Introduction to computer

1. WELCOME
TO
NEW SESSION
COMPUTING SKILLS I

2. COMPUTING SKILLS - I
BVOC SEMESTER - I

3. Introduction
The word computer comes from the word compute, which means
calculate. So the computer is normally as a calculating device
considered. They can perform Arithmetic operation quickly.
Computer is an electronic device. Computer is a designed to
automatically accept and store input data manipulate them and
produces output through step-by step instructions which is stored in a
program. Thus a programmable machine is called computer.

4. Computer is an electronic device. It is very fast and
accurate data manipulating system. It produce the
result under the control of instructions stored in it.
Computer is a device used to reduce human efforts and
give fast and accurate outputs.
Computer is a complex peace of machinery made up of
many parts. Each of which can e considered a separate
invention.

5. Characteristics of computer
 Fast
 Accurate
 Storage
 Versatility
 Diligence
Disadvantage
 No intelligence
 Lack of common-sense

6. Computer is divided in to :
 Hardware – physical /touchable part or component of the
system Example: keyboard, mouse, CPU etc

7. • Software – logical part of the system
It consist of instructions and the data
computer manipulates to perform various
data processing task.
The set of programs or instructions written
by the user is called software.
Example: MS office, Tally, oracle, Java etc.
Classification of software:
System software – Operating systems,
Linker, Loader etc. ( MS. Dos, Windows, Unix,
Linux etc.)
Application software
Utility software

8. LANGUAGES

9. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Session objectives
• Need of computers
• Evolution of computer
• Various types of computer
• Functions of computer

10. Need of Computer

11. Need of Computer – Communication,
Gathering information
Used in various fields
Education
Medicine
Business
Transportation
Industry
Entertainment
Engineering and military
Security systems
Automation systems
Problem Solving

12. EDUCTION
For Teacher:
• Good teaching aid
• Preparing presentation and different types of documents like notes
• Make online classes
• Audio visual aids
• Quick communication between students and teachers
• Data storage
For students
• Students can learning new things from wikipedia which will help in enhancing
the knowledge of the student.
• Computers can be used for creating documents on students like marklist, fees
status and many other things.
• Remote learning

13. • Medical - Medical imaging , patient monitoring, computer
assistant surgery, communications & electronic health
records etc.
• Business - Accounting purpose, marketing, storage,
documentations & research etc.
• Transportation - Vehicle tracking, ticket booking etc.
• Industry - Inventory managing purchase, sales, designing
purpose, video conference, creating virtual sample products
etc.
• Entertainment – Game, watching movies, music's tec.
Problem solving

14. Disadvantages
• Health issues ( eye and shoulders)
• Some fundamental things are neglected (word processor
have spellings and grammar tools

15. Generation of computer / Evolution of computer

16. Evolution of computer
First computer – Abacus
(calculating device)

17. • John Napier (1614, Scottish man)
Logarithms – it made calculation easily
• Blasé Pascal (1642, French Scientist)
Mechanical Calculator – Pascaline
• Gottfried Wilhem Leibnitz (1671, German Scientist)
Calculating machine as an improvement over a design of Pascal
• Joseph Jacquard
Punched card control of weaving looms and he played an
important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom
(the "Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important role in the
development of other programmable machines, such as computers.

18. Father of computer - Charles Babbage
Difference Engine &
Analytical Engine

19. • George Scheutz – Smaller version of Babbage machine
• George Boole – Boolean Algebra based on binary system
(Number system)
• William S Burroughs – Calculator – added with printer
• James Ritty – First Cash Register in 1878
Cash registers with built in calculator come into being)
• Herman Hollerith - Electronic tabulation 1887
• James Power – Tabulating machine

20. • UNIVAC – I(UNI Versal Automatic Computer- Universal
Non-Integrated Vacuum Actuated Computer) (first commercial
computer)
• IBM Mark – I - Automatic sequence controlled calculator –
first fully automatic calculating machine
Developed by professors Howard Aiken of Harvard
University collaboration with International Business Machine
Corporation (IBM)
Its an electro mechanical computer
Large size with complex design
It could perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, division & multiplication

21. • Attanasoff –Berry Computer (ABC) –
Vacuum tubes used for digital Computation, including Binary math
and Boolean logic and had no CPU
• First electronic computer developed by Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff
ENIAC - First electronic computer in the world
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
ENIAC used about 19000 vacuum tubes and housed in a room of
about 800 square feet
It could not store the operating instructions internally
• John von neuman – father of modern computer – EDVAC, EDSAC

22. • UNIVAC –I –
UNI Versal Automatic Computer
First universal automatic computer
• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
• EDVAC
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
made up of based on Neuman’s idea
Data and instructions can be stored in binary form
• EDSAC – Electronic Delay storage Automatic Computer

23. Generation of computer
• Generation refers to a distinct advancement of technology
• Technology changes in both hardware and software
• Generation in computer means there is a changes in technology a
computer is being used. Initially, the generation term was used to
distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays,
generation includes both hardware and software, which together
make up an entire computer system.

24. LANGUAGES - LOW AND HIGH LEVEL
• MACHINE LEVEL 0, 1 – BINARY LEVEL LANGUAGES
• BINARY DIGITS - BITS
• ASSEMBLY LEVEL
• HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES – COBOL, FORTAN, BASIC, PASCAL, C
• COMPILER / INTERPRETER
• ASSEMBLER

25. FIRST GENERATION
VACCUM TUBES

26. Vacuum tubes control the flow of electronic signals
Magnetic drum used for memory
Input was punched cards and paper tape
Output displayed on printouts
Programs written in machine languages
Compiler and assemblers had not been developed
First generation computer: examples
• UNIVAC
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• EDSAC

27. Big size , taking up entire rooms
Expensive to build and operate
Used more electricity and generate more heat
Cannot work continuously

28. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
• TRANSISTORS

29. • Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors
• Small in size and reliable than first generation
• Magnetic core invented for store data and programs
• High level language like cobol, fortan etc. were
developed

30. THIRD GENERATION
• INTERATED CIRCUITS

31. •Integrated circuits also known as chips
•A large number of circuit elements like
transistors, diodes, resistors etc could be(5 mm.
square) integrated into a very small surface of
silicon

32. • 10 to 20 components were contained in a IC was
called small scale integration - SSI
• Integrated up to 100 components in an IC was called
medium scale integration
• Integrated up to 10,000 components in an IC was
called large scale integration
• Integrated over 1,00,000 components in an IC was
called very large scale integration

33. Fourth Generation – Microprocessor
Its based on VLSI chips technology used

34. FIFTH GENEATION
• ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE
The goal of fifth generation is to develop the device which could
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self
organization

35. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Depending upon the operating principle computer is divided
in to:
 Digital Computer
 Analog Computer
 Hybrid Computer

36. Digital Computer
 The digital computer works with digits
 Digital computer is a counting device
 All expressions are codded into binary digits ( 0 and 1) inside
the computer and it manipulates them at a very fast speed.
 Every kind of data stored and processed as number using
binary code (0 and 1)
 A digital computer manipulates data according to the
instructions (programs) given to it in one of the computer
languages
 The instructions and data are fed to the computer in the form
of discrete signals

37. ANALOG Computer
• Analog computer are used by scientist for simulation
• Analog computer works by measuring voltages and current rather than
by the process of counting.
• Analog computers use precision voltage sources, potentiometers and
operational amplifier
• Analog computer works on supply of continuous electrical signals and
displays output continuously
• Accuracy of analog computer is quite low
• They are faster in speed as compared to digital

39. HYBRID Computer
• Analog computer and digital computer are interconnected to perform
some specialized operations is called a Hybrid computer
• Mainly used for scientific applications and in industrial control
process

40. Digital computer is classified depending on the
Purpose wise
Size and performance wise
According to purpose wise digital computer divided into two
Special purpose and
General purpose

41. Special purpose
 It is designed to perform a special task
 The instructions (programs) to carry out the task are
permanently stored in machine.
 This type of computer is work efficiently but not versatile
General purpose
 It can work on differently
 The instructions (programs) are not permanently stored in the
machine
 This type of computer are versatile

42. According to the Size and performance wise digital
computer
Super computer
Mainframe
Mini computer &
Micro computer

43. Super computer
Most powerful computer among digital computer.
This computer consist of several processor running together thereby making
them very fast and powerful.
The speed of the super computer is FLOPS (floating point operations per second)
or TFLOPS (tera flops 1012 FLOPS)
They are multi user and multi tasking system
Mainly used for weather forecast, space experiments, earth quake studies,
modelling of nuclear devices and explosions etc.
PARAM & ANURAG are super computers produced by India and they were
developed and manufactured by Centre for Development Advanced Computing
(C-DAC)

46. Mainframe
It is designed to handle huge volumes of data and information.
These can support more than 100 users at a time.
They are very large and expensive computer have great
processing speed, very large storage capacity and memory
compared to micro and mini computers.
They have multiple processors
Examples: CDC 6600, IBM 4381, ICL 39

48. Mini computer
Mini computers are more powerful than micro computers.
They are multiuser systems where many users simultaneously
work on them.
Minicomputers possess greater storage capacity and larger
memories compared to micros.
Examples: PDP-11, VAX, 7500 MAGNUM

50. Micro computer / Personal computer
These are small computer that are commonly found in offices, class
rooms, homes etc.
Micro computer is a computer in which the CPU is the microprocessor.
They are single user systems designed for performing basic operations
like educational, training, small business application, playing games etc.
Examples: IBM PC’s, Apple Mac

51. Micro computer can be further classified on the basics of size
and mode of use:
 Desktop –used in offices, homes, business, education etc.
 Pocket (palmtop) computer
 Laptop
 Notebook computer – light weight and smaller than laptop
 Subnotebook - smaller than notebook
 Tablet PC
 Pen computer

52. How does a computer function
The computer performs five major operations of functions
 It accept data or instructions by way of input
 It stores data
 It can process data as required by the user
 It gives result in the form of output and
 It control all the operations inside a computer

53. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
• Various part of the computer
• Peripherals
• Commonly used computer terms

54. Generally computer is divided in to four part
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse &
CPU
Depending upon the function, computer is divided
into four functional unit:
Input devices
Output devices
CPU &
memory

55. Various part of the computer
• Hardware
Physical unit of computer, which includes electronic and electrical
circuitry , components and devices.
Computer hardware =
Processing unit + Secondary storage devices + Peripheral devices
• Software
Logical part of system

56. Hardware
• Processing unit
Processor
Primary storage
• Secondary storage devices - Secondary storage is a memory that is stored
external to the computer
Floppy disks
Hard disk
Tape
Optical storage devices
• Peripheral devices - Peripheral devices are those devices that connect
to the core computing unit
Input devices
Output devices
Other peripherals

58. CPU - Central Processing Unit
• The complex procedure that transforms raw input data into useful
information for output is called processing
• The brain of the computer
• CPU control and co-ordinate entire system
• It has three basic parts
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic unit
• Registers

59. Control Unit
• The control unit manages all the computer resources
and coordinates all the computer’s activities
• It control and coordinates entire operations of a
computer system
• It control the flow of data between the input devices
and memory, arithmetic unit and output devices.

60. ALU -ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC
OPERATION
• The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the CPU that
handles all the calculations the CPU may need.
• The ALU performs simple addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and logical operations
• The ALU is divided into two units: an arithmetic unit
(AU) and a logic unit (LU)
• It includes group of registers, that are used to hold
data

61. REGISTER memory
• It is smallest and high speed memory in the computer
• It is located in the CPU in the form of registers,
• And which are the smallest data holding elements
• A register temporarily holds frequently used data,
instructions, and memory address that are to be used
by CPU.
• They hold instructions that are currently processed by
the CPU.
• All data is required to pass through registers before it
can be processed.

62. Volatile & Non volatile
Volatile memory is a type of memory that maintains its data
only while the device is powered. If the power is interrupted
for any reason, the data is lost. A computer's volatile memory
is sometimes referred to as primary storage.
Non-volatile memory is memory that retains its values even
when power is removed/off

63. Based on technology, memory is classified to
Electronic (semi conductor)
ROM
RAM
CACHE
FLASH MEMORY -
Magnetic
FLOPPY DISK
TAPE
HARD DISK
Optic
CD
BLUE RAY DISC
DVD

64. Primary storage
• Primary memory consist of two types:
RAM – Random access memory
DRAM – DYNAMIC RAM
SRAM STATIC RAM
ROM – Read only memory