A. ANS: Autosomal dominant (a trait could passed down from previous generation), X – linked recessive (in this disease the dominant gene is not expressed in female, it only expressed in male) and Autosomal recessive in female (Females are only carriers) effects would be included according to pedigree. B. ANS: Leber hereditary optic atrophy which causes blindness in adulthood predominantly occurs in male, in this the inheritance a point mutation was arisen in mitochondrial DNA and this affect causing gene is directly transmitted from mother to offspring. It is mitochondrial inherited disease in which a retinal ganglion cell was degenerated, and it leads to lose of central vision. C. ANS: The individuals II 3 (Male) and II 4 (Female) both are normal, so the offspring always should be normal (According to the pedigree in offspring 4 (Female) is normal). D. ANS: The individuals II 2 (Male) and II 1 (Female) both are not in normal condition. According to the pedigree male is normal and the female is not normal so the entire offspring is affected in this disease. (According to the pedigree in offspring 1 (Female) is carrier and 2 & 3 (Males) are affected). Solution A. ANS: Autosomal dominant (a trait could passed down from previous generation), X – linked recessive (in this disease the dominant gene is not expressed in female, it only expressed in male) and Autosomal recessive in female (Females are only carriers) effects would be included according to pedigree. B. ANS: Leber hereditary optic atrophy which causes blindness in adulthood predominantly occurs in male, in this the inheritance a point mutation was arisen in mitochondrial DNA and this affect causing gene is directly transmitted from mother to offspring. It is mitochondrial inherited disease in which a retinal ganglion cell was degenerated, and it leads to lose of central vision. C. ANS: The individuals II 3 (Male) and II 4 (Female) both are normal, so the offspring always should be normal (According to the pedigree in offspring 4 (Female) is normal). D. ANS: The individuals II 2 (Male) and II 1 (Female) both are not in normal condition. According to the pedigree male is normal and the female is not normal so the entire offspring is affected in this disease. (According to the pedigree in offspring 1 (Female) is carrier and 2 & 3 (Males) are affected)..