Sopa, Dmca, And Hipaa

Sopa, Dmca, And Hipaa
Alexander Lau
ITP – 125
Final Paper
May 7, 2016
SOPA, DMCA, and HIPAA
With the introduction of computers and the internet opens limitless possibilities for the world to become so much more interconnected and interactive.
However, that same limitless potential is both a blessing and a curse. The open internet is a system that allows for unlimited access to almost any sort
of information. That same openness makes security for one's self difficult and there isn't anyone who is completely secure. The introduction of the
internet for broad use and public consumption also came with the federal government's attempts to prevent the theft of personal information. In the late
1990s, President Bill Clinton signed into law two provisions to protect copyright and affordability of healthcare: the Digital Millennium Copyright Act
(DMCA) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. In 2011, a bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives
called the Stop Online Privacy Act (SOPA) to combat online copyright infringement and online trafficking in counterfeit goods. Obviously the DMCA
and SOPA have much more in common as they deal with copyright infringement. As such, they also have a profound impact on information security.
HIPAA is important as well as it keeps confidential information like medical records to only be accessed by patients and medical professionals. All three
of them touched on an important subject, information security, that warrants the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Copyrights in the Music Industry Essay examples
Is important for anyone who has created any intellectual property to protect it. In the music industry, in order for someone to protect their work, they
must obtain a copyright. Music has been around before anyone could obtain a copyright and when the invention of the computer came along it made it
easier for someone to steal another artist's intellectual property with the help of the internet. This paper will cover what events have taken a big role in
copyright protection for artist, the consequences if someone was to break the rules of a copyright which is called copyright infringement, and how will
a copyright hold in the future. Were copyrights enacted without the thought of life changing technology, and how can some music companies... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literary work (including newspaper and magazine articles, computer and training manuals, catalogues, brochures, and print advertisements).
2.Musical works and accompanying words (including advertising jingles).
3.Dramatic works and accompanying music.
4.Pantomimes and choreographic works (including ballets and other forms of dance).
5.Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works (including cartoons, maps, posters, statues, and even stuffed animals).
6.Motion pictures and other audiovisual works (including multimedia works).
7.Sound recordings.
8.Architectural works. (Miller & Jentz, 2011, p. 126)
When The Copyright Act of 1976 was enacted works created after January 1, 1978, are automatically given statutory copyright protection for life of
the author plus 70 years. (Miller R. J., 2011, pp. 125–126) For someone to go against the rules of a copyright this is called a copyright infringement. A
copyright infringement occurs if a substantial part of a copyrighted product has been reproduced. (Miller R. J., 2011, p. 127) Damages can vary
from case to case of copyright infringement. Based on the type of damage caused it will be classified as actual damages or statutory damages. Actual
damages are based on the harm caused by the copyright holder by the infringement. (Miller R. J., 2011, p. 127) Statutory damages may not exceed
$150,000. Criminal proceedings may result in fines and/or imprisonment. There is a notable way to waive the copyright by

Piracy is A Problem, But the Stop Online Piracy Act is Not...
The internet is one of the few things in the world that is truly all over the world. Millions use the internet every day for more reasons than one person
can think of; to connect with family and friends, find information for a research paper, or to achieve the perfect chicken masala recipe. The internet is
made up of a mass expanse of web content and copyright, which is where online piracy comes in. Online piracy is the illegal use or distribution of
copyrighted content, such as music, films, and can even include pharmaceuticals. Millions of dollars are ripped off every year from the illegal
downloading of just music. In the visual that I have included you will see that America tops the list of music illegally downloaded from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The terminology of the act is also too broad and general; it would give the government an unreasonable amount of power over the internet. The law
could potentially be manipulated to censor the internet. Those prosecuted for copyright infringement would be given the bare minimum of their due
process rights. Websites could potentially be shut for just mentioning something copyrighted or having a link to the copyrighted content. SOPA will put
enormous pressure on third party websites to police their forums with an intensity that would eventually cause pandemonium. Sophie Stalla–Bourdillon,
a lecturer at the University of Southampton Law School stated in her article about internet intermediaries that "how can one promote freedom of
expression while expecting Internet intermediaries to take the initiative to police their systems or networks and in particular to react upon
infringements of Intellectual Property (IP) rights." Youtube reported that 100 hours of videos are uploaded to their site per minute; That is 144,000
hours of video per day. Youtube would not be able to screen all of these videos equal to the rate that they are getting uploaded. Through DMCA sites
like Youtube are currently not held liable for what their users upload and share as long as the websites "act as neutral carriers of information and do
not restrain freedom of

United States Copyright Laws
In its beginning, the United States based its code of laws on the British Law (Moser & Slay, 2011, 16). Connecticut passed the first state copyright
bill: an Act for the Encouragement of Literature and Genius in 1783 (Moser & Slay, 2011, 16). By 1786, twelve out of the thirteen states had passed
copyright statutes. However, the fact that each state had its own copyright laws created inconsistency and inconvenience for enforcement from one
state to another. A federal copyright law was necessary. On March 1783, the Continental Congress drafted the Constitutional Copyright Clause, which
gave to the federal government the power to pass copyright laws (Moser & Slay, 2011, 17). The clause stipulated that the goal of theUnited States was
to promote ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The gramophone began to replace the phonograph (Bargfrede, Mak & Feist, 2009, 4). In 1903, Monarch Record Label brought the first release of
pre–recorded music on discs records (Bargfrede, Mak & Feist, 2009, 4). While fighting over patents for these new technologies, producers such as the
Columbia Phonograph Company and the Gramophone Company, gave little thought to the ownership of a performance contained on these mediums
(Cummings,

The Ethical Issues Of Payola
Since its beginnings, the recording industry has suffered from behavior that ranges from the unethical to worse – downright corrupt. Artists have had
their music stolen, royalties shorted, and have been lied to about the potential for riches and fame. In addition, record labels have tried to take
shortcuts to profitability through scams, fraud and even bribery. Two ethical issues continue to persist within the industry. The first ethical issue is
Payola, the practice of a compensating a media outlet, such as a radio or TV station, for playing an artist's work by the artist's record label. The
second issue is illegal sampling, the practice of taking pieces of an artist's music, without proper permission, in order to create a new song by another
musician. We have seen both issues rear their heads in the last 5 years and they may plague the industry in perpetuity. Describe Illegal Sampling and
how it relates to your industry or company. The rapid development and availability of technology has impacted the recording industry's profitability and
has even called into question the industry's ethical practices. The proliferation of home personal computers and the subsequent introduction of
recording and production hardware and software peripherals made music easier and cheaper to produce. The end of the 80's saw the birth of Hip–Hop
and the emergence of one of the most important tools in the production of the genre – the sampler. Initially used as a substitute for bulky drums –

Canadian Copyright Law
There are various comparable qualities among Canadian and American copyright, for instance, the general walks in the application strategy.
Regardless, every so often Canadian lawyer and clients make wrong assumptions about US copyright laws that can essentially influence a copyright
case. Besides, some US lawyers and clients erroneously acknowledge more resemblance between Canadian laws and US than truly exists. The Canadian
copyright law is important in today's day in age because it helps ensure the author gets the credits necessary for their work and protects their work.
This will be shown through the following points in the article below. The Canadian copyright law has a stronger copyright law because Canadian law
has a protection by the federal government; the rights held by the author, the individual remains the author and fair use and fair dealing.
To begin, copyright is the privilege of an author of a work to keep others from utilizing his or her work without consent. An author of a work has the
selectors right to state yes or no to the different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Canada and U.S. are both considered similar in many ways, but when looked at closely one can find out the differences that both countries hold.
While they both may have differences they still do have some similarities as was discussed in the paragraph above. These distinctions are critical as a
result of their effect on the accessible extent of insurance. As we keep on navigating through the digital age, copyright law turns out to be progressively
imperative, universal in degree, and shockingly quickly out–dated. Organizations in a copyright overwhelming industry, for example, distributing,
programming, plan, promoting, and workmanship ought to keep on staying educated about changes in copyright law locally and

Essay about The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Signed into law by President Clinton on October 28, 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) "was the foundation of an effort by
Congress to implement United States treaty obligations and to move the nation's copyright law into the digital age." ("Executive Summary DMCA
Report") While this seems a valid description of the law, perhaps a more accurate interpretation lies in the following statement: "The DMCA is a piece
of legislation rushed through Congress by the entertainment industry lobbyists to protect its monopoly on commercially–developed digital content,
cartels, price–fixing, and to maintain its status quo as the single entity that can direct what should be 'popular' or 'used' by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the DMCA is often used by copyright holders "to successfully fight Napster–like services and protect their anticopying technology".
(Thibodeau 41) While it may seem logical that copyright holders want to protect their technology and interests, the truth is that the law "impinges on
the right of consumers to copy content." (Thibodeau 41) Obviously there is a conflict of interests at issue and a consensus is needed to protect both
consumers as well as copyright holders. However, violating the founding principles of the nation, and citizen's rights to freedom of speech is not the
answer.
Further, in court rulings related to the DMCA, "the courts have imposed liability and enjoined conduct for what in other contexts would be considered
fair use or freedom of the press. In addition, the DMCA has been used to stifle academic research, and to arrest and indict a Russian programmer who
had come to the United States to present a paper at a conference. These cases and actions raise questions as to whether Congress has changed the
established rules, rather than just modernizing them, for the digital era." (Ottaviani C1) This conduct demonstrates the great abuse of the DMCA in
relation to the First Amendment; freedom of speech is the most important freedom granted to United States citizens and it must be protected.
"Before the DMCA was enacted, manufacturers of devices that permitted one to copy works generally considered themselves protected by the fair use

Copyright Laws And How They Have Affected Society. Copyright
Copyright Laws and How They Have Affected Society
Copyright laws have been in place for over two hundred years. They are meant to protect from the unauthorized and unlawful use of ideas and media
under law, and protect the artist's integrity. The types of media protected ranges from books to movies, from TV to picture art. In it's own way,copyright
laws have affected society and how media is distributed across the world.
Copyright Laws
The current copyright laws we use have been in place since 1976, when the Copyright act was put in place. (Copyright law, 2017) This act was meant
to reform the copyright laws into a easier to understand format, and a easier use by people. The laws protect ideas and media from unauthorized and
unlawful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After it is registered, your copyright claim is valid for seventy years after you die, unless your work was created by a company or corporation, to which
it remains after ninety years. (Ravgiala, 2017)
Copyright of Movies, Films and Television
All audiovisual works are protected under section 101 of the US copyright code. This prevents the copying, distribution of, or plagiarism of
copyrighted visual works. Most of these infringements occurs when someone sneaks some kind of recording device into a theater and records it
there. Then they either put it up on the internet for free, or sell it for a cheaper price than you would get a ticket at the movies. Movies are, however,
protected under the fair use law. Section 107 allows audiovisual works to be used in a non–commercial environment, such as a educational institution.
For instance, if a teacher wants to show a movie about volcanos to his class, he can, as long as the movie was lawfully obtained by the teacher or the
school administration. (Cameron, 2017) These rules all relatively apply to television as well. The thieves record the airing of a show, and then post it
somewhere on the internet. The thieves have also been known to transcribe the script of a show as it airs, and then post this 'script' on the internet.
Most of these are intentional infringement and can cost you a lot of money in the future for stealing any monetary gain from

Napster: The Copyright Battle Essay
Once upon a time a website provided free music through peer–to–peer file sharing. This was a new technology for the public for a several reasons. The
price of home computers had declines dramatically and many people could now afford one. Because of the affordability, many people who had never
used a computer suddenly found themselves enmeshed in the new media. Not only could people do their e–mail, do paperwork, play games and use all
the different applications they now could also share their files with others. Of course, they wanted to share one of our most valued pleasures, our love
of music. The public was not aware that this type of file sharing was illegal because it was not clear on the website disclaimer. Most people did not ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This actually was a promising idea. There are many independent musicians, writers and various other artist that cannot afford to promote their work
and develop a following. This was virtually a free way to advertise their product without trying to get a contract with a company to distribute and
promote their work. As long as the artist had given permission for the use of the work, there was not a problem. Thecopyright laws of the United States
provides for the artist to benefit from his/her intellectual property for a set period. Then the work goes into the public domain. However, this was not
the case with Napster. The first problem was that they were allowing distribution of copyrighted work without permission or compensation to the artist.
Second, it appears that they knowingly promoted their product once they were informed that copyright infringement was being practice with the
assistance of their site.
According to Jeff Tyson, there were several reasons why the music industry was upset with Napster, Tyson states:
The problem that the music industry had with Napster was that it was a big, automated way to copy copyrighted material. It is a fact that thousands of
people were, through Napster, making thousands of copies of copyrighted songs, and neither the music industry nor the artists got any money in return

The Legal Terms Of Piracy
the work they are utilizing given that they meet the definition of their given label and qualify as fair use (Stim 396). For example, a parody must be
ruled as humorous by definition, and fair use implies that the content is meant to give a positive outlook on the original work rather than downgrade it.
In legal terms, piracy violates one of the seven given rights outlines within the Copyright Act.
The contracts between artists, authors, inventors, and their companies and publishers are violated in numerous ways. The most common infringement
occurs daily, as often people make copies of items without previous knowledge of their illegal actions. These minute acts are difficult to prevent though,
especially with the ability to scan, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many laws and punishments have been written to prevent piracy and its consequences. In 1897, Congress established a branch entitled The U.S.
Copyright Office, which constructs and enforces copyright law. The complexity of the penalty has grown along with the excessive abuse of pirated
content (Congress). Simply scribbling over a copyright notice in a book is a twenty–five thousand dollar fine. If more than one act of intentional
copyright infringement is committed within a six month period, the culprit may be fined a sum worth a given ratio to the value of the stolen products
as well as a sentenced of one to five years in prison. given the severity of the situation, fines can range from five hundred thousand to one million
dollars (Stim, 315–319). The prison sentence can also be extended to up to ten years.
When taken to court, cases of copyright infringement become extremely hazy. The victim must prove not only that the material is a copy or semblance
of their product. simple details can turn an entire verdict. In 1980, Star Wars sued and defeated the upstart television show Battlestar Galactica
(Boekweg). Twenty First Century Fox was able to specify 34 similarities that, although not totally unique to Star War, specifically reflected its plot line,
design, love triangle, and characters. Part of the winning statement was the fact that the name "Skyler" was undeniably similar to

The US Copyright Law
The US Copyright law
The US copyright law basically developed from statutory and English Common Law. Hence, types of work and copyright protection are slightly
similar to the UK copyright law. The copyright law of the United States also provides copyright protection in "literary work", "dramatic work" and
"musical work". In section 102 (a)(2) stated that protection of the US copyright law cover "musical work, including any accompanying words," as same
as section 102(a)(7) which protect the copyright of sound recording.
Another relevant topic with music copyright is performance or distributing to the public. In accordance with the US copyright law, section101
explain that "to "perform" a work means to recite, render, play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of
a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible."
US Limitation on exclusive rights: Fair use
In Section 107 of the US copyright law provide 4 factors that need to be considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
D. Salinger. Hamilton has to write this work by his own after Salinger declined to join his project. Hamilton proceed a biography with some use of
Salinger's unpublished letter which write to his neighbor. However, Hamilton has to sign a form before gaining an ability to read that letter which has a
condition that he could not publish the content of letter without consent. Hamilton also interview several people who in associated with Salinger
including Dorothy Olding, his agent. Random House sent out the proofs of the biography to Salinger trough Olding. Even Hamilton paraphrases the
quotation from the letter, Salinger argue that these changes was not sufficient. Salinger sued Hamilton and Random House and claimed for copyright
violation, breach of contract and unfair

United States Copyright Law
United States copyright law recognizes that certain portions of software are protected by copyright law. Like other items protected by copyright law,
copyright protection attaches to software as soon as it is "fixed in a tangible medium"––for instance, when written to a disk.Copyright law requires a
work to be presented in a "fixed, tangible medium." When computer software first appeared, courts saw it as intangible and labeled it a "utilitarian
good" that arose from the running of source code on a machine. In 1980, Congress added computer software to the list of works protected by copyright
under the U.S. Copyright Act. Congress clarified the rules surrounding software copyright in the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which
prohibits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A patent is a twenty year exclusive monopoly on the right to make, use and sell a qualifying invention. This legal monopoly is considered a reward for
the time and effort expended in creating the invention. In return, the invention must be described in detail to the Patent Office, which publishes the
information, thus increasing the amount of technological knowledge available to the public. To obtain a U.S. patent, an inventor must apply to the
Patent Office and demonstrate that the invention is new (as compared to prior technology), useful, and "nonobvious." An invention is nonobvious if it
is more than a trivial, obvious next step in the advance of the technology. Software patents can be extremely powerful economic tools. They can protect
features of a program that cannot be protected under copyright or trade secret law. For example, patents can be obtained for ideas, systems, methods,
algorithms, and functions embodied in a software product: editing functions, user–interface features, compiling techniques, operating system
techniques, program algorithms, menu arrangements, display presentations or arrangements, and program language translation methods. Since patent
rights are exclusive, anyone making, using or selling the

Software Piracy and Copyright Laws: United States vs Vietnam
Software Piracy and Copyright Laws: United States versus Vietnam
I. Introduction
"Software piracy is the unauthorized duplication, distribution or use of computer software". Five main types of software piracy exist: publisher patent
and copyright infringement, industrial piracy, corporate piracy, reseller piracy, and home piracy.Software piracy is a large global issue, which has
become a more pressing issue due to a number of reasons: software is now easier to distribute on a global scale due to global access to the internet;
culturally, people have not been taught that copying software is like stealing; a physical component does not need to be manufactured; and finally
individuals state that they cannot afford the high cost of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It states that computer programs and databases are explicitly protected as literary works, and therefore are protected by previous copyright laws.2 In
1998, the US expanded the protections given to copyright holders greatly by implementing the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The
DMCA is divided into two major sections. First, it created laws against "circumvention devices" used to get around copyright protection. Second, it
protects ISPs from copyright liability as long as they take down the offending information quickly after being notified.3
Some problems have been brought up with the DMCA, and some of its uses have been ethically questionable. The DMCA does not allow people to
publish the source code to circumvention devices, and this could constitute violating their first amendment rights. Another issue is that ISPs are very
weary about hosting copyrighted material, and therefore take down any content that is requested whether it really should be or not. This could violate
the privacy of internet users. The DMCA has managed to prevent free expression and research. For example, Professor Felten and his students from
Princeton were prohibited from giving a presentation on the insecurities of the digital watermarks used in protecting digital music. Fair use has also been

Copyright Laws Of The United States
A copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of original works of authorship. "Copyright law in the United
States is based on the Copyright Act of 1976, a federal statute that went into effect on January 1, 1978," according to FindLaw. FindLaw also states that,
"Individual states cannot enact their own laws to protect the same rights provided by the Copyright Act. Original multimedia works are protected by
Copyright." Literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and certain other creative works are protected by Copyright Law. "Literary works include novels,
nonfiction prose, poetry, newspaper articles and newspapers, magazine articles and magazines, computer software, software documentation and
manuals, training manuals, catalogs, brochures, ads (text), and compilations such as business directories. Musical works include songs, advertising
jingles, and instrumentals. Plays, operas, and skits are included under dramatic works. Pantomimes and choreographic works include ballets, modern
dance, jazz dance, and mine works. Pictorial, graphic and sculptural works include maps, posters, photographs, paintings, drawings, graphic art, display
ads, cartoon strips and cartoon characters, stuffed animals, statues, and works of fine art. Motion pictures and other audiovisual works include movies,
documentaries, travelogues, training films and videos, television shows, television ads and interactive multimedia works. Included in sound recording
are

Intellectual Property And The Copyright Act Of 1976
Intellectual property represents ideas created by minds of humans that require certain rights for their use. Intellectual property gives companies a
competitive advantage and attracts the attention of other business partners and investors (Lee, 2016). With such importance, it is necessary for the law
to protect these ideas from being used by unauthorized individuals. To shield from this, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are used to protect the
ownership of intellectual property (Legal Information Institute).
A copyright gives the originator of literary, artistic, or music works the right to perform, publish, record, or print them. This can include sound
recordings, paintings, photographs, films, melodies, television, radio broadcasts, cable programs, performances, and even codes to computer
programs (Legal Information Institute). Since copyrights cover several different types of materials, the duration varies depending on what work is
being protected. According to the Copyright Act of 1976, musical, artistic, and literary works created after January 1, 1978 have copyrights that last
70 years after the author has passed away, 95 years after publication, or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first (United States Copyright
Office, 2011). However, the published editions of these works have copyrights that last 25 years after being first published. Broadcast and cable
programs, on the other hand, have a copyright duration of 50 years after being created

Violation Of Copyright And The Motion Picture Industry
In Violation of the Copyright Issues in the Motion Picture Industry
Nanami Maruyama
I.Introduction
Motion picture industry is big business in the United States and global entertainment market. According to Statista research, it is predictable that the
film entertainment business will create 35.3 billion U.S. dollars in revenue by 2019. Among studios, Buena Vista accomplished the most in 2016 it
held the biggest piece of pie, around 26 percent, and produced the highest box office revenue, more than 3 billion U.S. dollars. Warner Bros.
represented closely 17 percent of the entire box office revenue in North America, and 20th Century Fox held around 13 percent of the whole market
share. Conversely, there are some issues in the motion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be that as it may, truly, the dropping of this suit as a result of this dismissal motion is not an appropriate response to Star Trek fans. But on the other
hand, there are the insanely strict rules Star Trek fans must follow if they want to make a fan film. There are many rules, and after this lawsuit, these
rules increased in number and became more and more strict.
III.Copyright Law and Trials in Japanese Motion Picture Industry
Associates of anime 's frequently obsessive international fan base often translate and to put subtitle Japanese releases, uploading pirated versions for
free online media, cutting into DVD sales and prospective revenue from box office releases. The film productions have replied by bringing forward
overseas release dates for all capacity screens.
Now, so many Japanese films are illegally uploaded on the Internet and a lot of piracy DVDs are available. For instance, Toho Co., Ltd. which is the
Japanese motion picture production and distribution company released "Your Name (Kimi no Na wa)" in Japan on August 26, 2016. The worldwide
total lifetime grosses of the film are more than 35 U.S. dollars on May 7. And now the movie is the highest

Digital Technology And Its Effects On The World
Since the 1990's the world has experienced vast improvements in technology and what seems as an endless expansion of the Internet, and as a result,
laws and legislation have had to evolve was well. Technologists and policymakers exist in "two worlds, "two cultures" when it comes to viewing a
problem and developing a solution. Nevertheless, technologist and policymakers have been up against some very complex issues such as how to
control piracy of copyrighted digital media. However, copyright owners have sought out legal means to protect their intellectual assets. In recent years
copyright laws have been in effect to strike a balance between protecting the rights of authors, artist and copyright owners, and according to the U.S.
Constitution, to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts." Digital technology, unlike analog technology that preceded it, can make large
copies in real–time without the degradation in quality. However, as a response to these capabilities of digital technology, policymakers had to create a
system of digital rights management (DRM) and other technical deterrents where digital content owners could exert control over media usage. In
response to these complex issues, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998 was passed. Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a
systematic method of controlling access to copyrighted material. The purpose of DRM is to prevent the unauthorized redistribution of copyrighted
digital content, in other words,

A Professional Code Of Ethics
Copyright laws are important more so today then ever before because the ability to copy and distribute intellectual properly and pirate electronic content
has increased with the advancements in technology and globalization. As members of the student body, University of the People students must
understand the detriments of plagiarism, piracy and ensure they protect Intellectual Property and respect copyright laws. Developing a professional code
of ethics as a computer professional, will help navigate our careers and help us make proper ethical decisions and choices.
Intellectual Property
The University of the People's Intellectual Property policy requires we respect individual property rights and abide by US copyright laws
(University of the People Catalog, 2015, p. 83). The University of the People does not tolerate plagiarism. Plagiarism violates Individual Property
rights by failing to credit the author's work. According to WIPO, "Intellectual Property refers to creations of the mind, creative work such as books,
music, movies, photos, web content, and software" (WIPO, n.d.). Everyone has created Intellectual Property at some point in his or her life and no one
wants it stolen. Innovation flourishes when ideas can flow, but stealing from the author will only lead to stifled creativity and resentment. When we
build upon the work of others and our own ideation takes root, we must give credit to its origin. Increased awareness of Intellectual Property rights will

Internet Copyright Laws Essay
Internet Copyright Laws
A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the
school's network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few
minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded
music from the internet is copyrighted material.
Today's internet is considered an "information superhighway," a device where anything from music, books, programs and information can be shared
worldwide. Since billions of people have the ability to access the internet, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The same is true for books, logos, and anything else that can carry a copyright.
An excerpt from Ann Okerson's article, "Who Owns Digital Works" (published in the magazine, "Scientific American"), clearly explains what types of
property are protected under the United States copyright law:
"The most recent revision of the U.S. copyright law, made in 1978, is far more thorough than its predecessors. It protects creative works in general,
including literature, music, drama, pantomime, choreography, pictorial, graphical and sculptural works, motion pictures and other audiovisual
creations, sound recordings and architecture. (Patents and trademarks are governed by their own laws, as are trade secrets.) Copyright explicitly grants
the owners of the expression of an idea the right to prevent anyone from making co copies of it, preparing derivative works, distributing the work,
performing it or displaying it without permission"(Okerson paragraph 14).
The key is what type of works are protected by copyrights and the word
distribution. Many types of works that are protected by copyright can

The Digitial Millenium Copyright Act Essay
The Digitial Millenium Copyright Act As current lawsuits unfold and the history of the Internet progresses, the debate over the future of the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act thrives. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, signed into law by President Clinton on October 28, 1998, was written in
an attempt to strike a balance between the rights of a work's creator to receive adequate compensation and society's fundamental right to freedom of
information. The bottom line is that the objective of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act is to prohibit all Internet users from accessing copyrighted
materials on the Internet. The most renowned case where this is currently happening is A&M Records, Inc v. Napster Inc (Downing 2). The reason the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current court case and ensuing media battle are accomplishing little in the way of creating real long–term solutions to online piracy (Frankel 1).
The only way to get to the core of the issue and really understand the Digital Millennium Copyright Act is to get a little bit of a background on
copyright itself.
Almost three hundred years ago, England was the first country to formally establish the first copyright laws in what they called, the Statute of Anne.
The rationale behind establishing the world's first copyright laws was supposedly to protect the rights of the consumer. The Statute of Anne was
created with the title of "an act for the encouragement of learning," although works, such as books, were not considered valuable pieces of art that
should be protected. Instead, they were considered valuable commodities to profit from. When the United States Constitution was first being written in
1787, our founding fathers recognized that everyone would benefit if creative people were encouraged to create new intellectual and artistic works.
The framers of the Constitution admired the Statute of Anne and took care to include a copyright clause (Article 1 Section 8) giving congress the
power to "promote the progress of science and useful arts" by passing laws that give creative artists (labeled "authors" in the constitution) the exclusive

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Failure to Protect and Abuses of the Section 1201 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act Most laws are passed by the congress with intent to either
limit the government 's power or to benefit the country and it 's people. This was the thought behind the ill fated and commonly criticized The DMCA (
Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Its purpose, similar to its predecessor, the Copyright Act itself, was to protect the copyright owners from the big
scary pirates, thus protecting their profits and live–hood. It largely succeeds without attracting a lot of opposition with the exception of Section 1201.
The reasoning behind Section 1201 was to stop the pirates ' ability to circumvent the copy protection measures used by content produces and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a few exceptions written into the law, but in practice, they do very little to protect consumers and only serve to benefit the copyright
holders while simultaneously eliminating competition and fair use. The main argument in support of this section, is that it prevents the pirates
from copying or obtaining tools to copy the copyrighted works. Instead, it 's a different story all together. In close to 20 years in existence, this law
clearly failed to stop the pirates as TV shows, movies, music and other content keep showing up online without the copyright holders consent. In
other words, if these provisions worked as intended, we would not see any pirated movies online or hear about stolen music download. Despite all
of this, Interstellar was the most pirated movie in 2015 according to Variety. This clearly shows that Section 1201 failed miserably at it 's intended
goal as pirates continue to break the protection without worrying about the Section 1201. Even without this section, they would still be breaking the
law and thus be liable for the penalties as the Copyright Law itself which already protects the works. There is also another side of this provision, a
side where everyone else is paying the price of protecting the copyright holders. Supporters state that the law provides sufficient exemptions for
scholars and researches when working on encryption and DRM. However, there are numerous examples of the abuse of Section 1201. One of the

Essay Music Copyright
What is a Copyright?
Music Copyright is a very important aspect of the music industry. The Copyright law was established to preserve the creativity and rights of authors,
composers, performers of expression. Copyright is the law that protects the property rights of the creator of an original work in a fixed tangible
medium. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/copyright) A fixed tangible medium is something substantial like copying lyrics on paper or putting a
song on tape or CD. Copyright can be seen every where in the music industry. Many music artist of our culture today have been involved in copyright
issues. Recently, on MTV news it was stated that, "As the music industry becomes increasingly concerned about protecting the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This establishes the artist as the creator of that work. It is not illegal for a person to write the symbol on their work themselves. The correct way to
place a copyright symbol on your original fixed tangible medium is like this:
Copyright © 2001 Aja Star Lane
For record companies it, looks like this:
© 2001 Virgin Records. All Rights Reserved. (http://askjeeves.com/copyright/html)
This states the day of creation of a musical work. If you do not have the money for the legal fees of the federal copyright process yet, the first thing
an artist should do with a musical work is the "poor mans copyright". Poor mans copyright is when the artist puts their fixed tangible medium in an
envelope with appropriate postage stamps and mails it back to themselves without opening it. This postmark creates proof of the creator and is the date
of creation for the musical work.
Why should an artist copyright an original work?
Copyrighting a musical expression just ensures that an artist is the creator of that work. There are a couple of reasons why an artist should
copyright their original works. The main one is the creator of a work wants to be able to protect his or her work. Also, financial gain from suing.
There would not be any purpose in creating music without financial gain for some. If you live in the United States and legally registered your musical
works you have

Importance Of Copyright Laws On The Globalized And Digital...
Copyright
Name of the Student
Name of the Institution
Copyright
The importance of copyright laws in the globalized and digital era cannot be gainsaid. The protection given to any form of creation is critical in
ensuring that it is not abused by third parties (Atkinson, 2007). For example, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (the movie) is a Copyright
Warner Brothers. In the event that Warner Brothers wants to release a new movie or produce a book on Harry Porter, they use copies of images,
animations and texts of Harry porter. In organizations, a number of elements can attract copyright. In the case of Good Design Pty Ltd, three examples
that attract copyright include official company logo, design of promotional brands and accompanying music used in the company advertisements.
The analysis of the case reveals that Good Design Pty Ltd faces a number of issues in the use, management and protection of original works. The
first issue is the use of images found on the web. The company cannot modify images found on the web without the permission of original creators.
Second, the company cannot use an image or video found on the web even if it does not have the copyright symbol. This is because it is not a must
to register work for it to be protected by copyright law. On protection, the company can publish its creations on the Tree of Life or have the word
"Copyright" or the copyright symbol, © next to it or near it to be copyrighted.
A host of issues

Is Copy Protection Cracking Ethical? Essay
Is Copy Protection Cracking Ethical?
Introduction
There are many types of hackers in the world. One group of hackers focuses on breaking copy protection schemes. Copy protection schemes prevent
the illegal copying of software, music, etc. By cracking these schemes, people are then able to use and copy the item without the copy protection
preventing or hindering their use. This process is commonly known as cracking and the hackers involved in the process are known as crackers.
Cracking is commonly viewed as an illegal act in many countries as it is typically used to steal copies of the copyrighted item. However, there are
benefits to cracking. It can remove the inconveniences the copy protection scheme imposes on users and in some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, these checks can cause problems for users. Incompatibilities with CD drives can cause false failures upon checking the validity of a CD. This
can prevent legal users from properly using the software that they have purchased.
Another form of copy protection is used on movie DVD's. The movie is encrypted and flags are set to indicate that the DVD is a copyrighted
work. Without the appropriate key, a DVD movie cannot be played back. In order to supply software/hardware that can decrypt the movie, the
vender must purchase a license and must respect the copyright flag and the restrictions it places on how the content can be used. This model
works perfectly well. Users can play the DVD movie in their DVD players and on their personal computer with the appropriate software and
hardware. Both of which typically come with the purchase of a new personal computer or in the same upgrade kit. The problem with this
technology is this: What if a vender does not create a legally licensed product for your personal computer's operating system? Widely used operating
systems have support (MacOS TM, Microsoft Windows TM). However, many people are beginning to use Linux as a desktop operating system.
Since Linux is an open source operating system, many users want free software for their system. Unfortunately, a license to legally create a DVD
movie player is not free. The user has

The Impact Of Internet And Social Media On Copyright Laws
What is the impact of the internet and social media on copyright laws?
What is the impact of the internet and social media on copyright laws?
Haley Leshko
CGS–1000
March 10, 2017
Mr. Newfield
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA ON COPYRIGHT LAWS?
Introduction
Copyright laws were established to protect the original work of individuals since 1709. At present only two acts are in effect today, the copyright Act
of 1909 and 1976. (United States Copyright Laws) These works protect the individuals work but not the idea. With the digital age copyright laws are
not adapt to protect these rights. With the vast amount of information that is available digital copyright infringement takes place almost on an hourly ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress should however "specify users" digital rights by mapping out an expansive , affirmative set of rights delineating the scope of public's
rights to sample, reuse, build upon, and share the digital works one legally acquires." (JD Lasica, Should Copyright Laws Change in Digital Age?)
Individuals who create an original work have a right to protect their work under copyright laws. These laws protect the work from being reproduced
in anyway shape or form. According to the (Congress ion Budget Office, Copyright Issues in Digital Media) "The rights that copyright owners can
claim over creative work are not always well defined, however some areas of copyright law remain unsettled." If a person intentional downloads
copyrighted material with the sole intent to profit that person should be prosecuted under the copyright law.
Copyright Laws as they pertain to Music Copyright laws as they pertain to the downloading of music have a moral and ethical standard. When
someone's creative work is taken without his or her permission you are taking something of value from them. Copyright laws offer full protection of
sound recordings. According to the article (www. Riaa.com/resource learning) common examples of copy right infringement are:
1."Apps that allow you to 'strip" the auto from You Tube and keep in your collection."
2."Making MP3 copy of a song and copying to internet."
3."Joining a file sharing network"
4."Paying a fee to join a file sharing network that

Copyright and Pusblishing in the UK
There are no specific laws in the UK governing publishing, there is no censorship, and so we have what's called a free press, there is no government
censorship. However there are some laws that are particularly relevant, of course they comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable
to the specific challenges faced by journalists and publishers. For example, phone hacking scandals such as the one recently publicised, which involved
The News of the World phone hacking scandal. Although phone hacking isn't illegal, it does become so if it interferes with another law for example,
interfering with the course of justice.
A copyright are exclusive rights given to the creator of an original product so that they have rights to copy, distribute and adapt their own work.
However these rights only last for a certain number of years. Currently the rights only last for 70 years but other creators are trying to extend this. A
prime example is Shakespeare; his work is now currently in the public domain after his copyright law expired, other companies, for example, clothes
shops, now use his quotes on t–shirts.However if the product hasn't expired and is used by other companies without authorization this is called
copyright infringement. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act came into force after July 31st. It protects any work such as musical or artistic,
dramatic, sound recording, film, broadcast or typographical arrangement.
Defamation is the communication of a

Television, Television And Public Places
1a. It is very important to draw comparison between the internet, library, television and public places as a result of the fact the internet can also be
considered or viewed as a public place where information can be obtained freely at any point in time, and this makes it very important to know
what the law says about this disseminating information to the general public with respect to the first amendment. Looking at this various medium i.e
libraries, television and public places and what the law stipulates according to the United State constitution the first amendment expressly forbids
against depriving citizens their right to freedom of speech, of press, right to assemble and petition the government. But in this case emphasis is
placed on the freedom of speech. The entire medium stated above has differences between them and the difference between them how the freedom
of speech law applies to each one of them, for example the library consist of various material including the press, which has been granted lots
flexibility when it comes to freedom of speech been the oldest media but the content available in the library is still controlled by the owner of the
library so that it does not infringe on any law. Likewise the television the government has set up various body to control what is being aired to the
general public, but it does not have any control of privately owned television providers such as charter, dish etc. 1b. The internet is similar to the
library, television

The Intellectual Property Rights Of The North American...
Introduction to the Intellectual Property Rights
In a general term, intellectual property is any person's human intellect, which is often protected by law, in order to safeguard its use from another
person. The possession of such kind of property generates limited monopoly in the safeguarded property. Intellectual property can be subdivided into
copyrights, patents, trademark and trade secrets (Intellectual Property Rights, 2014).
The law protects the Intellectual Property so that the people who created and invented the property can get appreciation and even in some cases
monetary benefits from what they created. Every country has different laws regarding the protection of intellectual property. There are even some
treaties between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Still there is some difference between the Intellectual property law and the tangible property. Where the right of exclusive possession is sole of the
rights safeguarding the real and at the core of the bundle of rights protecting real and personal property, things are different in the intellectual property (
Intellectual Property Rights, 2014). In the USA, the Congress gets the control to monitor patents and copyright from the "INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY clause" of the Constitution. The Article I, Section 8 of the constitution says about it. The U.S. office of Patent and Trademark is
authorized to regulate federally registered patents and trademarks. Even though the patents are only regulated through federal law, trademarks can also
be governed through State law. Copyrights are particularly controlled through federal law and have to be recorded through the U.S. Copyright Office
(Intellectual Property Rights, 2014).
United States Copyright law is regulated by the federal Copyright Act of 1976. The exclusive rights can be seen in appendix A. The innovation
recorded Works before 1978 currently has a copyright duration of 95 years, seen from the date of publication. Further the duration can be seen in the
figure below with all the copyright acts from the year. (Copyright Law, 2014) The goveremnt of USA has allotted the power to different sub sections like
USPTO, under the

Copyright Laws Over Creative Works
Copyright is a federally protected part of intellectual property that automatically regulates creative works of authors. Copyright laws began
approximately around the 15th century in Europe. The cause for such regulations stems from infringement of creative works. These works fall into one
of three main categories; music, visual works, and literary works. Copyright infringement highlights the need for copyright laws over creative works
in music, art and writing, resulting in an ever changing copyright landscape. Title 17 of the United States Code outlines what does not fall into any of
these three categories, and therefore cannot be protected under copyright. It is also important to note that not every use of a creative work ... Show more
Upon creation of a creative work, copyright protection is automatically awarded (Moser, 2012, p.5). According to Lau et al., copyright lasts for seventy
years after the death of the author(s) and for a corporation, ninety–five years after being published or one hundred twenty years from the creation date
depending on which is sooner. Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, or Copyright Clause, and Title 17 of the United States Code also
work to protect copyrights at the federal level. As stated by Congress, the Copyright Clause encourages "the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right" (Lau, 2014). As stated in Title 17 В§ 1
–102, works outside of the "works of
authorship" categories are not copyrightable. Public domain is one of these categories, Lau et al. describes it as "any intellectual property not protected
by law and feely available for any member of the public to use" (2014). After a copyright of a work has expired it becomes part of the public domain as
well. Sound recordings are another example of an un–copyrightable works "that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds,
but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as disks,
tapes, or other phonorecords, in which they are embodied" (17, В§ 1–101 ). Ideas cannot be copyright protected because

The Importance Of Media Piracy
Media Piracy is a major issue in the world today, involving all kinds of people from all reaches of the world. Canada and the US take different
approaches to combat piracy, Canada's method is superior with a focus on preventative measures as opposed to criminal enforcement. Preventative
measures mean that a crime can be prevented or stopped before its even committed. Using this argument, the investment into preventative measures
would mean less crimes are committed which, in turn is more beneficial to society and the budget of the government than pursuing a route of
discipline. The United States' approach involves tracking those who have committed the crime and punishing them. Net neutrality also plays a big part
in the fight to battle piracy, with both countries taking interest in the idea of ending net neutrality.
What exactly is media piracy? The definition of Piracy is "The unauthorized use of another's production, invention, or conception especially in
infringement of a copyright" (Merriam–Webster's collegiate dictionary online, 2017) In this digital day and age, gone are the days where the
majority of people pirating media are "ripping" blank CD's or making physical copies of movies, almost all of it is digital. Digital piracy is slightly
different, and by definition is "The act of reproducing, using, or distributing information products, in digital formats and/or using digital technologies,
without the authorization of their legal owners." (Belle flame & Peitz.) How

Fighting Copyright Infringement, Itunes And Importance Of...
This Project has been submitted by
Mr. Adithya Ramchandran Iyer
ID No: 211020
On Copyright Law
Topic – 'Fighting Copyright infringement, iTunes and importance of a novel approach'
During the Winter Semester 2014/15
Introduction
This paper attempts to show how far digitalization of music, primarily ushered in by Apple inc's iTunes Store has had tangible results and helped tackle
copyright infringement and has been able to deal with music piracy in the United States of America. It explores the viability of a similar approach in
the Indian context while arguing that the extant legal framework is both theoretically and practically insufficient to tackle the problem. A concerted
attempt by the market as well as the legislature to understand and balance the interests of the copyright owners, intermediaries and consumers is
essential in deciding policy as well as pricing. Only such a balanced approach will help win the war against infringement.
Background
After an incredibly successful 1990s, the onset of the 21st century brought with it the dotcom revolution and it signaled a watershed for the way music
was consumed and distributed. The erstwhile unshakable music record companies were exposed to a new threat, online file sharing. According to the
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), album sales grew from $24.1 billion in 1990 to $39.4 billion in 1996 and remained at a
high level until 1999 after which it saw a downturn.
The Digital

The Development Of Technology And The Internet
Introduction The first–sale doctrine is an important provision in the United States Code regarding businesses and transactions, especially in a rapidly
expanding digital world. The development of technology and the Internet is impacting the interpretation of the first–sale doctrine. Additionally, the
first–sale doctrine has created some conflict within the courts because of its ambiguity in regards to the international and digital markets. While there is
a specific importation ban within the Copyright Act of 1976 in 17 U.S.C. В§ 602(a), the first–sale doctrine, prior to the result of Kirtsaeng v. Wiley &
Sons, Inc., did not apply to manufactured goods from outside of the United States. Before the holdings of the Kirstsaeng and Costco v. ... Show more
Background The first–sale doctrine, initially established in the Copyright Act of 1909, first originated in the case Bobbs–Merrill Co. v. Strauss in 1908.
This provision of the United States Code "allows the owner of a particular copy of a copyrighted work to resell or otherwise dispose of that copy
without infringing the rights of the copyright holder, in effect restricting the copyright holder 's exclusive right to distribute." By this provision, a
consumer may purchase an original, tangible copy of the copyrighted work, and then that consumer has is "entitled, without the authority of the
copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of that copy or phonorecord." The first–sale doctrine, applied specifically to tangible
goods, protects the a particular good and places limitations on copyright owners' ability to monopolize the product. Therefore, the first–sale doctrine
places limitations on the original copyright owner's right to distribute their work. An author of a particular copyrighted good or work only benefits
from the initial first sale of the product, and does not have any control over further subsequent transfers of the good. The applicability of the first–sale
doctrine regarding tangible goods is unquestioned. However, in the continuously updating digital world, it is becoming more difficult to determine the
applicability

Protecting Yourself And Your Art : Social Media And The...
Michael A. Thomas
Dr. Wendy L. Chrisman
LIBA 1290: Writing & the Arts
18 February 2017
Statement of Intention Draft #1
Protect yourself & your art: Social Media and the fight for ownership In this time and age of fluid copyright in open source platforms social media
has created amazing groups of followers, and has increased core exposure for creatives, but with the good comes the adverse: exploitation, degradation
and destruction of a creatives' work and concepts without consultation or concern. "Copyright" is the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an
assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same (Oxford English
Dictionary). supports the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creatives expanding on other creator's artwork whether it is written, designed, scored, or painted without attributing the origin of thought or concept.
This can be explored by considering a multitude of cases that have plagued the creative world over this past year to include: Patrick Cariou vs
Richard Prince in the United States District Courts of copyright infringement this was an extreme case in which a whole gallery of art not only violated
the fair use in my opinion but managed to have a manipulation of the copyright, and in this case, but it wasn't the case as the litigation drove
forward. In this case, specifically it worked out for Prince this was not a good thing rather a technicality that helped him to find a loophole.
Copyright law states that if a work is "transformative" altering the original with new expression, meaning, or message. (Dictionary.com) then it
falls under fair use and in the case of Cariou and Prince 25 out of the 30 pieces were found to be in the guidelines of the fair use law and the final 5
were sent forward to a second court. Though this case had a loose adaptation of what was fair use is there are other ones that didn't fare well for the
manipulation of the art and law that protects it. In the case of David Bowie and Queen vs. Vanilla Ice there was a more blatant destruction and
capitalization of another artist work by misunderstanding of the music industry's law of plagiarism and copyright. In 1990 Vanilla Ice

Impact Of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act On...
Impact of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act on Copyright Enforcement and Fair Use
Jean–Paul Muyshondt
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Abstract
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has changed the focus of copyright enforcement away from the act of copyright infringement and toward
the act of circumvention of the technologies used to protect the rights of digital media owners. Additionally, the act has had adverse effects that
outweigh the benefits that it provides.
Key Words: copyright, DMCA, DRM, ethics, fair use, legal/societal impact.
1. Introduction
Prior to the 1990s, United States copyright legislation, like the media that it protected, had remained relatively unchanged. The advancement of digital
technologies, specifically the advent of the Internet and the increasing ability to easily exchange digital media, prompted a change in copyright law.
This change came in the form of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The act extends the protections given to copyright holders. In order
to provide this additional protection, the DMCA also has adverse effects. This paper will explore copyright law in the United States and discuss the
positive and negative effects of the DMCA, as well as some of the ethical implications associated with it.
2. Background
2.1. Copyright law prior to 1998 and the need for change
Copyright laws in the United States can trace their roots to the Constitution, where Congress was granted the power "To

Use of Generalist Fair Use Defence in Australian...
The objective of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) is to protect those who create works, such as artistic works or literary works, as well as those other
subject matter, such as films or sounds recordings, from those who would serve to exploit or profit from their labor, skill and creativity. But, what
about those who use these protected works and other subject matter for interests different to the above? Such as for educational purposes or for
broadcasting? Under the act, there are listed many defences to protect an individual or a corporation from infringement of copyright, or in other words,
directly or indirectly, infringing those exclusive rights that the copyright owner possess, also listed under the act . These defences... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Recent conventions have added such works as architectural works, cinematographic films and photographs. Other international conventions include
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), first signed in 1947, and Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS),
signed in 1995, which covers trade–related areas of copyright. In the UK, the Copyright Act 1911 (UK), which was an amalgamation of copyright at
common law and the Statute of Anne, is also a major influence on Australian copyright law– was adopted into Australia by virtue of the Copyright Act
1912 (Cth). This UK piece of legislation also recognized the importance of legislating in this area. In the United States, this area is legislated by the
Copyright Act 1976 (USA). This piece of legislation will be discussed below when dealing with fair use defences. It is clear, that on an international
scale, the importance of protecting intellectual property is paramount. Works of an individual's skill, independent thought and labour needs to be
protected, to prevent exploitation, rip–offs, and encourage future individuals to create new works or other subject matter other than works.
The Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), as stated above, was introduced in response to the growing need to protect individual's creative works or other subject
matter from commercial or other exploitation. It contains provisions, which describes what subject matter is protected, and rights of

Issues of Digital Rights Management (DRM) in India
On purchasing an audio– book of George Orwell's classic, "1984" from iTunes, the author was faced with a peculiar problem– the audio– book had a
weird mb4 format, playable only on Apple products and the conversion to mp3 was impossible because the file was well, encrypted. So, when section
65A of the Indian Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 was notified , a legal analysis seemed to be pertinent– for this provision, introducing Digital
Rights Management (DRM) in India, would indeed have a palpable effect on almost all Indian consumers of digital media. Section 65A of the Indian
Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 provides legal protection to technological protection measures (or 'TPM' e.g. digital locks, encryption), such that the
circumvention of such TPM is prohibited, while tools or devices aiding circumvention may be permitted for the purpose of fair use. Such use of TPM
for the purpose of access control is classified as DRM and can take many forms– limiting number of installations and plays , limiting content to certain
file types , limiting content to be played on particular software etc. We first analyze this provision in comparison with similar US and EU provisions
and try to understand whether it is a favourable addition to Indian IP law, especially in the context of its political– economic background. We then try
and analyze the problems with the provision, especially through the lens of an economic analysis as well as from a consumer point of view. Since,
DRM is

Copyright Law
Copyright and Copywrong
This essay will first examine how copyright law has attempted to be strengthened in New Zealand, and whether that has succeeded in preventing
piracy. Next, how New Zealand's current copyright law stifles creativity will be examined, with comparison to the United States jurisdiction. Lastly,
the benefits of reform regarding 'fair use' will be discussed. Due to word constraints, examples of creativity will be limited to parody within Pop Art.
Recent copyright reforms in New Zealand suggest a shift towards strengthening copyright protection, favoured by copyright holders. For example, a
'three strikes' regime acts against internet account holders who either upload or download copyrighted content. Prosecution has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, as technologies that foster copying have developed, as have Art movements that rely on parody. The prime example is Pop Art which
recontextualises existing works and items to comment on society. This plays a key role in the digital age by allowing creative expression through
'original' work. For example, pop artist Jeff Koons appropriated Silk Sandals, a magazine photograph of shoes, in his painting Niagara, depicting
numerous consumer goods. When sued for copyright infringement, the Court accepted 'fair use' under its Copyright Act 1976, that Niagara was a
criticism of consumerist desires and the bombardment of advertising. This was considered a 'transformative' use of the original photograph to create
new creative objectives and insights. Interestingly, this suggests that copyright is protecting the idea of the work, as well as expression.
If the same case occurred in New Zealand, copyright would be infringed as Niagara reproduces Silk Sandals substantially. Arguably, fair dealing for
criticism might apply. Yet, this is untenable as an incredibly high threshold of criticism would need to be shown. Thus, New Zealand's copyright law
regarding use is restricted for failure to align with technological changes. Society values remixed innovation in parodies such as Pop Art. The law
must be able to recognise this. New Zealand may favour a fair dealing for parody exception as an expansion of our criticism exception. This is
supported by a

Piracy Of The Uk And Us
Piracy in the UK & US
6. Write about on–line piracy in the UK and the US; what type of property is stolen through on–line piracy and how do courts in the UK and US deal
with offences involving on–line piracy?
The relevant definition of piracy: The unauthorized use of another 's production, invention, or conception especially in infringement of a copyright.
(Merriam–Webster, 2015).
But not all infringement of copyright is a criminal offense, the Copyright act states a few specific offences, most of them to do with if the culprit is
making a profit or not, but it is a misconception that all copying without consent is illegal, 16(3) (a) in the act states 'to infringe copyright, copying
must be of the whole or a substantial part of the work' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This led to the UK 'decriminalizing' on–line piracy and instead they implemented an alert system where letters will be sent to anyone suspected of
piracy, the letters are non–threatening with no presence of repercussions should they continue. 'The letters sent to suspected infringers must be
"educational" in tone, "promoting an increase in awareness" of legal downloading services.' 'A maximum of four alerts – by either email or physical
letter – can be sent to an individual customer account. Language will "escalate in severity" – but will not contain threats or talk of consequences for the
accused users.' (Lee, 2014), after these 4 alert nothing else will be done.
This statement from the government makes it seem like they have given up on on–line piracy, or they lack the sufficient resources to do anything
substantial, their main target is the providers of this illegal service, the distributors and website owners of this easily obtainable free media & software.
The makers and distributors of this on–line pirated material if found guilty can be charged as follows:
Upon conviction the guilty party will receive a 6 months and/or a ВЈ50,000 fine.
If their case is gross and multiple offensives have been made repeatedly then the indictment is 10 years and/or a fine (Intellectual property offences,
2014).
The US have opted to go for a 6 strike

File Sharing : Copyright For Information Professionals
Kristen Hanmer
IST735: Copyright for Information Professionals
Professor Jill Hurst–Wahl
Assignment 3
9 November 2014
File sharing is a widely–used process that allows users to download and upload different types of files and share them with other users either over the
internet or on a specific network. Almost as soon as file sharing was introduced and gained popularity with the public it began to raise questions
regarding copyright infringement, and the first major lawsuit to deal with file sharing quickly followed. Although that case was decided almost 15
years ago, file sharing continues to remain popular and also continues to raise questions about copyright and intellectual property.
In 1999 a 19–year–old college student co–founded a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, regarding music, copyright law allows a consumer to listen to a CD and even lend the original material to a friend. The matter of
copyright infringement begins to come into play if the user decides to make a copy of the item or give a copy to a friend without permission, which
is exactly what file sharing does. At the time file sharing was relatively new and many users were not familiar with how copyright was involved.
Most people assumed since they paid for and owned physical copies of CDs they should also be allowed to copy that CD into their computer's
memory and share the electronic copy.
The amount of file sharing that was taking place soon caught the attention of musicians and record companies who were afraid widespread
distribution of the material would lead to huge monetary losses for the recording industry. Some artists were even experiencing "leaked material,"
or material being uploaded and shared with others before it was even released publicly. The popular heavy metal band Metallica discovered one of
their singles was circulating widely on Napster before being officially released, and even ended up playing on some radio stations. This caught the
attention of the band and they soon realized their entire music catalogue was available for free on Napster and decided to file a lawsuit (Doan). Hip
hop artist Dr. Dre also filed a lawsuit against

Sopa, Dmca, And Hipaa

More Related Content

Recently uploaded

Featured

Sopa, Dmca, And Hipaa