The International Bank For Reconstruction And Development

The International Bank For Reconstruction And Development
Global Economy Assignment 1. Economists roles The World Bank is an independent organization,
made up of five different Institutions managed by their member countries. These institutions are: 1.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2. The International Development
Association 3. The International Finance Corporation 4. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency 5. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes The World Bank has two
main goals that they aim to achieve by 2030, being: End extreme poverty by decreasing the
percentage of people living on less than $1.25 a day to no more than 3% Promote shared prosperity
by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country (World Bank, 2014) (World
Bank, 2014) Economist Role Description: Summary of Position: Chief Economist – Africa The
chief economist's role includes the management of the World Bank economist team, assisting with
implementation of the bank's strategies, coordination of economic research, and regional
representation at the Chief Economist Council. Full responsibilities are below: Lead and inspire the
Bank's economic research agenda for Africa, including through interacting with academic and policy
communities inside the Bank, in client countries, and internationally; liaise with the economic units
of other international and bilateral agencies; act as the Bank's spokesperson for economic analysis
on African countries; Ensure that the AAA
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Bank Of America Research Paper
"The bank grey rapidly; in 1910 it had assets at $6.5 million. By 1920, assets totaled $157 million,
far outstripping the growth of any other California bank" (Bank of America Corporation). Later,
Giannini wanted to expand his company nationally. He knew that he only needed a few large
regional and national banks to dominate American banking; he decided to increase the number of his
branches. "He already owned New York's Bowery and East River National Bank (as well as a chain
of banks in Italy); next he established Bank of America branches in Washington, Oregon, Nevada,
and Arizona, again before branch baking was explicitly permitted" (Bank of America Corporation).
"By 1936, Bank of America was the fourth largest banking institution in the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also known to be one of the most common forms of market structure in the United States.
According the book, Economics for Today, "Economists define monopolistic competition as a
market structure characterized by many small sellers, a differentiated product, and easy market entry
and exit" (Tucker 268). For the banking industry there are many small sellers; many of the sellers
are the primary competitors of Bank of America, they include: JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and
Citigroup. (Maverick) All of these banks do business internationally and are part of the three money
center banks in America. According to the Investopedia, "Banks basically make money by lending
money at rates higher than the cost of the money they lend. More specifically, banks collect interest
on loans" (Simpson). The net interest income makes up about half of Bank of America's total
income. The other half is made up of other services, for example, investment and brokerage service
and trading account profits. (King) "Investment and brokerage services primarily include asset
management fees and commissions on the sale of financial products" (King). Banking in general has
an easy enter and exit market. It is easy to exit the market for various reasons. One of the reasons
includes the broad range of competition that Bank of America has. Not only does Bank of America
compete with commercial banks

Pestle Analysis of Barclays Plc
PESTEL ANALYSIS OF BARCLAYS PLC
PESTLE analysis is very useful for studying the environment in which a company operates and
accessing external factors influencing the company in the markets it operates. PESTLE is the
acronym for the following categories of investigation: political, economic, sociological,
technological, legal and environmental (Cheverton, 2004; Partridge and Sinclair–Hunt, 2006).
Discussing the political factors influencing operation of the banks in the national, local and regional
levels and legislation, it should be mentioned that banks have always been to a certain degree
regulated by the government (Benston, 2000). For example, government determines the fraction of
reserves that a commercial bank should keep with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be concluded that the higher the GDP indices are, the greater amounts of money come
through banking system, and the more favourable position Barclays plc would have in a given
country. However, it cannot be stated for sure that South Africa provides better conditions for
Barclay's operation. The economy of the USA proves to be the largest and most of the bank's
transactions are carried out in the UK.
Interest rates in the discussed countries appear to look the following way:
Figure 7: United Kingdom Interest Rate
[pic]
Source: Bank of England, 2009
Figure 8: United States Interest Rate
[pic]
Source: Federal Reserve, 2009
Comparing interest rates in the UK and US, it can be stated that the US Federal Reserve conducts a
zero rate policy. However, it does not imply that loans made in the US are free of charge for
businesses.
Figure 9: South Africa Interest Rate
[pic]
Source: Reserve bank of South Africa, 2009

On the contrary, interest rate in South Africa is rather high. It is not even close to zero level, but
constitutes more than 7%. However, the tendency of fall from the period of summer 2008 may be
observed. At the same time it does not mean that loans will be easier to obtain and that they will be
available.
Speaking about banking industry, the set of socio–cultural, technological and ecological factors will
not be excessively significant. Indeed, operating in the global scale, Barclays

International Monetary Fund ( Imf ) And The World Bank
The HIPC Initiative
By HSvB
"The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) are a group of 38 developing countries with high
levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank". The HIPC Initiative was initiated by the International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1996. In 2001 Ghana declared itself as heavily indebted poor
country, according to the then president John Agyekum Kuffour, the decision of Ghana to be part of
this initiative was mainly because of the poor state of the economy. As a result of this the nation was
expected to receive a total of 253 million dollars of IMF and the World Bank to help relieve the
country from various debts and to invest the rest in infrastructure, basic education, health facilities,
water and sanitation. As a result of the HIPC initiative there were some positive change in the lives
of the people in terms of healthcare and some aspects of basic education. There was an introduction
of free healthcare to all Ghanaian citizens in the country and the already existing free basic
education was enhanced. However the prices of goods and services increased by the day. The rate of
unemployment shot up drastically as many people were losing their jobs both in the public and
private sector, there was constant depreciation of the currency and frequent sales of state owned
property.
Apparently, the negative outcome of the initiative was as a result of the

The Role And Development Of The Global Islamic Economy In...
Global Islamic Economy
Asia
Malaysia – is the most developed market for Sukūk at both the primary and secondary market
levels. As of mid–2013, Malaysia was responsible for USD148 billion of outstanding Sukūk, or
60.4% of the total global value. Other jurisdictions in Asia that are active Sukūk issuers include
Indonesia, Pakistan, Singapore and Brunei. In 2012, Indonesia accounted for 7.0%, and Pakistan for
1.5%, of global issuances. Malaysia is also leading the Asian region in asset management, with
80.7% of Islamic fund assets under management and a total of 188 funds worth USD13.1 billion in
2012. Next is Indonesia, with USD1.4 billion under management spread across 54 funds. Other
Islamic fund markets in the region include Pakistan, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Omani financial regulatory bodies have finalised the amended regulatory framework for Islamic
banking in the Sultanate. Alongside the GCC–based Islamic finance favourites, the reformed Islamic
financial jurisdictions of MENA are entering into the limelight. Other regional developments in
non–GCC countries in MENA include the Iraqi government, which has approved the establishment
of the country's first state–owned Islamic bank, the Two Rivers Islamic Bank, with an initial capital
of USD21.5 million. Iraq and Libya are in the midst of designing Islamic banking legislation.
Tunisia's Islamic finance industry is expected to grow further with the efforts undertaken by that
country's government. Meanwhile, the Government of Yemen is structuring a Sukūk programme for
2014.
Africa
Thanks to the growing national economies in need of alternative investments and financing, and a
large Muslim population of about 250 million (in Sub–Saharan Africa), the region is a budding
market with new Islamic finance opportunities. Behind the regional pioneer Sudan, leading the pack
of fresh entrants is Nigeria, followed by Kenya and South Africa. While the former two countries
have already made considerable strides in regulatory reforms (for Islamic banking, Sukūk and
Takāful), South African tax regulators are expected to put the finishing touches on their rules later
this year.
There are currently 38 Islamic banks operating within the African continent.

Ebola Epidemic And Impact On Us And African Economies Essay
EBOLA EPIDEMIC AND IMPACT ON US AND AFRICAN ECONOMIES
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Ebola Epidemic and Impact on US and African Economies
The Ebola epidemic is a viral disease that spreads very quickly and has high mortality rate. The
outbreak is actually an international disaster at the moment and has created a lot of tension
worldwide (Spark, 2015). Presently the epidemic is ongoing in most of West Africa countries with
Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea being the most badly hit. The epidemic has been reported in
Nigeria, Mali, United States, Senegal and Spain too (World Bank, 2015). However, the epidemic has
been maintained in most of the countries except in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea where Ebola is
yet to be controlled. It is worth noting that other countries especially African countries are at a high
risk of reporting cases of Ebola making governments from all parts of the world to remain alert (The
World Bank, 2014).
The Ebola epidemic has economically affected both countries where its cases have been reported
and countries that have not reported cases of Ebola. The most affected economies are that of the US
and other African countries (World Bank, 2015). In Africa, especially West African States where the
disease has spread rapidly, Ebola has slowed down economic growth. It is very unfortunate that the
epidemic has destroyed the economies of poor

Liberi Liberia's Deadliest Civil War
During 1989–1996 Liberia experienced one of the deadliest civil wars in history, the first phase
occurred during Samuel Doe regime. Liberia began with great hope and support from most
Liberians. However, the government quickly turned into an oppressive military regime that
destroyed the fragile economy. Doe explicitly favored his own Krahn tribe from Grand Gedeh
County, as well as the Mandingo, he resisted almost all other ethnic groups, but particularly the Gio
and Mano from Nimba County, eventually leading to violent clashes between the military and ethnic
groups in this region. Besides, the violence he created between the military and ethnic groups he a
staged a coup d'état to over through the government. President Tolbert and 26 of

South Africa 's Political System
South Africa is very rich in culture and historical value. South Africa seems to have a contested and
often conflicted history according to differencing social perspectives or opinions. Addressing current
social issues within South Africa's political system as well as the culture was previously under much
scrutiny.
South Africa's political system is complicated and was mostly in heated debate on the issue of
Apartheid. Apartheid was the legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government of
South Africa between 1948 and 1993 (Khumalo, 2014). The government of South Africa enforced
laws that curtailed rights of black people, who were in the majority, in order to maintain minority
rule by the white people (Khumalo, 2014). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Department of Home Affairs which was a government bureau held the responsibility of putting
South African citizens into these classifications. It was mandatory for all blacks to carry pass books
containing fingerprints, photo and information to gain access to non–black areas. Another law came
into play in 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act, was a law that essentially established a basis for ethnic
government on African reserves, known as homelands (Khumalo, 2014). Homelands were
considered independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to
the record of origin. Everything for Africans were restricted especially political rights such as
voting, which only held weight in the homeland. The logic behind this law that was enacted was to
effectively have people who were initially citizen of South Africa give up their right to citizenship in
South Africa and any involvement with the South African Parliament which held complete and utter
dominance over the homelands. From 1976 to 1981 alone four of these homelands were created that
basically un–nationalized nine million South Africans (Khumalo, 2014). The homeland
administrations laws made Africans living in the homelands aliens in their own country. Africans
had needed what we call passports today to enter South Africa. In 1953, the Public Safety Act and
the Criminal Law Amendment Act were established and gave power to the

Education Of West Afric A Little Background Information
Education In West Africa Illiteracy rates in West Africa are the highest in the world (Dakar). In the
United States the ability to read with competence, or even receiving education to do so, is something
that's often taken for granted. We often forget that this privilege is not universally shared. This is
especially true in West Africa. Communities there lack the resources and structured society to
provide citizens with opportunities to increase their literacy. What the current education is like in
west africa, causes potential solutions, is it working. In order to understand how the current
education system in West Africa came to be, a little background information is needed. The West
African region is made up of nineteen sub saharan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When you look at these issues at the surface it 's easy to tell that something is wrong, but something
has to be done to create solutions to these problems.
In the article Too Little Access, Not Enough Learning, it states that one of the main struggles that
these West African schools face is not making national headlines. This may not seem like a big
problem, but raising awareness is one of the best ways resolve many flaws in West Africa's
education system. In the article Walkins also states that "children go hungry for want of textbooks,
good teachers and a chance to learn" which is pretty powerful because these kids are facing outside
challenges that are often looked past by first world countries. West Africa has also recently endured
an epidemic that has taken the counties by storm: the Ebola virus. Bordner explained in his article
Post–Ebola Challenges for Education in West Africa, that the education sector got hit extremely hard
and many school and universities had to shut down, which put a major set back on the already poor
education system. Bordner also states in the article that although the Ebola effect was very
devastating, many of the universities and schools are now responding and rebounding in a timely
manner to get the education system back on track. For the average American, our days are spent
going to school or work, going home, and focusing on ourselves. It's a pretty easy life even though
at times it may feel stressful and overwhelming. Imagine

Ebola Research Paper
Global Health Crisis of the Century? Rapidly sweeping across the continent of West Africa, the
deadly Ebola virus is devastating African populations and raising the levels of paranoia within first
world countries. With the world displaying very little resistance to the virus, it appears that the hope
to contain the outbreak is waning with each passing day. This is by no means the second coming of
the plague, but the Ebola virus does have the biological potential to significantly damage the
populations of poor countries, not to mention it can drastically affect the economies and travel
patterns of first world countries and their populations. The real question thus becomes, how has the
recent Ebola outbreak impacted world travel as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Travel restrictions have been placed, parents are keeping their kids home from school, and people
are essentially quarantining themselves amidst the panic. Even recently here at UGA, an event
featuring a guest speaker travelling from Liberia to Athens was recently cancelled by the University
for precautionary measures. Granted, cancelling the trip was indeed justified considering the speaker
is from Liberia, the country facing the brunt of the Ebola virus' effects. Regardless, justified or not,
sheer pandemonium has set in, and it looks like it is here for the long haul. The misinformation
being presented on Ebola has, as a result, created a sort of ripple effect across the United States and
Europe. Ebola screenings, for example, are now being performed at airport security checkpoints. A
tactic such as this is a simple knee–jerk reaction to the recent news. The screenings themselves have
recently been criticized for being widely ineffective and useless. Researchers recently presented data
that claimed that "Airport screening would still let 93% of people with Ebola slip through the
cracks, because only a handful of those sick with the virus would have symptoms when they arrive
at the airport" (Brodwin). In short, Ebola screenings taking place at airports are simply gumming up
travel and proving to be doing more harm than

The Republic Of South Africa
Republic of South Africa
History:
The history of South Africa is characterized by racial and political violence, territorial conflict, wars
of conquest, and inter–ethnic rivalry. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the
seventeenth century. The Dutch were the first European trading power to set up a permanent
settlement in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa is a constitutional democracy with three–
tier system of government.
South Africa 's history and politics are complex and dominated by the country 's harrowing journey
to end apartheid.
Political:
Jacob Zuma of the African National Congress was elected president by the National Assembly in
2009 and re–elected by an ANC–dominated parliament for another five ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the country saw rising unemployment due to the substitution of labor in most of the
employment–generating sectors. Furthermore, the country 's increasing public debt and irregular
power supply continue to deter investors.
The top exports of South Africa are Gold ($20.4B), Diamonds ($9.5B), Platinum ($7.85B), Coal
Briquettes ($6.35B) and Iron Ore ($5.59B)
South Africa main imports are: fuel (24 percent of total imports), nuclear reactors, boilers,
machinery and mechanical appliances (14 percent), motor vehicles and car parts (9 percent),
telephone sets (3 percent), pharmaceuticals (2 percent), vegetables (2 percent) and live animals and
animal products (1 percent).
Main trading partners are China (15 percent), Germany (10 percent), Saudi Arabia (8 percent), the
United States (6 percent), India (5 percent) and Nigeria (4 percent). Others include the United
Kingdom, Brazil and Angola.
Currency: South African rand 1 USD=14.44 ZAR
GDP per capita: 6,617.91 USD (2013) World Bank

Gross domestic product: 350.6 billion USD (2013) World Bank
Unemployment rate: 25.2% (2013)
GNI per capita: 12,240 PP dollars (2013) World Bank
GDP growth rate: 1.9% (2013) World Bank
Gross national income: 648.7 billion dollars (2013) World Bank
Economic freedom score –World Rank: 72
South Africa's economic freedom score is 62.6, making its economy the 72nd freest in

Brazil Essay
After the slavery abolition in 1888 and throughout the 20th century, Africa figured relatively low in
Brazil's foreign policy agenda, which have mostly focused in the relations with the global powers
such as the United States and European countries. This configuration started to change significantly
in the early 2000s, when the improved macroeconomic situation of Brazil coincided with Africa's
economic revival. The turning point was, with no doubt, under former President Lula's mandate
(2003–2010).
Revoking historical ties and cultural similarities, Lula's discourse was frequently based in frames
such as: "paying back the solidarity debt with the African continent, due to centuries of slavery
relied on the sweat and blood of millions of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Source: Cabral & Shankland (2013: 9).
According to a recent joint World Bank and IPEA document, the historical and cultural ties between
Brazil and the African continent differentiate the country from the other members of the BRICs
(Brazil, Russia, India and China). The economic success of Brazil, its activities in the international
arena and its successful national social policies would be "lessons" for African countries (IPEA &
World Bank, 2011).
Additionally to historical and cultural ties, other affinities in agro–ecology and epidemiology (and,
in some cases, language) are often evoked as an advantage of the Brazilian knowledge transfer to
Africa, while the horizontal character of the partnership is presented as an alternative to the vertical
North–South interaction (Patriota & Pierri, 2013).
SECTION C: Brazil's investment and financing in Africa: interests
Trade and investments
In the relations between Brazil and Africa, it is not only in development cooperation that a
significant increase started to be seen in the last decade. Making a comparison, at the beginning of
Lula's mandate in 2003, trade between the country and the continent was $5 billion, while by 2009 it
had surpassed $29 billion (LAHT, 2010). Although still accounting for a relatively small share in
Brazilian

The Discourse On The Need For Universities
The discourse on the need for universities to contribute to innovation is widespread in African
countries and among international organisations. Stakeholders lament the weak contribution of
universities to innovation, while at the same time acknowledging the difficulties higher education
institutions face. Major international organizations recognize that university–industry collaborations
are scarce and weak in most African countries; in addition, they point to a shortage of skills in
science and engineering, and university curricula that tend to be irresponsive to industry's needs
(The World Bank 2009). Moreover, because of a lack of expertise and financial resources, many
African countries are not able to develop sound science, technology and innovation policies (World
Bank 2009; UNESCO and The African Union 2009).
An array of policy documents and initiatives seek to encourage and support the contribution of
universities to innovation in Africa. These policy discourses can be identified among national
governments, international organizations, and international aid agencies. Organizations such as The
World Bank, OECD and UNESCO regularly issue policy documents in support of African
universities playing a greater role in innovation. For instance, the United Nations' Task Team on the
Post Millennium Development Goals–2015 acknowledges the role of innovation in driving growth
in developing countries (UN 2013). The World Bank in particular has been for the past couple of

Strategic Analysis Of UBAAfrica
INTRODUCTION.
It is one thing to have a company strategy, it's another to have the operations that support this
strategy. For most companies, it could be implied that how their operations are structured could play
a vital role in the success or failure of the company. According to a quote from University of Exeter
(2012)[Online] operations strategy note, it states that "strategy is more than a single decision; it is
the total patterns of the decisions and actions that influence the long term direction of the business".
In a bid to define operation strategy, a quote from the business dictionary sees it as "a plan
specifying how an organization will allocate resources in order to support infrastructure and
production" (businessdictionary.com)[Online]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently personal loans are granted on a company cluster case by case level, which is not
competitive as most salary holders are moving their accounts to other banks that are giving them this
service. UBA is more disposed to giving loans to large corporate than SMEs. The brand is a strong
one and is financially sound as it's labeled as one of the "too big to fail" banks. it has a wide banking
network and it is near to its customers. Despite the high branch number and nearness, this still
doesn't support the large customer base it has. Customer number is majorly due to the low account
opening balance, so mass market crowds dominate the branches. The bank still has an aggressive
approach to getting new

The Creation Of The World Bank
The creation of The World Bank was an attempt to remedy the wealth disparities facing African
nations, and open new markets for international trade. Africa's economic stagnation calls for a shift
in paradigm, leaning towards sustained economic growth. It is only through the sustained growth of
these economies that the World Bank can claim success. This essay will assess the meaning of failed
development, effects of trade liberalization and the impact that multi–national corporations have had
on African countries. Imposing neo–liberalism on African nations has led to a lack of sustainable
development due to its ability to proliferate complex interdependency and exploitation. Failure in
development is a lack of sustained periods of economic growth and stability, and an increased
dependence on foreign aid. For example, forty five per cent of people in Sub–Saharan Africa still
continue to live in poverty (About Sub–Saharan Africa). Secondly, the inability to meet eight of the
Millennium Development Goals constitutes a failure in promoting development within the last
fifteen years (The Millennium Development Goals 2014). Furthermore, World Bank prescriptions
have not promoted sustained growth independent of foreign involvement by "[raising] Southern
output" (Mosley 1949). The World Bank's "measured ability to trigger sustained growth in
developing countries has been poor [...] particularly [...] in the poorest countries" (1951). This
disparity in flow of investments to developing

Failure of IMF and World Bank Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa
Failure of IMF and World Bank Policies in Sub–Saharan Africa
Over the last several hundred years, Africa has been deprived of the peace that it so desperately
needs. For over 400 years, Africa was subjected to the harsh trans–Atlantic slave trade. Europeans
and Americans brutally uprooted millions of Africans and shipped them away. Torn away from their
homes, Africans were inhumanely exploited for their labor. The slave trade had a devastating effect
not only on those involved, but also on future generations to come. The exploitation of Africans
continued even after slavery was abolished. A new form of slavery disguised as colonialism quickly
took form as an institutionalized method of exploiting Africans. European ... Show more content on
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In the following essay, I will show how the policies in place now are neither working but also
making the situation worse. In order to solve the debt crisis in Africa, I propose the following three
measures:
1) The Cancellation of all external debt
2) Investments in health, education, and infrastructure
3) New trade policies to fix the disparity in trade between African countries and industrialized
nations.
New methods need to be taken in order to at least curtail the region?s downward spiral. Cleary, the
policies in place now undermine the economic development of African countries.
The IMF and World Bank
The IMF was established in 1945 by the United Nations to improve the health of the world
economy. It was designed in order to avoid the catastrophic economic policies that had contributed
to the Great Depression in the 1930s. The IMF is an international organization comprised of 184
member countries. It was established with the goal in mind of promoting international monetary
cooperation in order to stimulate economic growth and provide temporary financial assistance to
countries to help alleviate problems associated with debt. Acting as the central institution of the
international monetary system, the IMF?s main objective is to prevent crises in the system by
advising countries to implement reliable economic policies. It also provides funds that

Poverty in Africa Essay example
African nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per
capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the
United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the
50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita
income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the vast majority of the population living on much
less. In addition, Africa's share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by
any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average
African did. Now, the average European earns twenty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On each of these occasions, my only thoughts have been that God did not destine poverty, wars and
suffering for Africans, else Africa would not have been richly blessed with abundant natural and
human resources.
As much as there are very genuine disadvantages hampering our progress economically like:
? Overpopulation, this is so with any society that largely depends on agriculture, African families are
often very large. Most of the elderly rely on their children for support, and as much agriculture in
Africa is labor–intensive, large numbers of children provide much needed labor for plowing,
planting and harvesting. However, overpopulation is a serious problem in urban areas, which have
grown enormously since the beginnings of African independence in the in the late 1950s and later.
For example, in 1960, 14.5% of Nigeria's population lived in urban areas, that number had grown to
43% by 2000, and is growing at an estimated 5.5% per year, compared to a 2.9% national population
growth rate. This is a trend that can be seen throughout the continent.
? Misused Money, Over $500 billion (U.S.) has been sent to African nations in the form of direct
aid. The consensus is that the money has had little long term effect. In addition, most African
nations have borrowed substantial sums of money. However, a large percentage of the money was
either been invested in weapons (money that was spent back in developed nations and

Rwanda Essay
Approximately 2 billion working adults, especially in developing countries, do not have access to a
safe account at a financial institution. Moreover, according to the World Bank, more than 59 percent
of working adults do not have access to an account simply as a result of low income, implying that
these financial institutions are not yet attainable for low income users. Being one of the least
developed countries, Rwanda has a population with about 89 percent of its adults owning a financial
account under formal and mainly informal sectors in 2012. According to the FinScope Survey,
Rwanda is one of the leading countries in East Africa with the highest accessibility to financial
inclusion despite having a poverty rate of 33 percent in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the commercial bank, SMEs, or small and medium–sized enterprises, can benefit from
credit funds where the bank is able to use funds to provide loans to small businesses. More low–
income citizens can also have access to insurance through the bank in which households can obtain
health insurance without paying lump sum, allowing them to work and live better to promote a
better lifestyle. Ultimately, the Rwandan government and the National Bank established Vision
2020, in which they hope to reach "80 percent financial inclusion by 2017 and 90 percent by 2020"
as a way of achieving poverty reduction. Throughout the country, the National Bank created saving
groups, which are social groups promoting the idea of lifting Rwandan citizens out of poverty by
forming little groups in provinces with the goal of saving the same amount of money weekly; from
2010 to 2014, the National Bank was able to create more than 28,000 saving groups with the support
of local partners and international governmental and non–governmental organizations, (NGOs)
including USAID, the leading U.S. government agency that is working on global issues such as
poverty; through the saving groups project, USAID has developed 1,028 saving groups, and all the
NGOs were able to help Rwandans save about 14 billion Rwandan francs, which is equivalent to
approximately $16.5 million.
Aside from promoting financial inclusion nationally, Rwanda has begun joining other countries,
hoping to

Case Study Of Barclays Africa Group
Barclays Africa Group Limited (Barclays Africa Group) is 62.3% owned by Barclays Bank Public
Limited Company (PLC) headquartered in London, United Kingdom (UK). It is a universal bank
with operations in retail, wholesale and investment banking, wealth management, mortgage lending
and credit cards. Barclays is classified into four core businesses such as personal and corporate
banking, wealth and investment management, Barclaycard, investment banking and Africa. In 2013,
Barclays embarked on an organizational restructuring to ensure that the structure of the organization
is aligned with the new business strategy and Barclay's values. Divisions were either consolidated or
new ones created and the objective was to ensure that the structure is designed as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the link between the HRM strategy, job stress, job satisfaction and organisational
commitment?
1.6 Research objectives
To determine the relationship between job stress, job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
To determine the current level of job satisfaction at Bank X.
To determine the level of organisational commitment of employees in retail bank X.
To assess the level of job stress of bank employees in retail collections.
To determine the link between the HRM strategy, job stress, job satisfaction and organisational
commitment.
1.7 Personal Development goals
The researcher is currently employed as the Regional Sector Head for Retail Collections in a call
centre at bank X. The team is also affected by a high rate of absenteeism, lack of organisational
commitment which then impacts on the sector`s performance. The researcher assumes that this
research will enhance her with job stress and employee commitment skills, problem solving skills,
creative thinking, self–awareness, as well as writing skills which are a key component of emotional
intelligence and in developing a better understanding of employees.
1.8

The State Of Education During Sub Saharan Africa
The state of education in Sub–Saharan Africa is in crisis. UNICEF (2013) research has shown that
40 million children in Africa currently do not attend school. The enrollment figures indicate that
there are fewer educational opportunities in sub–Saharan Africa than in the five countries in the
northern part of the continent. More than 100 million children of primary school age do not attend
school worldwide, of which a vast majority of these children are in sub–Saharan Africa (UNICEF,
2013). However, the research also shows that even if these children could attend school, the existing
schools are not equipped to provide for them (Samhoff, 2003). Rampant poverty, economic turmoil,
and disease have taken over the sub–Saharan countries. Poverty, economic decline, and disease are
interrelated factors contributing to the poor education system in sub–Saharan countries. Economic
decline has led to increased poverty throughout the continent. Poverty makes preventing and
fighting disease nearly impossible due to lack of affordable medicine and sanitation. Disease puts a
strain on the labor force, because the sick are unable to work which attributes to economic
instability. This is a simplistic example, but it is clear that poverty, economic decline, and disease
create a vicious cycle. This paper will examine in–depth the causes and effects of poverty, economic
decline, and disease (specifically HIV/AIDS), how they affect the education system, and how
education may be a solution.

The African HIV-AIDS Crisis
AIDS is a known issue when it comes to global health, however, the region it has the most impact
on is Africa. The human immunodeficiency virus, more commonly known as HIV, is a retrovirus. A
retrovirus is basically a virus or group of viruses that insert into a host cell in order to replicate. HIV
affects cells of the immune system, and destroys or impairs their function. As HIV progresses, the
immune system weakens, which causes the person infected to become more susceptible to other
illnesses. HIV at its most advanced stage is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, otherwise
known as AIDS. It can take 10–15 years for an HIV–infected person to develop AIDS. HIV can be
transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing of
contaminated needles, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and
breastfeeding. HIV infection is usually diagnosed through blood tests detecting whether or not there
are HIV antibodies. There is no cure for HIV infection. However, effective antiretroviral drugs can
control the virus to an extent, so people living with HIV can live healthier and more productive lives
(World Health Organization). Eastern and Southern Africa only accounts for five percent of the
world's population, however it is home to half the world's population that is living with HIV. The
region has been and continues to be the center of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and accounts for 48% of
the world's new HIV infections

A New Strain : Ebola Debt
A New Strain: Ebola Debt The supererogatory capitalist mentality reinforced in American society as
a means of success and an acceptable manner to diligently fulfill ethical and moral obligations has
been streamlined through the allocation of financial resources, however, these contributions have
failed to educate West Africans about precautionary measures, build an effective public health
infrastructure and has generated a new strain of the virus: Ebola Debt. Since the recent outbreak of
Ebola in early 2014 politicians and public health officials have collaborated with the World Health
Organization to dedicate the "Health System Fund" aiming to repay what a large portion of the
population claims to be a debt to our allies, which beguiles ... Show more content on
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As the earth has mounted its immune response against the human species" (Preston, 406) in the form
of a filovirus which was deemed biologically dormant both in the late nineties' outbreak and
currently, the ethical implications have infected society's ability to rid itself of Ebola. Guinea,
Liberia and Sierra Leone owe the International Monetary Fund a combined payment of three
hundred and seventy–two million dollars that were allocated to repress the epidemic (Duval).
Although a large portion of the countries have declared themselves Ebola free the remnants of the
outbreak remain in the form of economic poverty and a newly built health care frame that does not
account for the lack of health care workers, consideration of cultural traditions and was not
implemented in a timely manner. Government officials in Africa argue the inefficient response
during the critical threshold and the amount of money spent on establishing an American health care
system parallels the imperialism movement and has left the countries vulnerable to future outbreaks,
indebted and currently still unprepared. The monetary "loans", less than half of which actually
reached affected countries last year failed to educate the public (Duval). This raises the question of
owing money that was not distributed to tackle immediate threats but attempted to repair years of
corruption and unstable health care

Imc Advantages
Potential Benefits of ICM Development on Market Segments Sharīàh–compliant Equities
Development of the Islamic equity market typically involves having in place a Sharīàh stock–
screening process which facilitates the identification of Sharīàhcompliant stocks and therefore
attracts wider participation from investors that seek Sharīàh–compliant products. At the same time,
it can facilitate the construction of Islamic equity indices. Sharīàh–compliant equities may also
appeal to the global socially responsible investing (SRI) community, as well as environmental,
social and corporate governance (ESG) investors, in view of similarities in their underlying values
and principles; therefore, the market demand for these stocks is potentially ... Show more content on
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Development of the Sukuk market should include both the sovereign and corporate segments, to the
extent possible and practicable, in order to enable both the public and private sectors to have the
widest possible options for fund–raising. Based on the experience of some jurisdictions, government
participation and support would be a major factor in developing a sound Sukuk market. Regular
issuances by the government would create a yield benchmark for the issuance of corporate Sukuk
and also encourage Sukuk issuance by the private sector. The feasibility of this approach
nevertheless would differ between one jurisdiction and another, based primarily on the financial and
economic specificities of each jurisdiction. In jurisdictions with large infrastructure investments,
there are significant opportunities for the growth of Sukuk as a fund–raising means for both the
public and private sectors. A facilitative ecosystem to provide SMEs greater access to funding via
the ICM would help fuel the growth of these companies and drive the expansion of the SME sector.
There are, however, factors for consideration in assessing the viability of SMEs to issue Sukuk,
including their financial positions, investors' risk appetite and the nature of the business. There have
also been initiatives in several jurisdictions recently to democratise Sukuk from being a "wholesale"

Effects Of Poverty In Africa
Schneirby Senat
Dr.Grove/Essay 3
Enc 1101–801
31 July 2017
Poverty is one of the society's most difficult problems to overcome. Even in the United States has
abject poverty in every city. On average, 40 to 50% of sub–Saharan Africans live below the poverty
line. This is a higher proportion than in any other region except South Asia stated (World Bank,
1996a). The effects of poverty in Africa are poor education, diseases, and overpopulation. One of the
most devastating effects of poverty in Africa is poor education in most country households are
making a considerable donation, which can have national and neighborhood consequences, by
actually putting into education stated (Rempel & Lobdell, 1978). Education is also a major
component of well–being. The cost of education to country households can be high, and most
complain the cost of the school fee is one of many problems that they have to encounter, having to
deal with educational expenses is more of a problem. They also go into other situations in which
investible resources are insufficient for them. Since increased productivity and income prospects can
vary by the nature of the educational experience, there are a lot of questions that need to be
answered in particular contexts in deciding how much education of what levels and types to provide.
It is likely possible that education is involved with changes in population growth rates, and that
education of one generation has an impact on the "human

Marketing Sense Of Strategy : Barclays And The National...
Marketing sense of strategy I
Student Name
Student ID INTRODUCTION
The comparison of two different banks reflect the differentiation and common points among the
locals banks of Egypt and International banks such as; Barclays and the National bank of Egypt.
Barclays is considered as one of the leading multinational firm originated from United Kingdom and
has operations in several different countries whereas National bank of Egypt is one of the oldest
commercial banks origins from Egypt. It is considered as a universal bank with different sub
categories. NBE has 338 branches within the country. The comparison of the SWOT analysis and
business positions would analyze the sights and core values of both the banks. However, there might
be the case that one of the two banks has more advantages and differentiation strategies over the
other. The analysis would critically examine and portray the image that is being perceived by its
consumers. The suggestion would be recommended in order to achieve a higher position and level in
the banking industry. The critical understanding and reviewing of both the well–known banks would
provide the understanding and the company profile would be compared, the operations and profile
analysis would show the results and recommendations. BARCLAYS INTERNATIONAL:
Barclays is a multinational company originated in London, United Kingdom. The core strategy of
Barclays is to build as a transatlantic consumer, investment, and corporate banking

Standard Chartered Bank: Strategic Growth And...
1. Introduction
Executive Summary
The aim of the report is to offer a set of recommendations to Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) that
will sustain and improve their competitive position in the next 5 years after analysis and compare
with their key competitors, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).
In the first section, we will look at the overview of the banking industry such as the strategic
position, its structure, and information on major competitors. We will also look at the strategic
developments at the industry level as well as overall competitive challenges. We analyzed the trends
that impact on the business growth, innovation and risk management. We also examined the
implications of some developments for business, regulatory ... Show more content on
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Over the years, it established a network of offices, which were strategically located throughout the
island to serve the needs of business and industry. The bank had progressively increased the range of
its services in line with the dynamic growth and development of Singapore as an international
business and financial centre.
Standard Chartered Bank is a British bank headquartered in London with operations in more than
seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries,
associates and joint ventures) and employs 73,000 people.
Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and 90% of its profits come
from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
Because the bank's history is entwined with the development of the British Empire, its operations lie
predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into
countries that have historically had little British influence. It aims to provide a safe regulatory bridge
between these developing

Essay on History of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Prior to 1960, Belgium and their King, Leopold ruled the Congo region. They held great interests in
the rubber industry and created harsh labor camps that exploited the people. That is why after
gaining independence in 1960, the nation then known as Zaire plunged into chaos. Military unrest
coupled with oppressive warlord throughout the region made it a very unstable state, ready to
collapse. Nowadays, U.N. peacekeeping forces hold posts in the nation to maintain its stability. The
United States has had foreign relations with the country from 1960 and has signed many treaties to
help promote growth in the region. One such document is the Peace, Security and Cooperation
framework that exists between the United States and the Democratic ... Show more content on
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That is another reason why U.S. economic involvement in the DRC is seen as very important,
because it produces stability in the region, leading into the next point. As stated at the end of the last
paragraph, the U.S. must prevent more military destabilization in the region through both military
and economic means. The early mission statement of the United States Africa Command states that
"the West's long–term strategic interests in Africa are clear: we must thwart the growth of terrorism
and transnational crime; we must prevent destabilizing mass migrations; and we must maintain
secure trade links." Through military invention and economic aid, both the DRC and other nations in
Africa as well as the United States will benefit with increased national security. "In 2001, the UN
blamed the various factions that fought a brutal five–year war in the DRC for deliberately extending
the conflict in order to plunder the country's extensive supplies of gold, diamonds, and timber"
(World Geography). Through the Peace, Security and Cooperation framework the U.S. is able to
maintain a Special Envoy for the Great Lakes and the DRC to prevent further exploitation of
resources. The Envoy has a main goal of locating and destroying the main root cause of instability in
the region. In other economic terms, "A UN agency said it needed close to 7.5 million U.S. dollars
to continue offering

Water Scarcity In Africa
Water scarcity occurs when there is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the needs
of water within a region. The continent of Africa is a main region that deals with this scarcity; as the
most impoverished continent in the world ("World Bank – Poverty Data 2016"), almost all countries
in Africa lack major resources such as water, causing several organizations and groups to donate
their time and contributions. Water scarcity is categorized by economic and physical levels.
Economic growth can result in physical water scarcity as water is channeled into economic
production. Physical water scarcity occurs when the demand of water surpasses a region's ability to
provide the populations with needed water. On the other hand, economic water scarcity occurs when
government investments in water resources are so inconsiderably low that they are not able to meet
clean water demands for the population, which results in people drinking and using contaminated
water.
Groups such as non–governmental organizations often work in water scarce areas to help those in
need. Non–governmental organizations are not–for–profit groups that aid countries worldwide
through donated funding. There are over four thousand NGOs throughout Africa helping to provide
clean water sources, fighting for poverty, and contributing to education (Edelman & Haugerud, p.
113) By comparing celebrity– and non–celebrity endorsed NGOs, the objective of my research is to
gain a better understanding of

Economic Commission ( Ec ) For Afric A Perspective Of...
Environmental scan
Economic commission (EC) for Africa: A perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Africa
and intra–trade relations in Africa
Abraham Rukevwe Idogho
Summary of EC mandate
The Economic commission for Africa (EC) pursue an integrated economic agenda of a free trade
and a custom union agreement among the various trading blocs in Africa, and it also provides
platforms for global demand for African exports, attract inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI),
and negotiate favourable trade agreements with foreign equals. However, like most institutions, the
EC responds to internal and external forces that can positively or negatively affect its operations.
This paper attempts to evaluate and present some of these forces and their impact on the mandates
of the EC. The structure of this paper follows the guidelines of the performance branch of the
Saskatchewan ministry of finance. However, after each sub heading, analysis or impacts of events
will follow. A general conclusion/synopsis concludes the paper
1.1. Broad external trends affecting the EC and its partners in the African union
In today's world of investment, every country, every region, competes for foreign direct investment;
however, they do so disproportionately – one thing is for sure: The more FDI, the better. FDI flows
generally follow investor's choices, interests, and perceptions. The need to earn more creates new
opportunities for investors and nations alike. But

Republic Associated With Southerly Africa
Republic associated with Southerly Africa
Historical past:
The associated with Southerly Africa is actually characterized by racial as well as politics physical
violence, territorial discord, battles associated with conquest, as well as inter–ethnic competition.
Southerly Africa ended up being colonized because of the English as well as Dutch within the 17th
millennium. This Dutch had been the first European buying and selling electrical power to create
some sort of everlasting relief within Southerly Africa. This Republic associated with Southerly
Africa is often a constitutional democracy with three–tier method associated with government.
Southerly Africa 's background as well as nation–wide politics tend to be sophisticated as well as ...
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Numerous Southerly Africans tend to be inadequate, and the land provides large proper industry
joblessness as well as criminal offenses, low–quality public education, as well as an absence of entry
to national infrastructure as well as simple solutions.
Punches by simply miners within 2014 introduced american platinum eagle mining into a halt.
Within 06 2014, Zuma and the ANC introduced some sort of Nationwide Progress Approach that
had been believed would certainly promote economical development employing a market– based,
long–term approach.
Affordable: Southerly Africa 's monetary as well as fiscal policies authorized your financial system
to build through the 1990s for the oncoming from the world–wide economic crisis. However,
america saw growing joblessness a result of the replacement associated with labour within a lot of
the employment–generating areas. Furthermore, your nation 's growing public debts as well as
abnormal power always deter people.
The most notable exports associated with Southerly Africa tend to be Silver ($20. 4B), Gemstones
($9. 5B), American platinum eagle ($7. 85B), Fossil fuel Briquettes ($6. 35B) as well as Iron Ore
($5. 59B)
Southerly Africa principal imports tend to be: energy resource (24 % associated with full imports),
nuclear reactors, boilers, equipment as well as mechanical kitchen appliances (14 percent),
automobiles as well as car or truck parts (9 percent), mobile phone models (3 percent),

Economic Commission For Afric A Perspective Of Foreign...
Environmental scan
Economic commission for Africa: A perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and
intra–trade relations
Abraham Rukevwe Idogho
Summary of EC mandate
Primarily, the Economic commission for Africa (EC) pursue an "integrated economic agenda",
which calls for free trade and custom union agreements among the various trading blocs in Africa,
and it also provides platforms for global demand for African exports, attract inflows of foreign direct
investments (FDI), and negotiate favourable trade agreements with foreign equals. However, like
most institutions, the EC responds to internal and external forces that can positively or negatively
affect its operations. This paper attempts to present some of these ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These events are highlighted below, and are discussed in the analysis and synopsis sections of the
following sub heading.
a) FDI outflows from developing Asia
b) Rising operational cost in China
c) Latin America and Caribbean becoming "hot spots"
Analysis:
FDI outflows from developing Asia
With globalization and technological advancements comes offshoring – the movement of services or
manufacturing to another country in an attempt to take advantage of favorable business conditions in
that country. As a result of offshoring, the last decade saw significant amount of capital flight to
developing Asia. Skilled work force, availability of labour, low–wages, and easy access to supplies,
were some of the factors influencing the move of FDI to the region. Although recent economic data
suggest that developing Asia holds 52% of global FDI (UNCTAD 2014), the region's FDI inflow has
been declining since 2011 (UN 2014). A significant cause of this FDI decline is from West Asia with
–20% from 2012 (Asia top the world in FDI 2014). So, the economic ill of developing Asia is whose
gain?
Rising operational cost in china: That said, recent reports suggest that China, the biggest economy
with 1/3rd of total FDI to developing Asia is facing an era of "outward capital flight", as major
companies are moving their manufacturing and service operations out of the country (economist
2014). Multinationals have seen their profits suffer as a result of high

The World Bank : Structural Or Sovereignty Adjustment Program
Heather Reffle
R. Jonasson
Political Science 1020E
04/02/2015
The World Bank: Structural or Sovereignty Adjustment Program
Since its opening loan of $250 million to France for post–war reconstruction in 1947, the World
Bank has always declared its two primary goals as to "end extreme poverty within a generation and
boost shared prosperity" (World Bank, 2014). The World Bank is first and foremost a bank – a
business – whose primary interest is in making money, and in this profit–first business model the
Bank imposes upon the sovereignty of foreign countries by forgoing its own policies by violating
human rights, causing environmental degradation and implementing policies involving
conditionality on to all loaned funds. Much of the Global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since the scope of human rights is broad and subjective, varying between countries and cultures,
agreement on what is or is not a human rights issue between the decisions panel is rare. For
example, representatives from countries like China and India oppose many civil and political rights
that Canada, the US and other "western" countries advocate for (Sarfaty, 2009). This subjectivity of
what qualifies as a human right allows the World Bank to engage in and fund projects that would
otherwise be viewed as a direct violation of such rights. A study by Bubalski and Pred (2013)
examines Bank funded projects in the Global South which force eviction, a result otherwise known
as involuntary resettlement which is a violation of human rights by the Western perspective.
Villigization in Gambella, Somali and Afar is an on–going WB funded project and has displaced
tens of thousands of people (Human Rights Watch, 2012), a loan to build an urban sanitation project
in Ghana in 2004 displaced thousands of others (Sarfaty, 2009), and an urban transport project in
Mumbai displaced over 10,000 households, with the majority of the residents being families with
young children (Singh, 2012). While the Bank has

Africa's Health Care Crisis Essay
The residents of Africa are suffering from preventable, treatable, and fatal diseases everyday at a
higher rate compared to developed countries. The healthcare crisis in Africa is the primary cause of
all these deaths, and includes inefficient healthcare systems. Consequently, African's inefficient
healthcare systems results in poor delivery of care and a shortage of health professionals. The
healthcare crisis in Africa is a current issue impacting the lives of many African's who don't have the
same access to resources as developed countries such as the United States. These resources can save
the lives of many African's dying of preventable and curable disease, and understanding why the
African continent has little access to them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The health of many women in Algeria which is part of Sub–Saharan Africa in 1990 were impacted
by the poor health care system because they lived in poverty. Poverty caused these women to lack
essential needs to live a quality life. They lacked or could not afford resources such as supplies,
health care professionals, and facilities for healthcare, clean water, and waste disposal. This
ultimately affected the health of women and their children. For instance, lack of clean water and
waste disposal facilities can cause health abnormalities such as cholera or typhoid fever which can
cause devastating deaths. This is a healthcare problem because of the lack of funding. The lack of
funding prevents antibiotics from being used to prevent death, and prevents African's from being
vaccinated against typhoid fever. Another example of how poverty affects woman's health is
unintended pregnancy, which is because they are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. It's
part of the health crisis because it includes a poor health system, and a lack of education about
proper nutrition and behaviors during pregnancy. Complications in these pregnancies due to poor
nutrition and not visiting the doctor regularly includes increased infant mortality. Infant mortality in
the slums of Nairobe is 91.3% while it is 75.9% in urban areas where there is a better developed
healthcare system. The inferiority of poor Africans in

Influenced By Marxism And Imperialism
Influenced by Marxism and imperialism, Dependency writers sought to explain the high inequities
in the world economic system in terms of its distribution of power and resources and places most
nations in a dependent position in relation to the industrial powers. Dependency scholars basically
believe that less–developed countries will be unable to develop because the rich world uses them as
the equivalent of colonies. The major contention here is that the developing countries of the Global
South are hindered in their developmental efforts by their association (economic) with the
industrialized countries of the Global North.
Prominent scholars here include: Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy (Monopoly Capitalism, 1957/1960;
Fernando Henrique ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Free trade with minimal state intervention is the key tenet of neoliberal ideas driving most
international organizations. In the contemporary world characterized by open markets, US
hegemony, international organizations, regional cooperations and large inflows of foreign aids and
technologies in economically less developed states, national governments are increasingly
constrained in formulating and implementing policies that are deemed appropriate for their citizens.
I discuss below major developmental challenges in Africa (by extension other poor countries) which
have roots in contemporary imperial relations with the West. These include: debt burdens, structural
adjustment programmes, operations of multinational corporations and external aid.
Debt Burden
One of the greatest threats to development in most African countries is the huge debt stock and the
cost of servicing it. Large–scale borrowing in the 60s and 70s (in a bid to ensure welfare of the
citizens after colonialism) coupled with events in the world economy such as rising oil prices, rising
interest rates, falling commodity prices and global recession led to the Debt crisis of the early 80s
which left many poor countries with huge cost of servicing debts which still lingers today. Even
with the debt relief initiative of the World Bank and IMF about two

Thesis On Corruption And Poverty
CHAPTER I
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Definition and concept of corruption
Eric, Spector and Frances, (2003) holds that corruption and poverty have the same footsteps in
developing nations. The level of poverty are influenced by Corruption in the both public and private
sectors. Occasionally, countries experiencing acute poverty are the natural breeding places for
corruption. The worse form of corruption include stealing of funds meant for public projects,
diversion of public programs and payment of bribes to avoid health and safety laws designed to
profit the public (Jakob Sevensson, 2005)
Therefore, Corruption is defined as an abuse of public office for personal interest.(Chetwynd,
Chetwynd & Spector, and 2003 pp 6). Additionally, corruption ... Show more content on
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The poverty level in Africa depend on country to countries, most countries in Sub– Saharan Africa
live in extreme poverty, over 314 million people in Africa live on less than $1 a day almost twice as
large population as in 1981. Africa is home to 34 poor nations out of 48 world's poorest countries
and 24 out of 32 nations ranked lowest in HDI. More poverty is evidenced in the rural area than
urban areas. South Africa 86%, and CAR 77% record the highest rural population living in extreme
poverty (The World Bank

Industrialization Of The West Is Highly Praised
While the industrialization of the West is highly praised, it seems to be undermined that China and
India were able to double their industrial output in less than a quarter of the time. When one is asked
about which countries have the highest combined GDP, the long standing powers of the North,
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States come to mind, but the
GDP of Brazil, China, and India equal that of the Northern superpowers . These emerging countries
are showing the world that they deserve the spotlight by being the cornerstone economic
development in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The emerging powers – Brazil, Russia, India,
China, and South Africa –came together and formed the diplomatic to form BRICS. The aim of
BRICS was to bring together these emerging powers under one conglomerate to unify their interests
and values. But is that obtainable? Each one of these countries are in different states of
development, therefore have different interests. For example, a country with a large poor population,
such as India, might find more solace in the G77 than China would. With few of their national
priorities aligning, it is hard to see BRICS as one homogenous group. Although it may seem like
these countries are too different in core beliefs and have their own national interests, BRICS as a
whole can act as a mouthpiece for developing countries in the Global South if they remain as an
organization. As mentioned, the countries within

Culture And Its Impact On Culture
In the globalized world we live in today, "No one man is an island" the same can said about the
countries. Every country is interconnected with trade routes, internet and roads. The world has made
great strides to connect everything and everyone, but how has that affected culture? Culture is
defined as the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as
excellent in arts, letters, manners, and scholarly pursuits. (Dictinary.com), so how has worldwide
organizations like the U.N, The WHO, and the World Bank changed the shift of culture, from a
country's or community's individual culture to a more globalized and unified culture? Have there
been differences between developed counties and developing countries? ... Show more content on
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Right now the WHO has around 100 open programs that span the vast corners of the earth all with
the common goal, to better the world. Some of the projects range from informing the world with
pamphlets, researching a deadly disease and giving medical aid and treatment to third world nations.
These projects are affecting the worldwide culture by linking knowledge between one party and
another, mixing them al together. This is great because it benefits all humans common knowledge on
how to defeat a virus is valuable information that needs to be shared.
One of the many projects that the WHO are working on is to give immunizations to third world
countries and improvised communities. One place that the WHO is operating in is India, India has
the second largest population, but its healthcare per person is one of the lowest in the world. India
only spends four percent of their total country's budget on health expenditure, this roughly equates
to $215 U.S. dollars per person. (World Health Observatory) If one would look at the country with
the third largest population, The United States of America. The U.S. spends 17.1 percent of the total
budget on health expenditures, which is near $9,146 per head in the U.S. This is one of the reasons
the WHO chose to help the Indian people and government with immunizations, because the
government can't afford to upgrade or pay for healthcare in the country.
The impact of this aid though the form of immunizations has

The Effects Of Colonialism And Western Powers On Africa
Africa has a complex history that has contributed to its current state, that to some seems hopeless
and for others an opportunity for rebuilding and renewal in the continent. With the influences of
colonialism and western powers the complete system of African cultures have been restructured and
globalized. This has had negative and positive effects on the people of Africa, its economy and
government. After colonialism, relationships between states have still remained and Western powers
are a dominate force in the direction of their economy. Alongside this, there are many other
influences that are internal and not external that is contributing to the issues within Africa. One of
the main problems that we see is corruption in the government and leadership. This is one of the
most serious issues within Africa, which could possibly be the root of a myriad of afflictions that
face the people. However, there are those who are trying to combat the corruption and bring renewal
to the countries within this immense continent. These are the people who are aware of the taxing
history and the current transition to independence that many countries are trying to figure out.
Moreover, the government is a vital part of society and sets the tone for what will be accomplished
within a country as a whole. Due to corruption in this vital area, much of Africa has faced economic
hardships that leave many people without food security, basic sanitary needs and other systemic
problems. Forms of

Blame Colonialism In Africa
Blame colonialism for Africa's lack of development.
Africa's lack of development can be attributed to its history of colonialism and imperialism.
In the late 1400's wealth–hungry traders arrived from all over Europe – Belgium, France, Germany,
Portugal, Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom – and started their colonial practices. They set up
trading posts in Africa, with a special interest in coastal regions. European traders raided towns and
instigated slavery. A profusion of disease and starvation hit Africa during the initiation of its
colonization. European traders also looked to exploit Africa's abundant raw materials. European
missionaries infiltrated Africa to convert the locals to Christianity and hoped to instill European
customs and ideologies, which in turn destroyed African traditions and religion. U.S. and European
colonizing leaders negotiated how to split up the continent, without consent from African natives.
This produced increased African inter–ethnic–group tension and aggression, which paved the path
for future socio–political and cultural conflicts in African countries. By the late 1800's, European
culture was assimilated by the African population. Europeans had split up most of the continental
territory by the late 1880s and between 1884 and 1885, European representatives created codes for
annexing territory as a method to stop competition for African colonies. The colonial government
and the colonial economy were two factions of European policy in

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