The four steps for MLA citation: ENC1102 You must follow these specific steps to incorporate accurate MLA citation into your writing: 1. First, always use an Attributive tag (signal phrase); ex: According to Hill… Friedman claims…Rubin asserts… (See the Attributive Tag handout on Canvas for additional signal phrases). 2a) *Next, either use a direct quote; ex: Blogger Libby Hill writes that loneliness “… has less to do with being alone and more to do with not having other people around” (???), or b) A paraphrase, (rewording of the author’s ideas); ex: Hill argues that children are not ignorant, and just like the cartoon character Calvin, they are attuned to the world around them (???), or c) A brief summary; ex: In her blog, based on the syndicated Calvin and Hobbes cartoon strip, Hill warns her readers against the inherent dangers of overmedicating children. She avidly preaches that as a result of the children being overmedicated, they forever lose their sense of creativity (???), or even d) A long direct block quote (4 full lines or more). *FYI! This long quote is based on another topic; ex: According to Lew Feldstein, a United Way director: …communities with high social capital tend to have better outcomes in areas like crime, health, and education than do communities with low social capital. Expanding national service will increase people-to-people contact, creating more opportunities to form the connections that build social capital. The power of volunteers, that brings people together, shines through the testimonial pages of the AmeriCorps Web site. (Qtd in AmeriCorps Impact Guide 378) *Notice the difference in punctuation between the short direct quote (2a) and the other topic’s long direct quote (2d). 3. Then use a parenthetical citation, Ex: (Everyone’s an Author 192) the first time, and if you directly cite again from the same source, just cite the page number (194). Also see the above proper citation for the Americorp “quote within a quote”). 4. Finally, on its own page, add the Works Cited page; ex: Madsen 4 Works Cited AmeriCorps Impact Guide. Corporation for National and Community Service, n.d. Web. 23 February 2013. Hill, Libby. “Calvin and Hobbes: The Voice of the Lonely Child”. (192-197). Everyone’s an Author. Andrea Lunsford, Michael Brody, Lisa Ede, Beverly J Moss, Carol Clark Pepper, and Keith Walters. Florida International University’s Customized edition. New York: Norton, 2017. 1-Page-work/My_Final-Draft.docx Running Head: PEER REVIEWING IN EVIDENCE BASED PROJECTS 1 Surname 4 Student’s Name Professor’s name Course Date What are the Real Causes of the Australian Bush Fires? Bushfires are common in Australia and are problematic mainly because the underlying root cause of the fires is not clear. The topic is inte.

1. The four steps for MLA citation: ENC1102
You must follow these specific steps to incorporate accurate
MLA citation into your writing:
1. First, always use an Attributive tag (signal phrase); ex:
According to Hill… Friedman claims…Rubin asserts… (See the
Attributive Tag handout on Canvas for additional signal
phrases).
2a) *Next, either use a direct quote; ex: Blogger Libby Hill
writes that loneliness “… has
less to do with being alone and more to do with not
having other people around” (???), or
b) A paraphrase, (rewording of the author’s ideas); ex:
Hill argues that children are not
ignorant, and just like the cartoon character Calvin,
they are attuned to the world around
them (???), or
c) A brief summary; ex: In her blog, based on the
syndicated Calvin and Hobbes cartoon
strip, Hill warns her readers against the inherent dangers of
overmedicating children. She avidly preaches that as a result of
the children being overmedicated, they forever lose their sense
of creativity (???), or even
d) A long direct block quote (4 full lines or more). *FYI! This
long quote is based on
another topic; ex: According to Lew Feldstein, a United Way
director:
…communities with high social capital tend to have better
outcomes in areas like crime, health, and education than do

2. communities with low social capital. Expanding national service
will increase people-to-people contact, creating more
opportunities to form the connections that build social capital.
The power of volunteers, that brings people together, shines
through the testimonial pages of the AmeriCorps Web site. (Qtd
in AmeriCorps Impact Guide 378)
*Notice the difference in punctuation between the short direct
quote (2a) and the other
topic’s long direct quote (2d).
3. Then use a parenthetical citation, Ex: (Everyone’s an Author
192) the first time, and if you directly cite again from the same
source, just cite the page number (194). Also see the above
proper citation for the Americorp “quote within a quote”).
4. Finally, on its own page, add the Works Cited page; ex:
Madsen 4
Works Cited
AmeriCorps Impact Guide. Corporation for National and
Community Service, n.d. Web.
23 February 2013.
Hill, Libby. “Calvin and Hobbes: The Voice of the Lonely
Child”. (192-197). Everyone’s an
Author. Andrea Lunsford, Michael Brody, Lisa Ede, Beverly J
Moss, Carol Clark Pepper,
and Keith Walters. Florida International University’s
Customized edition. New York:
Norton, 2017.
1-Page-work/My_Final-Draft.docx

3. Running Head: PEER REVIEWING IN EVIDENCE BASED
PROJECTS 1
Surname 4
Student’s Name
Professor’s name
Course
Date
What are the Real Causes of the Australian Bush Fires?
Bushfires are common in Australia and are problematic mainly
because the underlying root cause of the fires is not clear. The
topic is interesting because the unprecedented bushfires have
continued to unfold and the principal causes of the fires are still
a competing argument. In 2019, the temperatures in Australia
were above average and the rising levels of the greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere caused the lack of radiation balance
on earth leading to less escape of heat. The above findings led
to the desire to know what the underlying causes and negative
factors that favor the occurrence of Australia’s bushfires are as
well as the role of climate change concerning these devastating
fires.
To gain clarity on the matter, I decided to carry out research.
My research was divided into two sections. Section one
involved reading as much information as possible on Australian
bush fires on the internet, Section two involved watching a you
tube video on one of the areas affected by the fires. The main
purpose of watching the clip was to know the negative effects of
the fires as well as see if I can get a hint of what caused the
fires.
Upon conducting my study on the Australian bush fires, I was
able to know four main things about the fires. The first finding
was that the majority of the country’s bush fires ignited when
there were record-breaking heatwaves. Before the fires started,
the country was hot and dry. As much as there are various ways
in which the fires started: some by arsons, some by lightning, it

4. is the dry and hot climatic conditions of the country that
supported the growth of the fires as well as their spreading.
The second finding was that climate change and weather
variability can be held partly responsible for the fires. A look at
Australia’s climate one cannot help note that the nation has
been facing severe drought which has been spurred by three
winter periods (Lesley et al., 2019 p. 183). The combination of
the two extreme seasons has left the country with little
precipitation (Dowdy, 2018 p. 223). Also, the country was hit
by the Indian Ocean dipole which pushed moisture gathering
clouds further away from Australia making the country drier
and more susceptible to heatwaves.
The third finding was that the continent is a biodiversity
hotspot. The occurrences of bush fires are putting plants and
animals at risk. The continent has close to 250 species of
mammals however with the rise of bush fires, the number is
bound to drop and this will put a strain on the country’s
ecological system (Resnick, Irfan, and Samuel, 2020). The fires
either burn the animals and plants or destroy the foods that they
depend on.
The fourth finding was that thousands of people’s lives have
been disrupted by the fires. In the last Australian fires, about
4000 people in Victoria were forced to head to the beach as
their communities were ravaged by fires. The fires made it
impossible for rescue teams to get to the people via roads as the
fires had closed them off. The only escape route they had was
via the sea and air. The fires not only destroyed homes, but as
well destroyed and interrupted food supplies, power supplies
and even fuel supply (Berglez, Peter, and Lidsko, 2019 p. 386).
The smoke as a result of the fires has also exposed many people
to respiratory complications. Furthermore, farming has been
interrupted creating a vacuum in terms of food supply.
To find out more information about the reason why the
Australian bushfires started as well as the impact of the
bushfires, on 16th March I watched a film that touched on the
impact of the bushfires on Kangaroo Island in South Australia

5. which is a good location to observe the impacts of the fire and
to evaluate the underlying causes and negative factors that favor
the occurrence of Australia’s bushfires. I spent two hours
watching the films trying to get insight on what happened and
how it happened.
Over the two hours, I was able to notice three main things. The
first thing was that the park was dry. The bushes and the grass
were dry; the color of the vegetation was bordering between
green and brown which is not usual of the park’s vegetation
(ABC News, 2020). When there is ample rain, the park’s
vegetation is greenish. From the first observation, I was able to
conclude that the park was extraordinarily dry and that is a
potential cause of the bushfires that affected the park.
Besides, I noticed that there was a black smoke that filled the
park during filming even though the bushfires that ravaged the
park had been extinguished. Furthermore, the park was in black
color which is a result of the effect of the fire on the park’s
vegetation (guardian news, 2020). In the film, a man was
recorded carrying burnt carcasses of Kangaroos and Koala bears
(behind the news, 2020). He was taking the carcasses to an
animal mass grave. The grave was dug to house the park
animals that were burnt by the bushfires or that that died due to
inhaling smoke. From the observation of burnt carcasses, I was
able to identify the impact of the bushfires not only on
vegetation but also on animals.
From my observations and research I was able to discover the
answers to my problematic question. I was able to know how
and why the Australian bush fires happened. Based on the
research, I discovered that climatic and weather changes played
a significant role in the start and the spread of Australian bush
fires. In addition, I learnt that the impact of the bushfires is not
only immediate but also long term due to the disruption of the
country’s ecological system. Lastly I was able to identify
solutions that can be implemented to prevent bush fires from
starting in the country as well as spreading. For the country to
prevent similar fires in the future, reforestation must happen as

6. well as the adoption of measures that emphasize on reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
Works Cited
ABC news (Australia). The search for wildlife survivors on
bushfire-ravaged Kangaroo Island | ABC News:YouTube
(2020). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwPr6Neql2E
Behind the news. Interview with Sam of Kangaroo Island
Wildlife Park - Behind the News:Youtube(2020).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1aFzCf9UG4
Berglez, Peter, and Rolf Lidskog. "Foreign, domestic, and
cultural factors in climate change reporting: Swedish media’s
coverage of bushfires in three continents." Environmental
Communication 13.3 (2019): 381-394. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1397040
Brian Resnick, Umair Irfan, and Sigal Samuel. “8 things
everyone should know about Australia’s bushfire
disaster.”(2020). Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/science-
and-health/2020/1/8/21055228/australia-fires-map-animals-
koalas-wildlife-smoke-donate
Dowdy, Andrew J. "Climatological variability of fire weather in
Australia." Journal of applied meteorology and climatology 57.2
(2018): 221-234. Retrieved from https://journals.ametsoc.org/
Guardian news. Wildlife rescue teams search for survivors on
Kangaroo Island: Youtube (2020).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ5TQXWCYmQ
Head, Lesley, et al. "Climate change and Australia." Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5.2 (2019): 175-197.
Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
1-Page-work/Question.jpeg
Fajhan 2
Ahmad Fajhan

7. Debbie Gyenizse
ENC 1102-U06
19 March 2020
Australian Bushfire and climate change
Over the recent past, Australia has been experiencing the
challenge of occurrence of bushfires. This is mostly problematic
especially for the reason that the cause of the bush fires have
not been established. What is interesting about the issue is that
these fires continually occur while the primary source of the
fires remain a mystery. The country experienced high
temperatures in 2019 as well as increase in the amount of
greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. The ozone layer
was damaged hence leading to lack of radiation balance on
earth, and hence resulting to limited escape of heat through the
ozone layer. For this reason, I felt the need to establish the
principal causes and even the factors that enable the occurrence
of the fires in Australia. It is also important to establish whether
climatic changes affect occurrence of the fires (Dowdy, 2018).
To gain clarity on the matter, I decided to carry on some
additional research and read more information on the internet
about the Australian bush fires. As I conducted my first
research, I learned four major facts about the fires. I found out
that the majority of the country’s bush fires only ignited when
there were record breaking heat waves, that before the fires
started, the country was hot and dry.
Upon conducting my study on the Australian bush fires, I was
able to identify four main things about the fires. The first
finding was that the majority of the country’s bush fires ignited
when there were record-breaking heat waves. Before the fires
started, the country was hot and dry. As much as there are
various ways in which the fires started: some by arsonists, some
by lightning, it is the hot and dry climatic conditions that
support the growth and just how quickly the fires spread.
I discovered in my second finding that climate change and
weather variability can be held partly responsible for the fires.
According to Lesley Head and his fellow climatologists, by

8. taking a look at Australia’s climate, anyone can realize that the
nation have been experiencing droughts which are stimulated by
three winter seasons. The combination of two extreme seasons
has left the country with little precipitation. The country was
also made more vulnerable to heat waves by the Indian ocean
dipole. The dipole were found to push the clouds that gather
moisture far away from Australia, which led to more droughts in
the country. This makes it vulnerable to heat waves.
The third finding I made showed that the Australian continent is
a biodiversity hotspot, that the occurrences of bush fires are
putting plants and animals at risk. The continent has close to
250 species of mammals. However, with the rise of bush fires,
the number is bound to drop and this will put a strain on the
country’s ecological system. The fires either burn the animals
and plants or destroy the foods that they depend on.
The fourth finding I uncovered showed that the lives of a large
population of people living in Australia have been disrupted by
the bushfires. For instance, about 4000 Australian citizens who
previously resided in Victoria had to relocate to the beach due
to occurrence of fires in the nearby regions. The fires made it
impossible for rescue teams to get to the people via roads, since
the fires had closed them off. The only escape route they had
was via the sea and air. Not only did the fires destroy homes,
but the fires also destroyed and interrupted food supplies, power
supplies and even fuel supply. As a result of the fires, the
smoke has also exposed many people to respiratory
complications. Furthermore, farming has been interrupted, thus
causing a vacuum in terms of food supply.
Works Cited
Dowdy, Andrew J. "Climatological variability of fire weather in
Australia." Journal of applied meteorology and climatology 57.2
(2018): 221-234. Retrieved from https://journals.ametsoc.org/
Head, Lesley, et al. "Climate change and Australia." Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5.2 (2019): 175-197.
Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/