Why is it important that chromosomes can cross over in Meiosis and n.pdf

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Why is it important that chromosomes can cross over in Meiosis and not in Mitosis? Solution Crossing over results in genetic recombination. It is responsible for genetic diversity of the population. Genetic recombination and natural selection are the driving force behind evolution. Meiosis is called sex division, it is responsible for gamate formation. Crossing over occurs when chiasma is formed and this random exchange of information leads to unique gametes formation and genetic recombination to occur..

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Which physical topology has all systems connecting to a central connection device? A. Bus B. Ring C. Star D. Mesh Solution C is correct. A star topology connects all devices to a central point. A, B, and D are incorrect. A is incorrect because all devices are connected to a single wire. B is incorrect because it connects all devices in a circle, with one device connected directly to the next. D is incorrect because it has all devices connected directly to all other devices..

Which physical topology has all systems connecting to a central conn.pdf

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What is the role of RFID chips in logistics? What is the role of RFID chips in logistics? Solution Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader\'s interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC).[1] The emergence of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has been greatly increased efficiency in the production process management, material flow management, logistics and transport, retail and distribution and other fields of the national economy industries, including electronic information industry. RFID may eventually replace the ubiquitous bar code in the future and become the main technology in logistics and supply chain management field RFID in Logistics Management Logistics management involves the efficient control of some or all of the supply chain functions, including: – Product research and development – Sourcing and purchasing – Manufacturing – Production planning – Sales, marketing, and forecasting – Inventory management – Cross-docking and flow-through – Customer service – Transportation – Freight payment – Information reporting Using RFID logistics tracking has helped many organizations solve the main challenge at every node in their supply chains: the lack of visibility of logistics data. RFID technology is a powerful solution that improves asset visibility, data quality, inventory management, and interoperability in an end-to-end integrated supply chain. In fact, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) issued a mandate in 2005 that requires all of their suppliers to use RFID in marking any items that are sold to the DoD. The need for this mandate arose from decades of logistical challenges faced by the military with regard to the supply chain. RFID has proven to alleviate various logistical problems associated with the DoD supply chain. RFID technology, in combination with the Internet, allows the DoD to disseminate accurate, real-time data to commanders worldwide so that assets can be easily located and used according to the Department’s highest priorities..

What is the role of RFID chips in logistics What is the role o.pdf

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tut all words or phases will be inca. cach likathawnb tha bat werd or parase selouief, Sea Eucaryine cells are biggey and nicee si eucary ulic eells, ay rlsmnuinn, an Another organelle rare iin i a12 or s, Irweund e-erer lly allouurwte cells isthe which generates the eralesthecheninalenAL lly-allouarylicerntraethedresinr nanttic eds and ay ihe plasma memmanc irvrm Clicaryotic cell, and the ecil Ln contrast, the remove all of its membrane-enclosed orge photosynthesis. If we were to strip iway ibe pigs, we at\'Nuo type of orga found celly In Ehe cells her plants and signe, and many leng, fine liaisi ents of protein that are we would be left with the responsible for cell shape and structure and th which cultsins manypr re and thereby form the cell\'s chloroplast nucleus chromosome reticulum niosomes mitochondrion endoplasmic reti cytoskeleton mbrane of theen Solution Eukaryotic cells are bigger and … than prokaryotic cells. By definition all eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, usually the most prominent organelle. Another organelle found essentially in all eukaryotic cells is the mitochondria, which generates the chemical energy for the cell. In contrast the chloroplast is a type of organelle found only in the cells of plants and algae and performs photosynthesis. If we were to strip away the plasma membrane from a eukaryotic cell and all of its membrane enclosed organelles we would be left with the cytosol, which contains many lone fine filaments of proteins that are responsible for cell shape and structure and thereby form the cell`s cytoskeleton..

tut all words or phases will be inca. cach likathawnb tha bat wer.pdf

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Theories of law enforcement/Subject Discuss the positive and negative effects of community policing. Identify some community policing programs and explain their effectiveness. What is the primary focus of community policing? Can a community policing program be effectively managed from a central agency? Some officers disagree with community policing because of the feeling that spending time with the good citizens is a waste of time and should be left to the politicians. What do you think Solution Discuss the positive and negative effects of community policing. Identify some community policing programs and explain their effectiveness. What is the primary focus of community policing? Can a community policing program be effectively managed from a central agency? Some officers disagree with community policing because of the feeling that spending time with the good citizens is a waste of time and should be left to the politicians. What do you think -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. Community policing is a philosophy of full service personalized policing, where the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems. Positive effects of Community policing : Prevent crime Address /Reduce fear of crime Elicit the citizen development Creative problem solving Create active cooperation with Employee & Resident Negative effect of community pricing : The effects to examine is liability lawsuits Risk taking leads to more litigation\'s and community-oriented policing involves risk taking due to the modern management that is involved in community oriented policing Nature & Extent of civil liability Community pricing is dependent on community .Each community is different. Primary focus of community policing: The main focus of community policing is to solve the problems of society.For police departments its not possible to control each & every thing , so they take some help from society . The problems where arises these teams are helping to solve the problems. Community policing programs : DRUG ABUSE RESISTANCE EDUCATION Every 15 Minutes\" is an award-winning, two-day program designed to discourage young people from drinking and driving. McGruff the Crime Dog makes appearances at events which emphasize child safety concerns The Community Opportunities Program For Youth (C.O.P.Y. Kids) was created to improve the relationship between Spokane youths and police officers, as well as engender a sense of community responsib.

Theories of law enforcementSubjectDiscuss the positive and negati.pdf

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What does a blower door do? Solution A blower door is a device which is used to measure the air tightness of buildings. It is also used to find out the air flow in between the building zones, to test duct network air tightness and aslo to physically locate air leakage sites n the building envelope.There are 3 primary components of blower door. They are: 1)calibrated variable speed fan 2)pressure measuring instrument 3)mounting system.

What does a blower door doSolutionA blower door is a device w.pdf

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The US population in millions is P(t) today, where time t is measured in years. For each statement, choose one of the expression A-H that represents it. Solution P(t) is in millions 1) The population after 100,000 people have emigrated ==> Population is decreased by 100,000 = 0.1 million people ==> P(t) - 0.1 (Option D) 2) Ten percent of the population we have today ==> (10/100) P(t) = 0.1 P(t) (Option G) 3) Todays population plus 10 million immigrants = P(t) + 10 (Option H) 4) The population 10 years before today = P(t - 10) [ Option A].

The US population in millions is P(t) today, where time t is measured.pdf

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Please make a comment for all the codes Or explain this program code!! //Date.h #ifndef DateFormat #define DateFormat #include using std::string; class Date { public: Date(); Date( int, int ); Date( int, int, int ); Date( string, int, int ); void setDay11(int); void setMonth11( int ); void print11() const; void printDDDYYYY11( ) const; void printMMDDYY11( ) const; void printMonthDDYYYY11( ) const; ~Date(); private: int month1; int day1; int year1; int checkDay(int)const; int daysInMonth(int)const; bool isLeapYear()const; int convertDDToDDD()const; void setMMDDFromDDD(int); string convertMMToMonth(int)const; void setMMFromMonth(string); int convertYYYYToYY()const; void setYYYYFromYY(int); }; #endif //Main.cpp include using std::cout; using std::endl; #include \"Date.h\" int main() { Date date1( 252,1999 ); Date date2( 2,25,04 ); Date date3( \"September\", 1, 2000 ); Date date4; date1.print11(); date2.print11(); date3.print11(); date4.print11(); cout << \'\ \'; date1.printDDDYYYY11(); date2.printDDDYYYY11(); date3.printDDDYYYY11(); date4.printDDDYYYY11(); cout << \'\ \'; date1.printMMDDYY11(); date2.printMMDDYY11(); date3.printMMDDYY11(); date4.printMMDDYY11(); cout << endl; date1.printMonthDDYYYY11(); date2.printMonthDDYYYY11(); date3.printMonthDDYYYY11(); date4.printMonthDDYYYY11(); return 0; } //Date.cpp #include using std::cout; using std::endl; #include using std::setw; using std::setfill; include using std::time; using std::localtime; using std::tm; using std::time_t; #include \"Date.h\" Date::Date() { struct tm *ptr; time_t t1 = time( 0 ); ptr = localtime( &t1 ); day1 = ptr->tm_mday; month1 = 1 + ptr->tm_mon; year1 = ptr->tm_year + 1900; } Date::Date( int ddd1, int yyyy1 ) { year1=yyyy1; setMMDDFromDDD(ddd1); } Date::Date( int mm1, int dd1, int yy1 ) { setYYYYFromYY( yy1 ); mm1 ); setDay11( dd1 ); } Date::Date(string monthName2,int dd1,int yyyy1) { setMMFromMonth(monthName2); setDay11(dd1); year1=yyyy1; } void Date::setDay11( int d1 ) { day1 = checkDay(d1); } void Date::setMonth11( int m1 ) { if(m1>0&& m1<=12) month1=m1; else { month1=1; cout<<\"invalid month(\"<0 && testDay<=daysInMonth(month1)) return testDay; if(month1==2 && testDay==29 && isLeapYear()) return testDay; cout<<\"invalid day(\"<=2000?year1-2000:year1-1900); } void Date::setYYYYFromYY(int yy) { year1=(yy<7?yy+2000:yy+1900); } Please make a comment for all the codes Or explain this program code!! //Date.h #ifndef DateFormat #define DateFormat #include using std::string; class Date { public: Date(); Date( int, int ); Date( int, int, int ); Date( string, int, int ); void setDay11(int); void setMonth11( int ); void print11() const; void printDDDYYYY11( ) const; void printMMDDYY11( ) const; void printMonthDDYYYY11( ) const; ~Date(); private: int month1; int day1; int year1; int checkDay(int)const; int daysInMonth(int)const; bool isLeapYear()const; int convertDDToDDD()const; void setMMDDFromDDD(int); string convertMMToMonth(int)const; void setMMFromMonth(string); int convertYYY.

Please make a comment for all the codesOr explain this pro.pdf

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The purpose of a database is to. Select one: store lists of data involving multiple themes test and troubleshoot newly installed software design the source code for computer programs describe and build computer architectures The first step in protecting oneself from data breaches is. Select one: securing credit and debit card details learning the technologies used for these activities understanding how they happen installing necessary software to protect from possible breaches Solution Question 3: The purpose of a Database is to Answer: a. store list of data involoving multiple themes Question 4: First step in protecting oneself from a data breaches is Answer: c. Understanding how they happen.

The purpose of a database is to. Select one store lists of data invo.pdf

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Stadent\'s version-p. 2 0. (Table 3) item(s) at the deli bar causing the outbreak, investigators reanal and controls who ate at the deli bar during March 9-10. abled Gastroenteritis at a University in Texas Student\'s version-p. 17 PART VI-DESIGNING AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY TO REFINE THE HYPOTHESIS (STUDY #2) By March 13, one hundred and twenty- five persons with vomiting or diarthea had been reported to TDH. TDH invited staff fiom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to participate in the ongoing investigation. CDC staff suggested submission of fresh stool specimens from ill students for viral studies including reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TDH and CDC staff decided to undertake an unmatched case-control study to further explore the source of the outbreak. Question 18 Who should be enrolled as subjects for this study? Solution persons with vomiting or diarrea that is the enroolled as subjects for this study.

Stadents version-p. 2 0. (Table 3) item(s) at the deli bar causing .pdf

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A major hurricane is a hurricane with wind speeds of 111 miles per hour or greater. During the 20th century, the mean number of major hurricanes to strike the U.S. mainland per year was about 0.66. Find the probability that in a given year a) exactly one major hurricane will strike the U.S. mainland, b) at most one major hurricane will strike the U.S. mainland, and c) more than one major hurricane will strike the U.S. mainland Solution.

A major hurricane is a hurricane with wind speeds of 111 miles per h.pdf

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1. In which case(s) is there constructive interference for two light waves meeting at the same point at a given instant? (Select all that apply.) A) Both waves are at their minimum B) One wave is at its maximum, one wave is at zero. C) Both waves are at their maximum D) One wave is at its minimum, one wave is at zero. E) One wave is at its maximum, the other is at its minimum 2. In which situation(s) is there destructive interference when two waves intersect at one point? (At an instant of time.) A) Both waves are at a maximum B) One wave is at a maximum, the other is at zero C) One wave is at a minimum; the other is at a maximum D) Both waves are at a minimum E) One wave is at a minimum, the other is at zero 3. When light goes through a very narrow slit, it spreads out from that slit in all directions beyond the slit due to: A) diffraction B) dispersion C) interference D) refraction E) reflection 4. Light encounters two very narrow slits closely spaced together. Constructive interference of light coming from these two slits will occur when A) the wavelength of the light equals the width of the slits B) the wavelength of the light equals the separation of the slits C) the light from one slit has to travel a distance that is longer than that traveled by the light from the other slit equal to half the wavelength of the light D) light from one slit at its crest encounters light from the other slit at its trough E) the light from one slit has to travel a distance that is longer than that traveled by the light from the other slit equal to twice the wavelength of the light 5. Equations 17.7 and 17.8 depend on which assumption? A) The screen is very close to the slits B) the slits are much wider than the wavelength of the light C) small angles (in radians) D) large angles (in radians) 6. You shine both red and blue light through a double slit. What can you say about their interference patterns? A) The red bright fringes will be closer together than will be the blue bright fringes. B) The red and blue bright fringes will be the same distance apart from each other. C) The blue bright fringes will be closer together than will be the red bright fringes. 7. You compare a double-slit interference pattern with the interference pattern due to a diffraction grating of the same spacing as that of the double-slit. The most noticeable difference would be that: A) The peaks of the diffraction grating are much broader than that for the double-slit B) The peaks of the diffraction grating are much farther apart than for the double-slit C) The peaks of the diffraction grating are much sharper than that for the double-slit D) The peaks of the diffraction grating are much closer together than for the double-slit E) The center point is a maximum, not a minimum F) The center point is a minimum, not a maximum Solution (1).Both waves are at their maximum (2).One wave is at a minimum; the other is at a maximum (3).diffraction (4).the light from one slit has to travel a dis.

1.In which case(s) is there constructive interference for two ligh.pdf

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List and describe three examples of secondary sexual characteristics each for males and females. Solution Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear at sexual maturity in animals and during puberty in humans, Secondary sex characteristics are Traits that distinguish the biological sexes of a species, but are not directly part of the reproductive system. Examples of secondary sex characteristics in humans include shorter stature and wider pelvis, breast development, and more fat in the thighs and buttocks in women and broader shoulders, greater muscle mass, more facial and other body hair, and “male pattern” baldness in men. Male secondary sexual characteristics of hair: The pubic regions is usually the first to develop hair Facial hair begins at the corner of the mouth and spreads to the midline - followed by the rest of the face Body hair develops long before facial hair growth is complete (arm pit, legs, arms, buttocks, back) Male secondary sexual characteristics of vocal changes: Rapid growth of the larynx - larger and stronger The thyroid cartilage increases in dimension creating the Adam\'s apple Vocal cords lengthen and thicken. Male secondary sexual characteristics of the body: Increase in body size, weight and strength (musculature) Correlated to increase in testosterone levels Female secondary sexual characteristics of hair: The pubic regions is usually the first to develop hair Body hair develops slightly later (arm pit, legs, arms) female secondary sexual characteristics of the pelvis: Broadens and changes from a narrow funnel-like outlet, to a broad oval outlet, flaring at the hip Fat cells increase in number around the buttocks and thighs Female secondary sexual characteristics of the breasts: Tanner Stages Tanner I no glandular tissue, typically age 10 and younger Tanner II Breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue, 10-11.5 Tanner III breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola, 11.5-13 Tanner IV increased breast size and elevation, 13-15 Tanner V breast reaches final adult size, 15+.

List and describe three examples of secondary sexual characteristics.pdf

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Let X1, X2,... be independent, identically distributed random variables with E[X] = 2 and var(X)=9, and let Yi = Xi/2i . We also define Tn and An to be the sum and the sample mean, respectively, of the random variables Y1,...,Yn. (a) Evaluate the mean and variance of Yn, Tn, and An. (b) Does Yn converge in probability? If so, to what value? (c) Does Tn converge in probability? If so, to what value? (d) Does An converge in probability? If so, to what value? Solution.

Let X1, X2,... be independent, identically distributed random variab.pdf

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In SoS development process, explain why it is important that system selection and architecture design should be concurrent activities and why there should be close links between them. Solution The SoS development process play an important role in large and complex entities in the application domain and organization essential requirements for development strategies using System selection and Architecture Design. Architecture design is same as System selection. An entire architecture design is SoS development stage which depends upon various parameters using interface and integration development process exists in application system..

In SoS development process, explain why it is important that system s.pdf

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Go onto the APOD website (http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/) and look in the archive (or search) for a cool looking galaxy or of the Milky Way. Post the image to this forum as well as a link to the APOD picture. Share your picture with the rest of the class. From the description, describe what kind of galaxy it is and anything interesting about it. Use your own words, no need to simply re- type what is already written there. Relate this particular galaxy back to something you’ve learned in this class about the diversity of galaxy types and why there is such diversity, Solution link: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ Want to take a fast trip to the edge of the Solar System? Consider a ride on a Heliopause Electrostatic Rapid Transit System (HERTS). The concept is currently being tested and it might take only 10 to 15 years to make the trip of over 100 Astronomical Units (15 billion kilometers). That\'s fast compared to the 35 years it took Voyager 1, presently humanity\'s most distant spacecraft, to approach the heliopause or outer boundary of the influence of the solar wind. HERTS would use an advanced electric solar sail that works by extending multiple, 20 kilometer or so long, 1 millimeter thin, positively charged wires from a rotating spacecraft. The electrostatic force generated repels fast moving solar wind protons to create thrust. Compared to a reflective solar light sail, another propellantless deep space propulsion system, the electric solar wind sail could continue to accelerate at greater distances from the Sun, still developing thrust as it cruised toward the outer planets..

Go onto the APOD website (httpapod.nasa.govapod) and look in th.pdf

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give an examples of a decisions made under uncertainty give an examples of a decisions made under uncertainty Solution Let\'s take am example of floods. During floods, a lot of panic is caused and there\'s an environment of uncertainty among the victims which leads to uncertain decision making. Some people flee from home and take only their important documaents with them while stay at the higher ground and see whether the flood worsens or not and the decide their next approach..

give an examples of a decisions made under uncertainty give a.pdf

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Explain the role of the loop of Henlé in the formation of urine and how this is achieved Solution The renal cortex and renal medulla contain several nephrons that carryout the filtration of the fluids and remove the wastes in the form of urine. The nephrons contain their renal corpuscles in the cortex. The cortical nephrons consist of loop of Henle in the renal medulla near the junction along with the renal cortex, while the loop of Henle of juxta-medullary nephrons is located in the renal medulla. The cortical nephrons vary because some are superficial cortical nephrons and some are midcortical nephrons, depending on location of renal corpuscle in the cortex. The nephron loop is otherwise called as loop of Henle or loop of Hundle. It is U – shaped tube extends from the proximal convoluted tube. The nephron loop consists of ascending and descending limbs. The ascending limb is found in the renal cortex extends from proximal convoluted tubule PCT into the renal medulla. The descending limb from renal medulla then passes into the renal cortex and empties the content of distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The nephron loop also performs the function of reabsorption of water and ions across the concentration gradient. It has the primary function of concentrating the salts in the interstitium. The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is divided into convoluted and straight parts of the nephron. The PCT carries out the reabsorption of water, organic substances and some ions from the original filtrate. The filtrate absorbs the water and solutes in PCT through the peritubular capillaries. The organic solutes like glucose and amino acids are absorbed at PCT. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) carries out the reabsorption of water and sodium ions and secretion under hormone stimulation. The distal convoluted tubule is different in structure and function when compared to proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule contain several mitochondria to produce enough energy (ATP) for active transport of solutes. The transport of the ions in the DCT is mediated by the activity of the endocrine system. The DCT reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate in the presence of parathyroid hormone. In the presence of aldosterone, more sodium is reabsorbed and potassium is secreted. The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates the DCT to secrete more sodium. The DCT also secretes hydronium and ammonium ions to regulate pH of the blood. The collecting duct collects the tubular fluid across the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Each collecting duct arises from the distal convoluted tubule and the filtrate is delivered to collecting duct at the connecting tubule. The collecting duct starts in the renal cortex and extends into the renal medulla. The urine is passed into collecting ducts by the medullary interstitium. The urine passed into the collecting duct contains high sodium concentration because of the counter current multiplier system in the loop of Hen.

Explain the role of the loop of Henlé in the formation of urine and .pdf

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Extend your work on the OCC logo to add shapes that \'curve1 the blue Cs into looking something more like the actual logo: Solution import java.awt.Color; import java.util.Comparator; /** * a straightforward red-black tree category. */ public category RedBlackTree extends BinarySearchTree Associate in Nursing empty RedBlackTree which will solely settle for Comparables as * items. */ public RedBlackTree() /** * Constructs Associate in Nursing empty RedBlackTree that orders its things in keeping with the * given comparator. */ public RedBlackTree(Comparator c) /** * The nodes during a red-black tree store a color beside the particular information * within the node. */ category Node extends LinkedBinaryTreeNode } /** * Adds one information item to the tree. If there\'s already Associate in Nursing item within the * tree that compares up to the item being inserted, it\'s \"overwritten\" * by the new item. Overrides BinarySearchTree.add as a result of the tree must * be adjusted when insertion. */ public void add(Object data) BinaryTreeNode n = root; whereas (true) else if (comparisonResult < 0) n = n.getLeft(); } else zero if (n.getRight() == null) n = n.getRight(); } } } /** * Removes the node containing the given price. will nothing if there\'s no * such node. */ public void remove(Object data) else if (node.getLeft() != null && node.getRight() != null) 2 kids, Copy forerunner information in. BinaryTreeNode forerunner = predecessor(node); node.setData(predecessor.getData()); node = (Node) predecessor; } // At this time node has zero or one kid Node pullUp = leftOf(node) == null ? rightOf(node) : leftOf(node); if (pullUp != null) regulate if pullUp could be a double black. if (node == root) else if (node.getParent().getLeft() == node) else if (isBlack(node)) } else if (node == root) to drag up once deleting a root means that we have a tendency to empty the tree setRoot(null); } else lookout if (isBlack(node)) node.removeFromParent(); } } /** * Classic formula for fixing up a tree when inserting a node. */ personal void adjustAfterInsertion(Node n) issues, if they exist if (n != null && n != root && isRed(parentOf(n))) to ascertain if additional work // needed if (isRed(siblingOf(parentOf(n)))) // Step 2b: reconstitute for a parent United Nations agency is that the left kid of the // forebear. this may need one right rotation if n is // also // a left kid, or a left-right rotation otherwise. else if (parentOf(n) == leftOf(grandparentOf(n))) setColor(parentOf(n), Color.black); setColor(grandparentOf(n), Color.red); rotateRight(grandparentOf(n)); } // Step 2c: reconstitute for a parent United Nations agency is that the right kid of the // forebear. this may need one left rotation if n is // also // a right kid, or a right-left rotation otherwise. else if (parentOf(n) == rightOf(grandparentOf(n))) setColor(parentOf(n), Color.black); setColor(grandparentOf(n), Color.red); rotateLeft(grandparentOf(n)); } } // Step 3: Color the foundation black setColo.

Extend your work on the OCC logo to add shapes that curve1 the blue.pdf

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Distinguish between a micelle, a bilayer, and a liposome. What are the forces that maintain these structures? Solution Liposomes are composed of a lipid bilayer separating an aqueous internal compartment from the bulk aqueous phase. Micelles are closed lipid monolayers with a fatty acid core and polar surface, or polar core with fatty acids on the surface (inverted micelle). A lipid bilayer is also termed as a bimolecular sheet in which the hydrophobic tails of each individual plane interact with one another, constituting a hydrophobic core which acts as a permeability barrier. Micelle is a smaller structure, generally less than 20 nm (200 Å) in diameter. But a bilayer sheet can be of larger dimensions, e.g. a millimeter (106 nm or 107 Å). Vander wall forces, electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding attractions between the polar head groups and water molecules maintain the structures ..

Distinguish between a micelle, a bilayer, and a liposome. What are t.pdf

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Describe how a bacterium with peritrichous flagella moves. How does this allow cells to move up a gradient of a an attractant or down the gradient of a repellent? Solution The flagella is present in bacteria. They can take 100\'s of rotations. By taking these rotations they can move freely. If a bacterium has a peritrichous arrangement of flagella, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Proteus, and Enterobacter, the flagella rotates in a counterclockwise directionwhich causes them to form a single bundle that propels the bacterium in long, straight or curved runs without a change in direction. Some flagella which rotates in clockwise diraction forms in the bundle causes the flagellas to be pushed apart from the bundle triggering a tumbling motion. Every time the bacterium tumbles it rerotates itself in a different directions. In the presence of a chemical gradient, their movements become biased. When the bacterium is moving away from higher concentrations of repellents or towards higher concentrations of attractants the runs become longer and the tumbles less frequent. Therefore an increasing concentration of attractant or decreasing concentration of repellent in both the conditions are beneficial causes less tumbling and runs longer; a decreasing concentration of attractant or increasing concentration of repellent both conditions are harmful causes normal tumbling and a greater chance of reorienting in a \"better\" direction. As a result, the organism\'s net movement is toward the optimum environment.. Most of the bacteria with polar flagella like, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, they can rotate their flagella both in clockwise direction and counterclockwise direction. If the flagellum is rotating counterclockwise directions, it pushes the bacterium forward. When it rotates clockwise directions, it pulls the bacterium backward. These bacteria can change their direction by changing the rotation of their flagella. Some bacteria with polar flagella, such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides, can only rotate their flagellum clockwise. Therefore in this case, clockwise rotation pushes the bacterium forward. Every time the bacterium stops, it reorients itself in a new direction..

Describe how a bacterium with peritrichous flagella moves. How does .pdf

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