P. Ed project - Cricket. This project includes all important info about cricket like rules, history, events, and popular sports stars.

1. CRICKET
Name: Archit Singh
Class:12
Section: D
Roll Number: 5
Session: 2021-2022

2. INDEX
SI. No. Content Page No.
1 Acknowledgement 1
2 Introduction 2
3 4
4 7
5 9
6 11
7 12
8 13
9 Bibliography 15

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thanks my P. Ed. Teacher Mahesh Sir for giving the
extraordinary idea about this project on the topic “Cricket“, and
guiding this project until finish line. I would also like to express my
thanks to the principal Mrs. Neeru Bhaskar for inspiring us on the
project and encouraging us.
My thanks should not stop alone with teachers. My parents and
friends also played a big role in it. I see this project as a result of hard
work from us and innovation from my teachers. So, thanks to all of
them who put their hands in it and made it successful.

4. INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven
players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-
metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising
two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by
striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while
the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each
batter The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third
umpire and match referee in international matches.
Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a
single innings of 20 overs, to Test matches played over five days.
The earliest reference to cricket is in South East England in the mid-
16th century. It spread globally with the expansion of the British
Empire, with the first international matches in the second half of the
19th century. Lets discuss about the history of cricket in detail.

5. HISTORY
There is a consensus of expert opinion that cricket may have been
invented during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the
Weald, an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east
England. The first reference to cricket being played as an adult sport
was in 1611, and in the same year, a dictionary defined cricket as a
boys' game. There is also the thought that cricket may have derived
from bowls, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball
from reaching its target by hitting it away.
Village cricket had developed by the middle of the 17th century and
the first English “county teams” were formed in the second half of the
century, as “local experts” from village cricket were employed as the
earliest professionals. The first known game in which the teams use
county names is in 1709.

6. In the first half of the 18th Century cricket established itself as a
leading sport in London and the south-eastern counties of England. Its
spread was limited by the constraints of travel, but it was slowly
gaining popularity in other parts of England and Women’s Cricket
dates back to the 1745, when the first known match was played in
Surrey.
In 1744, the first Laws of Cricket were written and subsequently
amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, a 3rd stump, - the
middle stump and a maximum bat width were added. The codes were
drawn up by the “Star and Garter Club” whose members ultimately
founded the famous Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's in 1787. MCC
immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made
revisions ever since then to the current day.

7. Rolling the ball along the ground was superseded sometime after
1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and in response to that
innovation the straight bat replaced the old “hockey-stick” style of
bat. The Hambledon Club in Hampshire was the focal point of the
game for about thirty years until the formation of MCC and the
opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787.

8. International History
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies as
early as the 17th century, and in the 18th century it arrived in other
parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists
and to India by British East India Company mariners. It arrived in
Australia almost as soon as colonisation began in 1788 and the sport
reached New Zealand and South Africa in the early years of the 19th
century.
The first ever international cricket game was between
the US and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of
the St George's Cricket Club in New York. In 1859, a team of leading
English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever
overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia.
Between May and October 1868, a team of Aboriginal
Australians toured England in what was the first Australian cricket
team to travel overseas.

9. In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches
against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test
matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the
first time and the success of this tour ensured a popular demand for
similar ventures in future. No Tests were played in 1878 but more
soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, the Australian victory in a
tense finish gave rise to The Ashes.
South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.

10. National History
Cricket was introduced to India by British sailors in the 18th century,
and the first cricket club was established in 1792. India's national
cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932
at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted test cricket status.
From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first
Test victory. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was
one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test
matches it played. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s
with the emergence of players such as
batsmen Gavaskar, Viswanath, Kapil Dev, and the Indian spin quartet.
The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first
cricket match played in 1721. In 1848, the Parsi community
in Bombay formed the Oriental Cricket Club, the first cricket club to
be established by Indians. After slow beginnings, the Europeans
eventually invited the Parsis to play a match in 1877. By 1912, the

11. Parsis, Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims of Bombay played a quadrangular
tournament with the Europeans every year. In the early 1900s, some
Indians went on to play for the England cricket team. Some of these,
such as Ranjit singh ji and KS Duleep singh ji were greatly
appreciated by the British and their names went on to be used for
the Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy – two major first-class
tournaments in India. In 1911, an Indian team went on their first
official tour of the British Isles, but only played English county teams
and not the England cricket team.
India was invited to The Imperial Cricket Council in 1926, and made
their debut as a Test playing nation in England in 1932, led by CK
Nayudu, who was considered as the best Indian batsman at the
time. The one-off Test match between the two sides was played
at Lord's in London.

12. The team was not strong in
their batting at this point and went on to lose by 158 runs. India
recorded their first Test victory, in their 24th match, against England
at Madras in 1952. Later in the same year, they won their first Test
series, which was against Pakistan. They continued their improvement
throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in
1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade
and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. The key to
India's bowling in the 1970s were the Indian spin quartet – Bishen
Bedi, E.A.S. Prasanna, BS Chandrasekhar and Srinivas
Venkataraghavan. This period also saw the emergence of two of
India's best ever batsmen, Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath.

13. The advent of One Day International (ODI) cricket in 1971 created a
new dimension in the cricket world. However, India was not
considered strong in ODIs at this point and batsmen such as the
captain Gavaskar were known for their defensive approach to batting.
India began as a weak team in ODIs and did not qualify for the
second round in the first two editions of the Cricket World Cup. In
contrast, India fielded a strong team in Test matches and was
particularly strong at home, where their combination of stylish
batsmen and beguiling spinners were at their best. India set a then
Test record in the third Test against the West Indies at Port-of-Spain
in 1976, when they chased 403 to win, thanks to 112 from
Viswanath. In November 1976, the team established another record
by scoring 524 for 9 declared against New Zealand at Kanpur without
any individual batsman scoring a century. There were six fifties, the
highest being 70 by Mohinder Amarnath. This innings was only the
eighth instance in Test cricket where all eleven batsmen reached
double figures.
During the 1980s, India developed a more attack-minded batting line-
up with stroke makers such as the wristy Mohammed
Azharuddin, Dilip Vengsarkar and all-rounders Kapil Dev and Ravi
Shastri. India won the Cricket World Cup in 1983, defeating the
favourites and the two-time defending champions West Indies in the
final at Lords, owing to a strong bowling performance. In spite of this,
the team performed poorly in the Test arena, including 28 consecutive
Test matches without a victory. The 1980s saw Gavaskar and Kapil
Dev (India's best all-rounder to date) at the pinnacle of their careers.
Gavaskar made a Test record 34 centuries as he became the first man
to reach the 10,000 run mark. Kapil Dev later became the highest
wicket-taker in Test cricket with 434 wickets. The period was also
marked by an unstable leadership, with Gavaskar and Kapil
exchanging the captaincy several times. In August 2007, Dravid
stepped down as captain and Dhoni was made captain of the
Twenty20 and ODI team.

14. In September 2007, India won the first-ever Twenty20 World
Cup held in South Africa, beating Pakistan by 5 runs in the final.
In December 2009, India became the No. 1 Test team in the world.
They retained the ranking by drawing series against South Africa and
Sri Lanka.
On 2 April 2011, India won the 2011 Cricket World Cup by defeating
Sri Lanka in the final, thus becoming the third team after West Indies
and Australia to win the World Cup twice. India also became the first
team to win the World Cup on home soil.
However, India lost heavily against New Zealand and South Africa
away from home, leading to heavy criticism of Indian cricketers for
not being able to perform overseas. India defeated England in
the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy final and Dhoni became the first
captain in history to win the three major ICC trophies, namely
the ICC Cricket World Cup, ICC World Twenty20 and ICC
Champions Trophy. This was followed by a victory in the West Indies
Triangular Series in 2013 consisting of India, West Indies, and Sri
Lanka. In 2014, India toured Bangladesh and England. Although they
beat the former 2–0 in three ODIs, India was beaten 3–1 in five Test
matches by England. This series included a famous win for the Indian
team in the second match of the series at Lord's.

15. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF CRICKET
During cricket, we require a variety of skills which are known as
fundamental skills of cricket. Today we are going to disclose some
unique fundamental skills of cricket.
Batting Skills
Begin a batsman he must have good wrist power, eye coordination,
stamina, running speed, a judgment of speed, bat speed, and other
knowledge and statistics for cricket.
Some basic following skills batsman required:-
 He should try to save his cricket by the bat.
 Avoid the ball which hits to legs.

16.  Avoid playing aerial shots as this can result in batsmen
getting caught and dismissed.
 He should have perfect guidance when to take a run.
 Hit the ball by prefect chooses of shot, timing, and strength.
Different types of shots
The good batsman plays different shots to make more runs. He has
perfect knowledge and skills to play different types of shots. Usually
good, the batsman has great balance throughout his body there are a
variety of shots a batsman can play.
Types of batting
 Block
 Cut
 Drive
 Hook
 Leg Glance
 Paddle Sweep
 Pull
 Sweep
 Reverse Sweep
 Slog Sweep
 Slog
Bowling skills
Bowling is important as batting in the cricketing field, bowling means
when the ball is defended by a batsman to save his cricket. A player

17. who has skills to bowl known as a bowler. When the ball is thrown to
the batsman is called a ball or delivery. One over has six sets of the
ball usually a bowler bowls six balls in an over when one over bowled
by any bowler another player from his teammates bowl the next over.
There are some laws of cricket for bowlers on how to bowl a ball of
the bowls an illegal bowl, an umpire will rule it a ‘No Ball’. If a
bowler bowl very far from the batsman then it’s known as ‘Wide’ and
the bowler has to bowl another ball.
Types of bowling
Fast bowling
 Seam Bowling
 Swing Bowling
 Bouncer
 In dipper
 In swinger
 Leg Cutter
 Off Cutter
 Slow Ball
 Reverse
Deliveries
 Full Toss
 Beamer
Spin bowling
 Off-Spin
 Leg-Spin
 Chinaman
 Doosra
 Googles
 Leg Break
 Teesra
 Arm Ball

18. Fielding
In the 21st century fielding is a key point to winning the match a
player required more hard work, practice, and flexibility to become a
good fielder. Being a good fielder he should have more flexibility,
and body right behind the ball. He must have judgment where the
going for a catch fielder eye must to on batsman strictly he should
look at all the activities performed by the batsman to react to catch the
ball.
A good fielder should have great concentration even when the team
field is out of the blazing sun for more than five hours. A team should
have a good fielding side to win more matches for his country a good
fielder saves more runs and force him to come in under pressure.
Fielding is an important part of cricket fielding creates pressure that
wins many matches.
Now a day the standard of fielding is on a top-level. Every player of
any team is a great fielder because of their fitness and flexibility.
First aid of sports injuries in cricket;
 Injured Elbow
 Rib Cage Injury
 Pulled Hamstring
 Finger Fracture

19. Wicket – Keeper
Wicketkeeper plays an important role in cricket good wicket-keeper
can save a number of runs for his teams. His function is to stop
deliveries, which the batsman unable to play or passed by batsman
wicket-keeper is the god in cricket because he can dismiss the
batsman in various ways. The first way is when the bowler ball to a
batsman and when it got an edge of the bat and keeper caught it
before it, bouncer.
The wicket-keeper position is the best position then other fielders for
high air caught, he can easily catch that he sought another way to
dismiss a batsman for the wicketkeeper. When the batsman miss to
play the shot and he comes out of the crease wicketkeeper caught the
ball and fall bails from the stumps and at last when the balls hit the
outfield wicket-keeper come closer to the stumps and receive the ball
and run out if it’s possible.

20. Cricket is an outdoor game and in current situation, it’s well known
game popular all over in the world. In India, Cricket is an only game
which is more popular compares than other games. While cricket was
introduce in the 16th century by England. If you are not aware with
basic rules and regulations of cricket then you can’t play in real life. It
has many rules and regulation, but not compulsory to know all of
them. If you want to play normal cricket it’s not compulsory to know
all basic rules and regulations of cricket, but if you are choosing
cricket as a career you must needed to know everything about cricket.
Cricket is played by two teams of 11, with one side taking a turn to
bat a ball and score runs, while the other team will bowl and field the
ball to restrict the opposition from scoring. The main objective in
cricket is to score as many runs as possible against the opponent. In
Cricket toss is important part of the game.
Before the match begins, the captain of both teams will toss a coin,
with the winner of the toss being able to decide which team bats and
fields first. Day by day Cricket is growing and developing in other
countries. In Cricket there are three types of formats –
1. T-20 Cricket– It’s a limited overs match and people like to
see this format. In T-20 format, there are 20 overs for one
team.
2. ODI Cricket– It’s limited over format but it has 50 overs
for one team. This format is also popular but not much as
T-20 format.
3. Test Cricket– Test Cricket is unlimited over format which
usually play up to 4 to 5 days.
In one day they get 90 overs to play. In this format, each team play
two innings, many times there are chances to draw in such case no
result comes out.Each cricket match consists of periods known as
innings, and the number of innings that each team has will be
determined before the match, usually one or two. During an inning,
one team bats the ball while the other attempts to field. Both teams
take turns alternating between batting and fielding.

21. The match takes place on an oval cricket field, which consists of a
rectangular pitch in the center. A boundary marks the perimeter of the
field, and can take the form of a fence, ropes or lines. Additionally, a
wooden target known as the wicket is placed on both ends of the
rectangular pitch, approximately 20 meters apart. The wicket is made
out of three stumps, supporting two bails that sit on the stumps.
Lines also mark the pitch, with a line called the bowling crease placed
in line to the wicket. Another line, known as the popping or batting
crease, is located around 1.2 meters in front of the wicket. These
creases determine the area in which the bowler and batter can operate.
While the game is in progress, all 11 members of the fielding team
have to be on the field, but only two members of the batting team are
allowed to be on the playing ground. A player is selected from the
fielding team and he is known as the bowler, while the rest of the 10
players are known as fielders. The bowler will then attempt to hit the
wicket with the ball, while one of the fielders – specifically known as
the wicket keeper – crouches behind the wicket to catch the ball if it
misses.
The batsman from the opposition team will attempt to hit the bowled
ball before it hits the wicket. The rest of the fielders are required to
chase the ball once the batsman has hit it. The role of the batsman is
to prevent the wicket from getting hit by the ball, by batting the ball
away. Additionally, in order to score a run, both batsman have to run
from their respective wickets to the other as many times as possible
after a ball has been hit.
The umpire is a person who takes all decisions in cricket; there are
three umpires in cricket –

22. 1. First umpire– who stands nearby stumps.
2. Second umpire– who stands nearby batsman inside the
circle ground.
3. Third umpire– His work is to take decisions but in a
digital way by help of technology. If ground umpire facing
difficulty to take the decision, that time they can take help
from third umpire.
For Cricket, you required 22 yard pitch to play it comfortably. There
are three pairs of stumps on one end and other end another three pair
of stumps. The way to score runs comes in the basic rules and
regulations of cricket. There are many ways to score runs like by
running on the pitch. If you hit the ball by bat you have to run on the
pitch by carrying a bat in hand up to another end of the pitch. The
batsman is standing on the other end while run to make a complete
one run. It’s compulsory both batsmen should run to score runs. They
will consider out if they didn’t cross the crease line. It depends on
format how many overs they will play.
In one over there are six balls, bowled by specific person. If you miss
the ball it will consider as empty ball, no run on missing ball. Cricket
is played in the circle shape ground and there is not a specific
measurement of ground it depends on place & country. While it’s
circle shape ground at the ends there are ropes which are also known
as “Boundary Line” in Cricket. If you hit the ball which crosses the

23. boundary line you get runs. If the ball travels on ground level you get
4 runs as it’s known as four runs in Cricketing world. If the ball cross
boundary line directly pitching outside boundary line we get 6 runs as
it known as “Six” runs.
We also get runs by overthrow in Cricket. So, what is Overthrow? A
ball hit by the batsman and fielder throws it back to wicketkeeper end
if he doesn’t collect or miss to catch the ball, a batsman can take run
at that situation.
There are different ways to make batsman out –
 Bowled– If a batsman can’t hit the ball with the bat and it
hit to stumps is known as “Bowled”.
 Caught– Batsman hit ball in the air and fielder catch while
catching ball it should not fall on the ground.
 Stumped– When a batsman take run at that time if batsman
not able to cross the crease line at that moment
wicketkeeper stump him.
 Run-Out– When a batsman didn’t cross the crease line and
if fielder hit ball to stumps as it known as “Run Out”.
 Hit- Wicket– In Cricket a batsman can also get out by his
mistake. If a batsman hits a stump by the body or bat then,
he is going to declare as “Hit-wicket”.
Laws of Cricket
The Laws of Cricket is a code which specifies the rules of the game
of cricket worldwide. The earliest known code was drafted in 1744
and, since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian,
the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. There are currently
42 Laws which outline all aspects of how the game is to be played.

24. MCC has re-coded the Laws six times, the seventh and latest code
being released in October 2017. The 2nd edition of the 2017 Code
came into force on 1 April 2019. The first six codes prior to 2017
were all subject to interim revisions and so exist in more than one
version.
MCC retains copyright in the Laws and only the MCC may change
the Laws, although usually this is only done after close consultation
with the ICC and other interested parties such as the Association of
Cricket Umpires and Scorers.
The Laws Today
Starting on 1 October 2017, the current version of the Laws are the
"Laws of Cricket 2017 Code" which replaced the 6th Edition of the
"2000 Code of Laws". Custodianship of the Laws remains one of
MCC's most important roles. At international level, playing
conditions are implemented by the ICC; at domestic level by each
country's board of control.
The code of Laws consists of:
 Preface;
 Preamble to the Laws;
 42 Laws;
 5 Appendices, adding further definitions to the Laws;
Setting up the game
The first 12 Laws cover the players and officials, basic equipment,
pitch specifications and timings of play.
Law 1: The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players,
including a captain.

25. Law 2: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws,
make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers.
While not required under the Laws of Cricket, in higher level cricket a
third umpire (located off the field, and available to assist the on-field
umpires) may be used under the specific playing conditions of a
particular match or tournament.
Law 3: The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the
umpires' signals and keep the score.
Law 4: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8.81 and 9 inches (22.4 cm
and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and
5.75 ounces (155.9g and 163g) in men's cricket. A slightly smaller
and lighter ball is specified in women's cricket. Only one ball is used
at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar
wear. It is also replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at the
request of the fielding side, be replaced with a new ball, after a
minimum number of overs have been bowled as prescribed by the
regulations under which the match is taking place (currently 80 in
Test matches). The gradual degradation of the ball through the innings
is an important aspect of the game.
Law 5: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (96.52 cm) in
length, no more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide, no more than 2.64
inches (6.7 cm) deep at its middle and no deeper than 1.56 inches
(4.0 cm) at the edge. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered
part of the bat.

26. Law 6: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22
yards (20.12 m) long and 10 ft (3.05 m) wide. The Ground Authority
selects and prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the
umpires control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the
arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it unfit,
with the consent of both captains can change the pitch.
Law 7: The creases. This Law sets out the dimensions and locations
of the creases. The bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are in
the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three
stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is
perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the centres of both middle
stumps). Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in
length, centred on the middle stump at each end, and each bowling
crease terminates at one of the return creases. The popping crease,
which determines whether a batsman is in his ground or not, and
which is used in determining front-foot no-balls, is drawn at each end
of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping
crease must be 4 feet (1.22 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling
crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the
popping crease must be marked to at least 6 feet (1.83 m) on either
side of the imaginary line joining the centres of the middle stumps.
The return creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when
making a delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps,
along each sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all,
one on either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie
perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet

27. 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary line
joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease
terminates at one end at the popping crease but the other end is
considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a
minimum of 8 feet (2.44 m) from the popping crease.
Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that
are 28 inches (71.12 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the
bowling crease with equal distances between each stump. They are
positioned so that the wicket is 9 inches (22.86 cm) wide. Two
wooden bails are placed on top of the stumps. The bails must not
project more than 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) above the stumps, and must,
for men's cricket, be 4.31 inches (10.95 cm) long.
Law 9: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. When a
cricket ball is bowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and the
behaviour of the ball is greatly influenced by the condition of the
pitch. As a consequence, detailed rules on the management of the
pitch are necessary. This Law contains the rules governing how
pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained.
Law 10: Covering the pitch. The pitch is said to be 'covered' when the
groundsmen have placed covers on it to protect it against rain or dew.
The Laws stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be
agreed by both captains in advance. The decision concerning whether
to cover the pitch greatly affects how the ball will react to the pitch
surface, as a ball bounces differently on wet ground as compared to

28. dry ground. The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so as to
deliver the ball (the 'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so as to avoid
injury through slipping and falling, and the Laws also require these to
be covered wherever possible when there is wet weather.
Law 11: Intervals. There are intervals during each day's play, a ten-
minute interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals.
The timing and length of the intervals must be agreed before the
match begins. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and
interval lengths in certain situations, most notably the provision that if
nine wickets are down, the lunch and tea interval are delayed to the
earlier of the fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.
Law 12: Start of play; cessation of play. Play after an interval
commences with the umpire's call of "Play", and ceases at the end of a
session with a call of "Time". The last hour of a match must contain at
least 20 overs, being extended in time so as to include 20 overs if
necessary.
Innings and Result
Law 13: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be
one or two innings for each side, and whether either or both innings
are to be limited by time or by overs. In practice, these decisions are
likely to be laid down by Competition Regulations, rather than pre-
game agreement. In two-innings games, the sides bat alternately
unless the follow-on (Law 14) is enforced. An innings is closed once
all batsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the
innings is declared or forfeited by the batting captain, or any agreed
time or over limit is reached. The captain winning the toss of a coin
decides whether to bat or to bowl first.
Law 14: The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting
second scores substantially fewer runs than the side which batted first,
then the side that batted first can require their opponents to bat again
immediately. The side that enforced the follow-on has the chance to
win without batting again. For a game of five or more days, the side

29. batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the follow-on;
for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs;
for a one-day game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by
the number of scheduled days play left when the game actually
begins.
Law 15: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare
an innings closed at any time when the ball is dead. He may also
forfeit his innings before it has started.
Law 16: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the
match. If both sides score the same number of runs, the match is tied.
However, the match may run out of time before the innings have all
been completed. In this case, the match is drawn.
Overs, scoring, dead ball and extras
The Laws then move on to detail how runs can be scored.
Law 17: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding
wides and no-balls. Consecutive overs are delivered from opposite
ends of the pitch. A bowler may not bowl two consecutive overs.
Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to
each other's end of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one
ball.
Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked around the edge of the
field of play. If the ball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are
scored, or six runs if the ball doesn't hit the ground before crossing the
boundary.
Law 20: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins
his run up, and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is
over. Once the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can
be dismissed. The ball becomes dead for a number of reasons, most
commonly when a batsman is dismissed, when a boundary is hit, or
when the ball has finally settled with the bowler or wicketkeeper.

30. Law 21: No ball. A ball can be a no-ball for several reasons: if the
bowler bowls from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow
during the delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball
bounces more than once or rolls along the ground before reaching the
batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places. A no-ball
adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs
which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-
ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the
field.
Law 22: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her
opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he
could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide
adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs
which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a wide
except by being run out or stumped, by hitting his wicket, or
obstructing the field.
Law 23: Bye and leg bye. If a ball that is not a wide passes the striker
and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball hits the striker but
not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However,
leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke
nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are credited to the
team's but not the batsman's total.
Players, substitutesand practice
Law 24: Fielders' absence; Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be
brought on for an injured fielder. However, a substitute may not bat,
bowl or act as captain. The original player may return if he has
recovered.
Law 25: Batsman's innings; Runners A batsman who becomes unable
to run may have a runner, who completes the runs while the batsman
continues batting. (The use of runners is not permitted in international
cricket under the current playing conditions.) Alternatively, a batsman

31. may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to resume his innings if he
recovers.
Law 26: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling
practice on the pitch during the match. Practice is permitted on the
outfield during the intervals and before the day's play starts and after
the day's play has ended. Bowlers may only practice bowling and
have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the view that it would waste no
time and does not damage the ball or the pitch.
Law 27: The wicket-keeper. The keeper is a designated player from
the bowling side allowed to stand behind the stumps of the batsman.
They are the only fielder allowed to wear gloves and external leg
guards.
Law 28: The fielder. A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from the
bowling side. Fielders are positioned to field the ball, to stop runs and
boundaries, and to get batsmen out by catching or running them out.
Appeals and dismissals
Law 29: The wicket is down. Several methods of dismissal occur
when the wicket is put down. This means that the wicket is hit by the
ball, or the batsman, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball,
and at least one bail is removed; if both bails have already been
previously removed, one stump must be removed from the ground.
Law 30: Batsman out of his/her ground. The batsmen can be run out
or stumped if they are out of their ground. A batsman is in his ground
if any part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the popping
crease, and the other batsman was not already in that ground. If both
batsman are in the middle of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the
batsman closer to that end is out.
Law 31: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may
ask the umpire "How's That?" before the next ball is bowled. The
umpire then decides whether the batsman is out. Strictly speaking, the
fielding side must appeal for all dismissals, including obvious ones

32. such as bowled. However, a batsman who is obviously out will
normally leave the pitch without waiting for an appeal or a decision
from the umpire.
Laws 32 to 40 discuss the various ways a batsman may be dismissed.
In addition to these 9 methods, a batsman may retire out, which is
covered in Law 25. Of these, caught is generally the most common,
followed by bowled, leg before wicket, run out and stumped. The
other forms of dismissal are very rare.
Law 32: Bowled. A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball
delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched
the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down
the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire
before doing so.
Law 33: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and
is then caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball
bounces, then the batsman is out.
Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than
for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the
opposition, he is out.
Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride
and while the ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his
bat or his body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts
his wicket down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run.
"Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the batsman.
Law 36: Leg Before Wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batsman
without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the
batsman was not there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of
the wicket, the batsman will be out. However, if the ball strikes the
batsman outside the line of the off-stump, and the batsman was
attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.
Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batsman wilfully obstructs the
opposition by word or action or strikes the ball with a hand not

33. holding the bat, he is out. If the actions of the non-striker prevent a
catch taking place, then the striker is out. Handled the Ball was
previously a method of dismissal in its own right.
Law 38: Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in
play no part of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping
crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side.
Law 39: Stumped. A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law
27) puts down the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and
not attempting a run.
Law 40: Timed out. An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball
(or be at the crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3
minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed, otherwise the
incoming batsman will be out.
Unfair play
Law 41: Unfair play. There are a number of restrictions to ensure fair
play covering: changing the condition of the ball; distracting the
batsmen; dangerous bowling; time-wasting; damaging the pitch.
Some of these offences incur penalty runs, others can see warnings
and then restrictions on the players.
Law 42: Players' conduct. The umpires shall penalise unacceptable
conduct based on the severity of the actions. Serious misconduct can
see a player sent from field; lesser offences, a warning and penalty
runs.

34. Sports Personalities
Internationalplayers
 Sir Donald Bradman
Sir Donald George Bradman, AC (27 August 1908 – 25 February
2001), nicknamed "The Don", was an Australian
international cricketer, widely acknowledged as the
greatest batsman of all time. Bradman's career Test batting average of
99.94 has been cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in
any major sport.
Sir Donald Bradman of Australia was, beyond any argument, the
greatest batsman who ever lived and the greatest cricketer of the 20th
century. Only WG Grace, in the formative years of the game, even
remotely matched his status as a player. And The Don lived on into
the 21st century, more than half a century after he retired. In that time,
his reputation not merely as a player but as an administrator, selector,
sage and cricketing statesman only increased. His contribution
transcended sport; his exploits changed Australia's relationship to
what used to be called the "mother country".

35.  Vivian Richards
Sir Isaac Vivian Alexander Richards,(Born on 7 March 1952) KNH,
OBE is an Antiguan retired cricketer who represented the West Indies
at Test and international levels. He is regarded as one of the greatest
batsmen of all time. You knew when he was coming. The outgoing
batsman would already have disappeared into the pavilion, and the
expectation of what was to follow filled the air. Viv kept you
waiting... time to ponder. Then he appeared, sauntering, swaggering,
arms windmilling slowly. He would take guard, and then, head tilted
back slightly and cudding his gum, he would walk a few paces down
the pitch to tap it while looking the bowler in the eye. It was
calculated menace and magnificent theatre from arguably the most
devastating batsman o0f all time.
His power was awesome, he hooked devastatingly and never wore a
helmet, rocking back from his front-foot base to take the ball from his
eyeline in front of square. Occasionally, for no apparent reason, he
would block an over in immaculate fashion, seemingly in defensive
position before the ball had left the bowler's hand. Then, refreshed,
off he would go again.

36.  Alastair Cook
Sir Alastair Nathan Cook (Born on 25 December,1984) CBE is an
English cricketer who plays for Essex County Cricket Club, and
formerly for England in all international formats. A former captain of
the England Test and One-Day International teams, he holds a number
of English and international records. If there was any doubt about the
place Alastair Cook held in the affections of fans of England cricket,
they were dispelled during his final Test. Cook was never an
especially elegant batsman. He wasn't especially eloquent, either. And
his career encompassed its fair share of downs as well as ups.
There were moments - such as in the latter stages of his time
captaining England's ODI side or during the interminable fall-out of
the Kevin Pietersen saga - when it seemed his love affair with the
supporters could sour.
In the end, though, his determination, his longevity, his decency and,
yes, his sheer number of runs, shone through. And as The Oval crowd
stood to give him ovation after ovation - the one that greeted his
second-innings century lasted several minutes and held up play - the
respect and popularity for him was abundantly clear.

37.  Brendon McCullum
Brendon Barrie McCullum, (Born on 27 September,1981) ONZM is
a New Zealand cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer, who
played all formats, and also a former captain in all forms. McCullum
took quick scoring to Test matches as well, notably recording the
fastest test century of all time. Brash, brutal and brilliant to watch,
Brendon McCullum can bruise bowling attacks like few other men in
international cricket. A wicketkeeper-batsman, McCullum has been
used throughout the New Zealand batting order, but whenever he
arrives at the crease it's impossible to look away.
He also became the second man, after Chris Gayle, to score a
Twenty20 international century when he brazenly scooped 155kph
offerings from Shaun Tait and Dirk Nannes over the wicketkeeper's
head in Christchurch in 2009-10. McCullum describes himself as
"brash" and that innings was the proof, but he has also been a key part
of New Zealand's Test team since 2004. In the longer format he began
his career at No. 7 and in his second series, entertained the crowd with
96 at Lord's.

38.  Shoaib Akhtar
Shoaib Akhtar (Born on 13 August 1975), is a Pakistani former
cricketer and commentator who is regarded as the fastest bowler in
history of international cricket, having bowled a delivery at 161.3
km/h, in an ODI against England – a pool match during the 2003
Cricket World Cup. About the worst way to assess Shoaib Akhtar
would be to do so through his numbers; they aren't unimpressive but
rarely have they revealed so little.
From the moment Shoaib emerged on the scene in the late 90s, the
world knew it was in for some career. First there was the extreme
pace and there was also the attitude; Shoaib was the fastest bowler in
the world, he knew it, he made sure others knew it. He was a natural
successor to the legacy of Imran, Wasim and Waqar. But that he will
end his career an 'if only' or a 'coulda been' is the great tragedy.
What he had was remarkable. Early on, in 1999, there wasn't a more
thrilling sight in the world than Shoaib hurtling in off an impossibly
long run and beating the world's best batsmen for pace.

39. National players
 Sunil Gavaskar
Sunil Manohar Gavaskar (Born on 10 July,1949), is an Indian cricket
commentator and former cricketer representing India and Bombay
from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. Sunil Gavaskar was one of the
greatest opening batsmen of all time, and certainly the most
successful. His game was built around a near-perfect technique and
enormous powers of concentration. It is hard to visualise a more
beautiful defence: virtually unbreachable, it made his wicket among
the hardest to earn.
He played with equal felicity off both front and back feet, had
excellent judgement of length and line, and was beautifully balanced.
He had virtually every stroke in the book but traded flair for the
solidity his side needed more. His record for the highest number of
Test hundreds was overtaken by Sachin Tendulkar, but statistics alone
don't reveal Gavaskar's true value to India. He earned respect for
Indian cricket and he taught his team-mates the virtue of

40. professionalism. The self-actualisation of Indian cricket began under
him.
 Kapil Dev
Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj (Born on 6 January,1959) is a former
Indian cricketer. He was a fast medium bowler and a hard hitting
middle order batsman. Widely regarded as one of the greatest all-
rounders to play the game, he is also regarded as one of the greatest
captains of all time.
Kapil Dev was the greatest pace bowler India has produced, and the
r greatest fast-bowling allrounder. If he had played at any other time -
not when Imran Khan, Ian Botham and Richard Hadlee were
contemporaries - he would surely have been recognised as the best
allrounder in the world.
His greatest feats were to lead India almost jauntily, and by his all-
round example, to the 1983 World Cup, and to take the world-record
aggregate of Test wickets from Hadlee. It was the stamina of the
marathon runner that took him finally to 431 wickets and only a yard
beyond.

41.  Sachin Tendulkar
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar (Born on 24 April,1973) is an Indian
former international cricketer who served as captain of the Indian
national team. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in
the history of cricket.
Sachin Tendulkar has been the most complete batsman of his time,
the most prolific run maker of all time, and arguably the biggest
cricket icon the game has ever known. His batting was based on the
purest principles: perfect balance, economy of movement, precision in
stroke-making, and that intangible quality given only to geniuses -
anticipation. If he didn't have a signature stroke - the upright, back-
foot punch comes close - it's because he was equally proficient at each
of the full range of orthodox shots (and plenty of improvised ones as
well) and can pull them out at will.
There were no apparent weaknesses in Tendulkar's game. He could
score all around the wicket, off both front foot and back, could tune
his technique to suit every condition, temper his game to suit every
situation, and made runs in all parts of the world in all conditions.

42.  MS Dhoni
Mahendra Singh Dhoni, (Born on 7 July 198) is a former Indian
international cricketer who captained the Indian national team in
limited-overs formats from 2007 to 2017 and in Test cricket from
2008 to 2014. He has got to this point coming from the cricketing
backwaters, the mining state of Jharkhand, and through a home-made
batting and wicketkeeping technique, and a style of captaincy that
scales the highs and lows of both conservatism and unorthodoxy.
Under Dhoni's captaincy, India have won the top prize in all formats:
topping the Test rankings for 18 months starting December 2009, the
50-over World Cup in 2011 and the World T20 on his captaincy debut
in 2007.
Dhoni demonstrated all that was right with the new middle-class
India. He didn't respect reputations, but never disrespected either. He
improvised, he learned, but didn't apologise for his batting style,
which was not the most elegant. He became a multi-faceted ODI

43. batsman, one who could accumulate, one who could rebuild, and one
who could still unleash those big sixes.
 Anil Kumble
Anil Kumble (Born on 17 October,1970) is an Indian Cricket coach,
Captain, former cricketer and commentator who played Tests and
ODIs for 18 years. Widely regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in
test cricket history, he is a right-arm leg spin bowler.
No bowler in history won India more Test matches than Anil Kumble,
and there probably hasn't been a harder trier either. Kumble traded the
leg spinner's proverbial yo-yo for a spear, as the ball hacked through
the air rather than hanging in it and came off the pitch with a kick
rather than a kink. The method provided him stunning success,
particularly on Indian soil, where his deliveries burst like packets of
water upon the feeblest hint of a crack, and more than one modern-
day batsman remarked that there was no more difficult challenge in
cricket than handling Kumble on a wearing surface.
Kumble's prodigious capacity to bear pain was proved in Antigua in
2002 when he bandaged his fractured jaw to deliver a stirring spell,
and that to continuously learn in the mid-2000s when, after a decade
of middling away performances, he influenced memorable wins in

44. Headingley, Adelaide, Multan and Kingston, using an improved
googly, bigger sidespin and more variation in flight and on the crease.
Sports Awards
Arjuna Award
Arjuna Award was instituted in the year 1961. It is given to
sportspersons for "consistent outstanding performance" over the
period of last four years. The award comprises
"a bronze statuette of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash
prize of ₹15 lakh (US$21,000).
DronacharyaAward

45. Dronacharya Award instituted in the year 1985, it is given to coaches
for "producing medal winners at prestigious international events". The
award comprises "a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a certificate,
ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ₹15 lakh (US$21,000)".
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna was instituted in the year 1991–1992.It is
given to sportspersons for "most outstanding performance by a
sportsperson" over the period of last four years. The award comprises
"a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize of ₹25 lakh (US$35,000)

46. Sports Injuries
Hamstring strains
Hamstring strains commonly occur in cricket during sudden sprints,
often when fielding or taking a quick single run. Hamstring strains
range in severity, from a minor strain which may feel like an ache in
your hamstring, through the major strains which are extremely painful
and can make it difficult to walk or stand at all. Initial treatment
should be the POLICE principle and following up with a
physiotherapist is highly recommended. Ensuring that you do an
adequate warm-up before taking to the field can reduce your risk of
hamstring strains.
Ankle sprains
Ankle sprains are common in most sports, and cricket is no different.
Running at high speeds, as well as shifts in momentum and sudden
stopping can all cause ankle sprains. Initial treatment should include
the POLICE principle and following up with a physiotherapist to
ensure optimum recovery, as well as the discussion of prevention
measures.
We recommend seeing a physiotherapist if you are susceptible to
ankle sprains, as a tailored program can help increase your ankle
mobility and prevent sprains.
Abdominal side strain
Most common in bowlers, a side strain occurs when the obliques (the
side of your abdomen) are strained or torn. This occurs on the
opposite side of the bowling arm and can range in severity. Treatment
requires adequate rest from bowling as well as professional treatment.

47. Contusions
Contusions are caused by a direct impact to the muscle, in cricket
commonly by the ball. This results in swelling and bruising of the
area and can vary in severity (generally if the ball hits you at a faster
speed the contusion will be more severe).
The POLICE principle is recommended for treatment, and for more
severe contusions medical assistance may be required.
Throwers elbow (medical epicondylitis)
Throwers elbow is an overuse injury caused by the repetitive strain of
throwing a cricket ball, commonly occurring in bowlers. The onset of
symptoms is often gradual and can include pain on the inside of the
elbow, and weakness of the wrist. Initially you can use the POLICE
principle, as well as rest to ease the symptoms of throwers elbow.
Following this it is a good idea to consult with a professional for
further treatment and prevention.

48. Bibliography
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.espncricinfo.com
 www.google.images
 www.ncert.inc
 www.cricbuzz.com