2.  Where should the search for the cause of crime begin?
Scholars have argued that the starting point for
criminological inquiry should be either individual
offenders themselves or the social environment in
which they reside (Lilly, Cullen, Ball 142).
 Labeling theorists, however argue that causal analysis
should commence not with offenders and their
environs but with societal reaction that other people
have towards offenders, this includes state officials
(Lilly, Cullen, Ball 142).
 Labeling and treating lawbreakers as criminals have
the unanticipated consequence of creating the very
behavior they were meant to prevent (Lilly, Cullen,
Ball 142).

3.  Caught taking drugs is labeled a deviant by his immediate social
group. Parents find out and reinforce his deviant behavior, his
parents inform school (Trueman).
 Teachers searches his book bag on random search and find drugs
he is permanently excluded from school and police are informed
he is arrested and cautioned (Trueman).
 Can’t find another school to enroll in, therefore can only find
work with low pay and steals from shop that employs him to buy
drugs; he is arrested and charged with theft and now have a
criminal record (Trueman).
 Can’t get another job because of his criminal record
 Steals from parents to get money, thrown out of the house moves
in with friends known for drugs house is raided by police, Bobby
is arrested and charged and imprisoned on drug related charges
(Trueman)
 While in prison he gets hooked on hard core drugs. Once released
he turns to crime to finance his life, takes an overdose of heroin
and dies at age 21 (Trueman).

4.  In order to understand the nature of deviance itself, why
some are tagged with deviant and others are not. Those
who represent forces of law and order and those who
forces the boundaries of proper behavior, such as
police, court officials, experts, and school
authorities, provide the main source of labeling
(Anderson).
 By applying labels to people, and in the process creating
categories of deviance, these people are reinforcing the
power structure of society (Anderson).
 Rules that defines deviance and contexts in which deviant
is labeled are framed by the wealthy for the poor, men for
women, older people for younger people, ethnic minorities
for minority groups.
 The more powerful and dominant groups create and apply
deviant tables to the subordinate groups.(Anderson)

5.  A person labeled as deviant, difficult to remove
label
 Stigmatized as a criminal or deviant and is likely
to be considered, and treated, as untrustworthy
by others (Anderson).
 Likely to accept the label, seeing him/herself as
being deviant, and act in expectations to fulfill
the label (Anderson).
 Even if no further deviant acts are committed
 Difficult to find employment, publicly labeled a
wrongdoer; treated with suspicion likely for the
remainder of their lives (Anderson).

6.  Does not emphasizes the interactive process
of labeling and ignores the processes that
lead to deviant act (Anderson).
 Such process include differences in
socialization, attitudes, and opportunities
(Anderson) .

7.  Trueman, C. (2000) History Learning Site
 Lilly, R.J., Cullen, F.T., Ball, R.A., (2001)
Criminological Theory Context and
Consequences, (5th Ed). (p. 142). Sage
Publications, Inc.
 Anderson, M.L. & Taylor, H.F. (2009) The
Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson
Wadsworth.