစ္တက်ဆန္းစစ္ျခင္းႏွင့္တားဆီးျခင္း၊ လိုအပ္ေသာအေျခခံအေဆာက္အအံုတည္ေဆာက္ျခင္းႏွင့္ စြန္႔ပစ္ ပစၥည္းမ်ားအား တာဝန္ယူမႈရွိစြာစြန္႔ပစ္ျခင္းတို႔ကို အားေပးလာေအာင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးလိုင္စင္ပါ သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ားအား အလိုက္သင့္ျပင္ဆင္သင့္ပါသည္ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၅ ကို ၾကည့္ပါ)။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းဆိုင္ရာသေဘာတူညီခ်က္မ်ားကို ႏိုင္ငံတကာစံႏႈန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ကိုက္ညီေအာင္ နမူနာဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္းပံုစံကို ေစ့ေစ့စပ္စပ္ဆန္းစစ္အကဲျဖတ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ • ေဈးၿပိဳင္တင္သြင္းေသာလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္မ်ားကို ျပင္ဆင္ပါ။ တူးေဖာ္ခြင့္မ်ားကို ကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား မွ်တစြာ ဆက္ဆံမႈ အေပၚ အေျခခံ၍ ရွင္းလင္းေသာ၊ ပြင့္လင္းေသာ၊ အၿပိဳင္အဆိုင္ရွိေသာနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ခြဲေဝခ်ထား ေပးသင့္ ပါသည္။ ေဈးၿပိဳ င္တင္သြင္းေသာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား ပင္ရင္းပိုင္ဆိုင္ၿပီးခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္ထားသည့္ ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားသည္ မည္သူ မည္ဝါျဖစ္သည္ကို အာဏာပိုင္မ်ားႏွင့္ အမ်ားျပည္သူက သိရွိႏိုင္သင့္ပါသည္။ စက္ယႏၲရားအသံုးျပဳေသာ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရး စီမံကိန္းမ်ားအတြက္ အစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ လိုင္စင္ခ်ထားေပးျခင္းဆိုင္ရာ နည္းပညာ စံသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ားကို သတ္မွတ္က်င့္သံုးသင့္ၿပီး ေလွ်ာက္ထားလာေသာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား ျဖစ္ေပၚလာႏိုင္ေျခ ရွိေသာ အက်ိဳးစီးပြားဆန္႔က်င္မႈမ်ား၊ ယခင္က ရာဇဝတ္မႈဆိုင္ရာလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့သည့္ အေထာက္ အထားႏွင့္ စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈ သို႔မဟုတ္ တိုင္ၾကားမႈဆိုင္ရာမွတ္တမ္းမ်ားႏွင့္စပ္လ်ဥ္း၍စစ္ေဆးသင့္ပါသည္။
  • 17. 6 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၅။ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ားကို တရားဝင္ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ အအျခားေသာႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကဲ့သို႔ပင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းထြက္ရွိေသာေဒသမ်ား သို႔ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ား အလံုး အရင္းျဖင့္ ဝင္ေရာက္လာျခင္း ႏွင့္တစ္ဆက္တည္း ေရာဂါကူးဆက္ျဖစ္ပြားမႈႏွင့္ မူးယစ္ေဆးဝါးသံုးစြဲမႈတိုးျမင့္လာျခင္း၊ ရာဇဝတ္မႈမ်ားျဖစ္ပြားမႈႏွင့္ ကုမၸဏီမ်ား၏လုပ္ကြက္မ်ားအတြင္းသို႔ တရားမဝင္ ဝင္ေရာက္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းမ်ားလည္း ျဖစ္ ေပၚလာပါသည္။ ႏိုင္ငံတကာတြင္ ႀကံဳေတြ႔ရ ေသာအေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ား အရ အဆိုပါစိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ားအား တရားဥပေဒစိုးမိုးမႈ အားေကာင္းေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္အလြယ္တကူေျဖရွင္းႏိုင္ျခင္း မရွိသည္ကိုေတြ႔ရရွိရၿပီး စစ္တပ္ သို႔မဟုတ္ လံုၿခံဳေရးအဖြဲ႔မ်ားခ်ထားျခင္းသည္ တရားမဝင္တူးေဖာ္မႈကို ေလ်ာ့က်ေစႏိုင္ဖြယ္မရွိဘဲ အၾကမ္းဖက္မႈ၊ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈႏွင့္ အဂတိလိုက္စားမႈတို႔ကိုသာ တိုးျမင့္လာေစႏိုင္ပါသည္။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳ ပါသည္ - • ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္မႈအတြက္ ရွင္းလင္းေသာဥပေဒအေျခခံကို သတ္မွတ္ပါ။ အျခားႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုႏွင့္မတူဘဲ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးမူေဘာင္တြင္ ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားအား ဥပေဒႏွင့္အညီ တရားဝင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းမွ ဖယ္ၾကဥ္ထားပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ လက္လုပ္လက္စားေက်ာက္ မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးလိုင္စင္မ်ားသတ္မွတ္ေပးျခင္း၊ ေက်ာက္မ်က္သမဝါယမအသင္းမ်ားဖြဲ႔စည္းျခင္းကို အားေပး ျခင္း၊ ႏွင့္/သို႔မဟုတ္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္မႈ အြန္လိုင္းမွတ္ပံုတင္စနစ္စမ္းသပ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းအစရွိေသာ ႏိုင္ငံသား တူးေဖာ္သူမ်ား၏ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္စြမ္းႏွင့္ကိုက္ညီမႈရွိေသာ တရားဝင္ျပဳလုပ္မႈလမ္းေၾကာင္းတစ္ရပ္ ခ်မွတ္ေပးသင့္ပါသည္။ • ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားအား အရင္းအျမစ္မ်ား ရရွိႏိုင္ေအာင္သတ္မွတ္ေပးပါ။ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူေဖာ္သူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ တူးေဖာ္ေရးကုမၸဏီမ်ား ၏ အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားကို ဥပေဒတြင္ ရွင္းလင္းစြာသတ္မွတ္ထားသင့္ပါသည္။ ေဒသ အလိုက္ဘူမိေဗဒအအေျခအေနအေပၚမူတည္၍ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာရတနာနယ္ေျမမ်ားကို ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားတူးေဖာ္ရန္ အတြက္သတ္မွတ္ေပးျခင္း(ဥပမာ တန္ဇန္နီးယားႏိုင္ငံကို ၾကည့္ပါ8 ) ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ၊ ပါမစ္ရရွိထားေသာ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား သမဝါယမအသင္းမ်ားတြင္ပါဝင္ေသာႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္မ်ားကို ဆပ္ကန္ထ႐ိုက္ျပန္ခ်ေပးရန္ အားေပးျခင္း (ဥပမာ ဘရာဇီးႏိုင္ငံကို ၾကည့္ပါ9 ) ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ • ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္သူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒသခံလူ႔အသိုက္အဝန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ညႇိႏိႈင္းဖလွယ္မႈအားေကာင္းေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရသည္ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံသူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒသခံျပည္သူမ်ားအၾကား စဥ္ဆက္မျပတ္ေတြ႔ဆံုညႇိႏိႈင္း ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္းကို ဦးေဆာင္ျပဳလုပ္သင့္ၿပီး ထိုသို႔ ေတြ႔ဆံုေဆြးေႏြးမႈေၾကာင့္ တန္ဇန္နီးယားႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေဒသခံ စိန္ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ငန္း (Community Diamond Partnership)10 ကဲ့သို႔ေသာကိစၥရပ္မ်ားတြင္ ကုမၸဏီအေနျဖင့္ စိုးရိမ္ေသာကိစၥရပ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒသခံျပည္သူမ်ား၏ လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကိုေျဖရွင္းရန္ အမ်ားလက္ခံေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ား ခ်မွတ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ပါသည္။
  • 18. 7 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၆။ ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား ကိုက္ညႇိပါ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၌ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑အေပၚေကာက္ခံေသာအခြန္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားသည္ အျခားႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုထက္စာလွ်င္ ပို၍ျမင့္မားၿပီး အဆိုပါျမင့္ မားေသာ အခြန္ႏႈန္းထားေၾကာင့္ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားက ေလွ်ာ့ေပါ့အစီရင္ခံမႈအား က်ယ္က်ယ္ ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ျဖစ္ေပၚေစေၾကာင္း အေထာက္အထားမ်ားရွိပါသည္။ အဓိကဝင္ေငြရရွိမႈလမ္းေၾကာင္းမ်ားတြင္ လိုင္စင္ ေၾကးမ်ား (လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဆုေၾကးမ်ားအျပင္ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈဆိုင္ရာအခြန္အခမ်ားပါဝင္သည္ဟု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ နားလည္ထားၾကပါသည္)၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ကိုင္မႈအတြက္ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈေဝစု(အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအတြက္ ၂၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)၊ ရတနာခြန္ (တန္ဖိုး၏ ၂၀ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)၊ ကုန္သြယ္လုပ္ငန္းခြန္ (ပံုမွန္ ၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း အေပါင္း ေက်ာက္မ်က္ အၾကမ္းထည္မ်ားအတြက္ အထူးကုန္စည္ခြန္ ၁၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း သို႔မဟုတ္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အေခ်ာထည္မ်ားအတြက္ အထူးကုန္စည္ခြန္ ၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)၊ ကုမၸဏီဝင္ေငြခြန္ (ျပည္တြင္းကုမၸဏီမ်ားအတြက္ ၂၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း)ႏွင့္ ဝန္ေဆာင္ခမ်ား (၁ မွ ၃ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းအထိ) တို႔ပါဝင္ပါသည္။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားအေပၚ ျမန္မာ့တပ္မေတာ္ ႏွင့္/သို႔မဟုတ္ ကခ်င္လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္တို႔ကလည္း တရားမဝင္အခြန္ေကာက္ခံမႈမ်ားရွိပါသည္။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ႏွင့္ စီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ဘ႑ာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • ဘ႑ာေရးမူေဘာင္ကို ရွင္းလင္းေအာင္လုပ္ပါ။ ျပည္ေထာင္စုအေကာက္ခြန္ ဥပေဒႏွင့္ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ ဥပေဒအၾကားမ်ားစြာ႐ႈပ္ေထြးေနျခင္း အထူးသျဖင့္ (၁၉၉၅ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဥပေဒ ပုဒ္မ ၂၇(ခ) တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္)တိက်မႈမရွိေသာအခြန္ကင္းလြတ္ခြင့္မ်ားေၾ ကာင့္ အခြန္ဆိုင္ရာစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈကိုထိေရာက္စြာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ရန္ ခက္ခဲေစပါသည္။ မကလ၊ ျပည္တြင္းအခြန္မ်ားဦးစီးဌာန၊ အေကာက္ခြန္ဦးစီးဌာနႏွင့္ အခြန္ ေကာက္ခံရန္တာဝန္ရွိေသာ အျခားအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားအၾကား ပူးေပါင္းညႇိႏိႈင္းေဆာင္ရြက္မႈ အားနည္းလ်က္ ရွိေနပါသည္။ • အခြန္ထမ္းေဆာင္မႈကိုအားေပးေသာ ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ပါ။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစု၌ေကာက္ခံေသာ ရတနာခြန္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားထက္ ၂ဆ မွ အဆ၂၀ အထိ ပိုမိုျမင့္မားစြာေကာက္ခံၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ား ေရာင္းခ်မႈ၊ တင္သြင္းမႈႏွင့္ တင္ပို႔မႈတို႔အေပၚလည္း ထူးထူးျခားျခားျမင့္မားေသာ ကုန္သြယ္လုပ္ငန္းခြန္ ေကာက္ခံပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ အခြန္ဆိုင္ရာစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအတြက္ ထူးထူးျခားျခားအခက္အခဲမ်ား ျဖစ္ေပၚေစေလ့ရွိ ေသာ ႏိုင္ငံသားတူးေဖာ္မႈအတြက္ သီးသန္႔စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္းျဖင့္လည္း အက်ိဳးရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။11 • ဝင္ေငြေကာက္ခံမႈကို ျပန္လည္ထိန္းညႇိပါ။ အျခားႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုႏွင့္မတူဘဲ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆိုင္ရာ ဝင္ေငြအမ်ားစုကို (လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဆုေၾကးမ်ားအပါအဝင္) လိုင္စင္ေၾကးမ်ား မွတဆင့္ေကာက္ခံရရွိပါသည္။ လိုင္စဥ္ေၾကးမ်ားသည္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အား ၎၏သယံဇာတမ်ားထံမွ ဝင္ေငြေကာင္းမြန္စြာရွာေဖြေပးႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိ သည့္အျပင္ တူးေဖာ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခြင့္မ်ားအလြန္အကၽြံခ်ထားေပးျခင္းကိုလည္း အားေပးရာေရာက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ အျခားႏိုင္ငံအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားတြင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မွ ဝင္ေငြအဓိကရရွိေသာနည္းလမ္းျဖစ္သည့္ ရတနာခြန္မ်ားကို ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ မွ်တစြာေကာက္ခံႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိသည့္ပံုေပၚပါသည္ (ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္ ၇ကို ၾကည့္ပါ)။ • ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္ေရာင္းခ်ရန္မက္လံုးမ်ားတိုးျမႇင့္ပါ။ တရားဝင္အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားအရ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မွရရွိ ေသာဝင္ေငြအားလံုး၏ ၇၀ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းကို ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းႏွင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားအသင္းက က်င္းပေသာ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္ ေကာက္ခံရရွိေသာ္လည္း ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑ဆိုင္ရာအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားအရ စုစုေပါင္းေက်ာက္စိမ္းႏွင့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္ေရာင္းဝယ္မႈ၏ ၇၅ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းႏွင့္အထက္သည္ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ား၏ျပင္ပတြင္အေရာင္းအဝယ္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ခန္႔မွန္းရပါသည္။12
  • 19. 8 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေနျဖင့္ ဝင္ေငြအမ်ားစုေကာက္ခံရရွိေနေသာ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္ လာေရာက္ေရာင္းခ်ျခင္းကို အားေပးေစမည့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာေငြေၾကးဆိုင္ရာမက္လံုးမ်ားကို ခ်မွတ္က်င့္သံုးရန္စဥ္းစားႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၂၀၁၃ခုႏွစ္ ကတည္းက က်င္းပေသာျပပြဲမ်ားတြင္ သေဘာတူညီထားေသာေရာင္းခ်မႈမ်ား၏ တစ္ဝက္ေအာက္သာ အမွန္ တကယ္အေရာင္းအဝယ္ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ရတနာျပပြဲမ်ား တြင္ အေရာင္းအဝယ္ျပဳလုပ္မႈမ်ားကို ထပ္မံေလ့လာ စစ္ေဆးရန္ လိုအပ္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။13 ၇။ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ကို ျပင္ဆင္ပါ တရားဝင္အားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ားအား ျမန္မာ့ေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာ ေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမွ ကိုယ္ စားလွယ္ ၃ဦး၊ အျခားအစိုးရအဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားမွ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ၄ဦး၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာက္မ်က္ရတနာလုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ား အသင္းမွ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ၁ဦးႏွင့္ ျပင္ပကၽြမ္းက်င္ပညာရွင္ ၁ဦးအပါအဝင္ လူ ၉ဦးထက္မနည္းပါဝင္ေသာ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ အဖြဲ႔က စိစစ္တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ပါသည္။ ၂၀၁၁/၂၀၁၂ဘ႑ာႏွစ္ႏွင့္ ၂၀၁၅/၂၀၁၆ဘ႑ာႏွစ္အၾကား အစိုးရသည္ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ ေၾကညာေသာ ေက်ာက္စိမ္းတစ္ကီလိုဂရမ္လွ်င္ ျမန္မာက်ပ္ေငြ ၃၃၇က်ပ္မွ ၄၅၀က်ပ္အထိ(သို႔မဟုတ္ အေမရိကန္ ေဒၚလာျပား၅၀ေအာက္)ႏွင့္ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ေၾကညာေသာ ေရာင္စံုေက်ာက္မ်က္ တစ္ကာရက္လွ်င္ ျမန္မာက်ပ္ေငြ ၁၃ မွ ၁၈က်ပ္အထိ(အေမရိကန္ေဒၚလာ ၁ျပားမွ ၂ျပားအထိ) ရရွိခဲ့ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါကိန္းဂဏန္းမ်ားအရ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ သယံဇာတမ်ားကို မွ်တေသာေဈးကြက္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားေအာက္ မ်ားစြာေလ်ာ့နည္းလ်က္ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္မႈမ်ား ပံုမွန္ျဖစ္ေပၚ ေနေၾကာင္း သိရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။14 သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ စီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ဘ႑ာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • ႀကီးၾကပ္မႈကို ပိုမိုတင္းၾကပ္စြာေဆာင္ရြက္ပါ။ အျခားႏိုင္ငံအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားတြင္ ေလလံပြဲမ်ားက်င္းပျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္သူမ်ားအား ေစခိုင္းျခင္း သို႔မဟုတ္ ရည္ၫႊန္းေဈးႏႈန္းႏွင့္ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ျခင္းတို႔ျဖင့္ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းလုပ္ ငန္းစဥ္အား အကာအကြယ္ေပးထားေသာလည္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏လက္ရွိစည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ားတြင္ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္အဖြဲ႔၏ ဥကၠ႒(မကလအရာရွိတစ္ဦး)အား ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ား၏ တရားဝင္တန္ဖိုးကို သတ္မွတ္ရာတြင္ အၿပီးသတ္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခြင့္ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးေမွ်ာ္ကိုးလက္သိပ္ထိုးဝါဒျဖစ္ေပၚေစရန္ တံခါးဖြင့္ေပးထားပါသည္။15 မကလ အေနျဖင့္ အရည္အခ်င္းျပည့္မီေသာ တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္သူအခ်ို႕ ခန္႔အပ္ထားေသာ္လည္း အျခားေကာ္မတီဝင္မ်ား သည္ အစိုးရ၏တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းကို မွန္မမွန္စစ္ေဆးရန္ လိုအပ္ေသာေက်ာက္မ်က္ေဗဒႏွင့္ ေဈးကြက္ဆိုင္ရာ အသိပညာ ရွိ မရွိကို ရွင္းလင္းစြာမသိရပါ။ • စာရင္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ႐ုပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာႏွင့္ ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာ ေရွာင္တခင္ စာရင္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာျပစ္ဒဏ္မ်ားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္းသည္ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားအား တိတိက်က်ဖြင့္ဟထုတ္ေဖာ္ လာေစရန္ အားေပးႏိုင္ပါသည္။ စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ရာတြင္ လိုအပ္ေသာအေျခခံအေဆာက္ အအံုမ်ား (ဥပမာ ေက်ာက္မ်က္တူးေဖာ္ေရးလုပ္ကြက္ရွိ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဓာတ္ခြဲခန္းမ်ား) ရင္းႏွီးတည္ေဆာက္ ေပးျခင္းႏွင့္အေတြ႔အႀကံဳရွိေသာဝန္ထမ္းမ်ား (ဥပမာေက်ာက္မ်က္တန္ဖိုးျဖတ္ျခင္းနည္းလမ္းမ်ား ႏွင့္/သို႔မဟုတ္ စာရင္းကိုင္လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ားအား သိရွိနားလည္ေသာဝန္ထမ္းမ်ား) ခန္႔အပ္ထားျခင္းျဖင့္ ပံ့ပိုးေပးပါက စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးျခင္းမ်ားသည္ အထိေရာက္ဆံုးျဖစ္ပါသည္။
  • 20. 9 ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည့္အခ်က္မ်ား ၈။ ျပည္တြင္းအရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို ပံ့ပိုးပါ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွ ေက်ာက္မ်က္႑ႏွင့္သက္ဆိုင္ေသာပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားသည္ ျပည္တြင္းတန္ဖိုးျမႇင့္တင္ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္း လုပ္ငန္းဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးလာေအာင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ ရရွိလာႏိုင္ေသာအက်ိဳးေက်းဇူးမ်ားကို ပိုမိုသိရွိနားလည္လာၾကပါသည္။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္က႑တြင္ အဓိကပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ား၏ ဦးေဆာင္မႈေၾကာင့္ ပထမဦးဆံုးေက်ာက္မ်က္ ဓာတ္ခြဲခန္းတည္ေထာင္ ျခင္းႏွင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာအခြန္ႏႈန္းထားမ်ားျပင္ဆင္ျခင္းအပါအဝင္ အေရးႀကီးေသာမူဝါဒဆိုင္ရာေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားျဖစ္ေပၚလာ ေစရန္ အေထာက္အကူျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ပါသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္းဤလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္သည္ ေရရွည္ေဆာင္ရြက္ ရမည့္လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ ျဖစ္ၿပီး အရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္း၏ အေနအထားသည္ စိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ားရင္ဆိုင္ေနရဆဲျဖစ္ၿပီး ေက်ာက္မ်က္ ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္း၌ ကမာၻေပၚတြင္ ဦးေဆာင္ေနေသာ ေဈးကြက္သံုးခု (တ႐ုတ္ႏိုင္ငံ၊ အိႏိၵယႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ)ႏွင့္ နယ္နိမိတ္ခ်င္းထိစပ္ေနေသာ္လည္း အဆိုပါအိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္ရန္လိုအပ္ေသာ လုပ္သားမ်ား၏ကုန္ထုတ္ စြမ္းအား သို႔မဟုတ္ စီးပြားေရးမူဝါဒမ်ား မရွိေသးပါ။ သယံဇာတႏွင့္သဘာဝပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ စီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ဘ႑ာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ား အသင္းအေနျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါတို႔ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳပါသည္ - • ေက်ာက္မ်က္လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ငန္းအဆင့္ဆင့္ (Value Chain) ၏ အလယ္ပိုင္း (Midstream) ႏွင့္ေအာက္ပိုင္း (Downstream)အတြက္ အစီအစဥ္ေရးဆြဲပါ။ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ေသြးျခင္းႏွင့္အေခ်ာထည္ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္း အတြက္ တိက်ေသာလိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းရအားသာမႈရွိရန္အလားအလာရွိေသာနယ္ပယ္ မ်ားအား ေဖာ္ထုတ္ရန္ စိစစ္ေလ့လာမႈမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ပမာဏအေျမာက္အမ်ားထုတ္ လုပ္ေသာ္လည္း တ႐ုတ္၊ အိႏိၵယႏွင့္ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံတို႔မွ ေက်ာက္ေသြးသမားမ်ား အဓိကထားေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း မရွိေသာ ပယင္း၊ ေျပာင္ေခါင္းစိမ္းႏွင့္ ပန္းညံ့စသည့္ တန္ဖိုးနိမ့္ေက်ာက္မ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈ တိုးတက္ေအာင္စတင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။ သီရိလကၤာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အေတြ႔အႀကံဳမွသင္ခန္းစာ ယူ၍ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ကုန္အမွတ္တံဆိပ္ျမႇင့္တင္ေရးနည္းဗ်ဴဟာေရးဆြဲၿပီး ၎၏အရည္အေသြး ျမင့္ ေက်ာက္စိမ္း၊ ပတၱျမားႏွင့္ နီလာအတြက္ ဂုဏ္သတင္းေက်ာ္ၾကားမႈကို အသံုးခ်သင့္ပါသည္။16 • အတတ္ပညာျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းႏွင့္ နည္းပညာလႊဲေျပာင္းရယူျခင္းကို ပံ့ပိုးပါ။ ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈရွိေသာလုပ္သား ရွားပါးျခင္း သည္ အားေကာင္း ေသာ Value Chain အလယ္ပိုင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာတြင္ အဓိက အတားအဆီးတစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္ၿပီး ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၌ ဦးေဆာင္ေနေသာလက္ဝတ္ရတနာကုမၸဏီ မ်ားသည္ အေခ်ာထည္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အမ်ားစုကို ႏိုင္ငံျခားမွတင္သြင္းကာ ျပည္တြင္းမွ တန္ဖိုးျမႇင့္တင္ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္း မ်ားစြာသည္ အ႐ႈံးခံ၍လုပ္ကိုင္ေနၾကသည္ သို႔မဟုတ္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသား အလုပ္သမားမ်ား အား မွီခိုေနရပါသည္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အေနျဖင့္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာအရည္အေသြးမီဓာတ္ခြဲခန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ေလ့က်င့္သင္ၾကားေရးစင္တာမ်ား အထူး သျဖင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ထြက္ရွိေသာေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ ျပည္တြင္းအရည္အေသြးျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္း လုပ္ငန္းအား ပံ့ပိုးေပးႏိုင္ပါသည္။ • ကုန္သြယ္မႈႏွင့္ အခြန္ေကာက္ခံမႈမူဝါဒမ်ားအား အလိုက္သင့္ျပင္ဆင္ပါ။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏိုင္ငံမ်ား အပါအဝင္ အရည္အေသြး ျမႇင့္တင္ျခင္းလုပ္ကိုင္ေသာႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုသည္ လြတ္လပ္ေသာကုန္သြယ္မႈ မူဝါဒ မ်ားေၾကာင့္ အက်ိဳးအျမတ္ရရွိခဲ့ၿပီး အဆိုပါႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုတြင္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ဆင့္တက္ျပဳျပင္ျခင္းက႑အတြက္ ေငြေၾကးပံ့ပိုးမႈပံုစံမ်ိဳးစုံ ေပးထားပါသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ပို႔ကုန္အေကာက္ခြန္ (ေက်ာက္မ်က္အၾကမ္းထည္ တင္ပို႔မႈအေပၚ ၁၅ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္အေခ်ာထည္တင္ပို႔မႈအေပၚ ၅ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း အခြန္ေကာက္ခံပါ သည္)၊ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ႏွင့္လက္ဝတ္ရတနာကုမၸဏီမ်ားအေပၚ