Права человека (методическое пособие)

1. ȼɟɪɫɢɹ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ HTML ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ www.un.org/russian/hr/abc
HR/PUB/DECADE/2003/1
ɉɊȺȼȺ ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (1995–2004 ɝɨɞɵ)
ʋ4
ȺɁȻɍɄȺ
ɉɊȿɉɈȾȺȼȺɇɂə ɉɊȺȼ ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɦɚɣ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ

2. ɉɊɂɆȿɑȺɇɂȿ
ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (Office of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Publications Team,
8-14 Avenue de la Paix, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ, Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɱɢɬɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɧɨɪɚɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚɦɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɜ
ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ: United Nations Office at Geneva, Sales Section, 8-14
Avenue de la Paix, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; E-mail: unpubli@unog.ch
HR/PUB/DECADE/2003/1
ɂɁȾȺɇɂȿ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ ɇȺɐɂɃ
ȼ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɞ ʋ. R..03.XIV.3
ISBN 92-1-154149-2
Copyright © United Nations 2003
All rights reserved.
ii

3. ȼɟɪɫɢɹ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ HTML ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ http://www.un.org/russian/hr/abc/
HR/PUB/DECADE/2003/1
ɉɊȺȼȺ ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (1995–2004 ɝɨɞɵ)
ʋ4
ȺɁȻɍɄȺ
ɉɊȿɉɈȾȺȼȺɇɂə ɉɊȺȼ ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɦɚɣ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ

4. ȼɋɌɍɉɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɟ "Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ -
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ" ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ
ɧɚɫ, ɥɸɞɹɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ "ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ", ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ "ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ" (ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɚ).
ȼ ɧɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɚɦ.
Ɋɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɦɭ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɭɦɟɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɗɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɟɧɹɬɫɹ ɢ
ɭɜɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɚ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (1995-12004 ɝɨɞɵ), ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ
ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɤ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɗɬɨ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɟɟ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ
ɡɚɯɨɱɟɬ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ. ɇɚɞɟɸɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫ ɧɟɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɧɭɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ.
iii

5. ɏɨɱɭ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɦɨɟɦɭ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɚɥɶɮɭ ɉɟɬɬɦɚɧɭ,
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ 1989 ɝɨɞɚ; ɇɷɧɫɢ Ɏɥɚɭɷɪɫ,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
Ɇɚɪɝɨ Ȼɪɚɭɧ, Ɏɟɥɢɫɢ Ɍɢɛɛɢɬɫ ɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɭ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
[ɉɨɞɩɢɫɶ] ɋɟɪɠɢɭ ȼɢɟɣɪɭ ɞɢ Ɇɟɥɥɭ
iv
ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

6. ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
v
ɋɬɪ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ: ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɨɣ "Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ" ........................................................... 1
Ƚɥɚɜɚ I: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ............................................................ 3
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ....................................... 3
ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ................................................... 7
Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (1995-2004 ɝɨɞɵ) 8
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ . 10
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ........... 14
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ........................... 15
ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ............................................................ 16
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɢ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɝɪɨɦɱɟ ɫɥɨɜ ......................................................... 16
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ................................................ 18
ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ .................................................. 18
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ................................................................................... 23
Ƚɥɚɜɚ II: Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɲɤɨɥɵ ......................................................................... 25
ɍɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ .................... 25
Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ...................................................... 26
ɋɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ...................... 26
ɍɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ............................................. 27
ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ .............. 28
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ........................................................ 33
ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ............................... 34
Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ..................................................... 36
Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ........................................... 37
GE.03-42504 (R) 051203 261203

7. ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
vi
ɋɬɪ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ III: Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ .......................................... 41
Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ - ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ................................. 41
ȼɨɣɧɚ, ɦɢɪ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ............................................... 44
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ................................................ 49
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ................................................................ 55
ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ....................................................... 57
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥɚɯ ......... 58
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ......................... 60
Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ .................................................................. 61
1. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɨɜ ................... 62
2. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɤɨɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ......................................................... 64
3. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜ ....... 65
4. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɨɥɚ ............................ 67
5. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ............ 71
ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ........................................................... 72
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ............................................ 75
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ................ 82
Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ .................. 85
ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ..... 87
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ .................................. 89
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ "ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ" ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ .. 90
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ............................................................................... 93
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
1. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ......................................... 97
2. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ......................................................... 113
3. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ .................................. 151

8. ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
vii
ɋɬɪ.
4. ȼɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ.......................... 155
4.1 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ...................................... 155
4.2 ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ........................................ 158
4.2.1 Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ...................... 159
4.2.2 ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ..................................................... 164
5. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ........................................................................ 175
5.1 Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ...................................... 178
5.2 ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ........................................... 179
ɋɈɄɊȺɓȿɇɂə
ȼȾɉɑ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ȼɈɁ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɄɅȾɀ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɄɉɊ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ
ɆɄɄɄ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ Ʉɪɟɫɬɚ
ɆɄɅɊȾ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɆɈɌ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɉɊɈɈɇ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɍȼɄȾȻ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ
ɍȼɄɉɑ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɎȺɈ ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɘɇȿɋɄɈ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɘɇɂɋȿɎ Ⱦɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ

9. viii

10. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɨɣ "Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ"
Ȼɪɨɲɸɪɚ "Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ" ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɹɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɮɟɪ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ
ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȿɟ ɰɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ
ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɱɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɦɵɫɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɚɜ, ɢ ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɤ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɧɚ
ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɹɜɹɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ
ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɨɧɢ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ I ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɧɟɣ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ II ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɳɢɯ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɤ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ.
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11. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ III ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ.
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ II ɢ ɝɥɚɜɟ III ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɧɢ
ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɧ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ,
ɞɜɭɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ I ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 1 ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. ɗɬɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɦ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɢ ɨɯɜɚɬ ɩɪɚɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ.
Ȼɪɨɲɸɪɚ "Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ" - ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ (ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ), ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 5 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ; ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 4, ɢ ɭ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ.
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12. Ƚɥɚɜɚ I
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɉɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɚ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɧɚɦ ɨɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɥɸɞɢ. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɦ ɜ
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɭɦ, ɬɚɥɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ. ɂɯ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɟɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɢ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɦɢɪɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ.
ɍɠɚɫɵ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ
ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɦɢɪɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɭɦ, ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɷɬɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɠɚɫɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜ 1945 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɨɧɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚ ɜɟɪɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ ɜ ɍɫɬɚɜɟ,
ɡɚɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɩɨɧɵɧɟ.
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13. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɨɜɨɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ȼȾɉɑ)1, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɟɣ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ 10 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1948 ɝɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɩɨɧɵɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ,
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɂ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ.
ɋ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ 58 ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ,
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɱɚɹɧɢɹ - ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɟɝɨ
ɯɨɬɟɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
ȼ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ "ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɟ ɜɫɟɦ
ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ… ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ,
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ" ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ; ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ; ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟɦ; ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ;
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ; ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ; ɢ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɵɬɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɦɭ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ
ɥɸɞɢ (ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɢɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ), ɚ ɧɟ "ɩɨɞɚɪɤɚɦɢ", ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ, ɢɡɴɹɬɶ
ɢɥɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɱɶɟɣ-ɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɟ.
ɗɥɟɨɧɨɪɚ Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɲɚɹ ɩɨɫɬ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɥɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ
ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ:
1 ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫɦ. ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 1.
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14. "Ƚɞɟ ɠɟ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ? ȼ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɟɱɤɚɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɢɲɶ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɦɢɪɚ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ - ɷɬɨ ɦɢɪ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ; ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɠɢɜɟɬ; ɲɤɨɥɚ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɬ; ɡɚɜɨɞ, ɮɟɪɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚ,
ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɢ
ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɛɟɡ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ.
ɂ ɩɨɤɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɭɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɬɚɦ, ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɦɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɞɟ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚ, ɬɳɟɬɧɵ ɧɚɲɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ"2.
ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ 50-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɳɢɧɵ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ɇɷɪɢ Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɟɟ "ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɨɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ". Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ3.
Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɥɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ4. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɬ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ (1966 ɝɨɞ) ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɬ ɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ (1966 ɝɨɞ) - ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
2 ɗɥɟɨɧɨɪɚ Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, "ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ" (ɪɟɱɶ, ɩɪɨɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ 1958 ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ 10-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɳɢɧɵ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ).
3 ɋ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ȼȾɉɑ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 330 ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɚɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɚɣɬɟ http:www.ohchr.org ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
4 Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ "ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ",
"ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ", "ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ" ɢ "ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ", ɫɦ. ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 3. ɋ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ
ɨɛɡɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ http:www.ohchr.org ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
5

15. ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɚ ɉɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɥɥɶ ɨ
ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ (1966 ɝɨɞ),
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɹɤɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɢ, ɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (1979 ɝɨɞ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ, ɜ
ɛɪɚɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ.
Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɲɤɨɥɚɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ5, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ɗɬɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɟɣ ɜ
1989 ɝɨɞɭ, ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɛóɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɱɟɦ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ
ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɤ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ - Ɏɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ,
ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɪɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɢ Ɏɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ
ɜ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɯ (2000 ɝɨɞ).
5 ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫɦ.
ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2.
6

16. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɆȿɀȾɍɇȺɊɈȾɇɕɃ ȻɂɅɅɖ Ɉ ɉɊȺȼȺɏ
ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ȼȾɉɑ), 1948 ɝɨɞ
7
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɬ ɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ (ɆɉȽɉɉ),
1966 ɝɨɞ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɬ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ
(ɆɉɗɋɄɉ), 1966 ɝɨɞ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ
ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ,
1951 ɝɨɞ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ
ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ,
1966 ɝɨɞ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɮɨɪɦ
ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ,
1979 ɝɨɞ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɵɬɨɤ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɯ,
ɛɟɫɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɧɵɯ
ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ,
1984 ɝɨɞ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ
ɩɪɚɜɚɯ
ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ,
1989 ɝɨɞ
ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɋ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ Ʉɨɮɢ Ⱥɧɧɚɧ ɡɚɹɜɢɥ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ 50-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ
ɝɨɞɨɜɳɢɧɵ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ "ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɱɭɠɞɵ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɹɦ" ɢ ɱɬɨ "ɛɟɡ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ".
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɵ; ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɥɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ; ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ;
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ; ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ;
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ; ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ; ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ; ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ

17. ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɘɇȿɋɄɈ), Ⱦɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɇɚɰɢɣ (ɘɇɂɋȿɎ), ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ (ɍȼɄȻ), ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (ɉɊɈɈɇ), Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɆɈɌ) ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
(ȼɈɁ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɍȼɄɉɑ)).
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ.
ɇɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ
ȼɟɧɟ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ, ɜ 1993 ɝɨɞɭ, 171 ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɚ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ȼɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ "ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ", ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ
ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.
Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (1995-2004 ɝɨɞɵ)
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɥɚ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɱɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɤ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɜ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1995 ɩɨ 2004 ɝɨɞɵ
Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ. Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɡɚɹɜɢɥɚ, ɱɬɨ "ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɸɞɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɭɜɚɠɚɬɶ
8

18. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ".
ȼ ɉɥɚɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ6. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ "ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ:
ɚ) ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
9
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚɦ;
b) ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ;
ɫ) ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ, ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ
ɩɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɠɛɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ
ɪɚɫɨɜɵɦɢ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ;
d) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ;
ɟ) ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ"7.
ɉɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ; ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ,
6 ȼɤɥɸɱɚɹ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɭɸ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɫɬɚɬɶɹ 26.2),
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɬ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ
(ɫɬɚɬɶɹ 13.1), Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ (ɫɬɚɬɶɹ 29.1) ɢ ȼɟɧɫɤɭɸ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɪɚɡɞɟɥ D, ɩɭɧɤɬɵ 78-82).
7 ɋɦ. ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ A/51/506/Add.1,
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɭɧɤɬ 2 - ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ http://www.ohchr.org ɢɥɢ ɜ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

19. ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ; ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ; ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ; ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ (ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ), ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɚɹ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ:
x ɭɱɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
x ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ;
x ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ;
x ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɲɤɨɥ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ;
x ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ;
x ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ (ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ
ɩɪɚɜɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɨɸɡɨɜ) ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɢ, ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɬ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɨɣ ɜ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ: ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
10

20. ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ,
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɹɡɵɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɭɪɫɨɦ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ;
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ, ɤɥɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɜ.
ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ
ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ (ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ,
ɨɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɵɜɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɢ
ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ ɞɟɬɹɦ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ
ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɚ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɬɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɛóɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɗɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ
ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ.
11

21. 12
Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ - ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɍɊɈȼȿɇɖ ɐȿɅɂ ɄɅɘɑȿȼɕȿ ɉɈɇəɌɂə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ
ɁȺɇəɌɂə
ɄɈɇɄɊȿɌɇɕȿ
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ȼ
ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɉɊȺȼ
ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɕ,
ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɂ
ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌɕ ȼ
ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɉɊȺȼ
ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
Ⱦɟɬɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɢ
Ⱦɨɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɥɚɞɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 7 ɥɟɬ
* ɋɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ
* ɍɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
* ɍɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɥɸɞɟɣ
* ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
* Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ
* Ʌɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
* Ⱦɨɥɝ
* ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ
* ɋɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ/
ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ
* ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ/
ɨɛɦɟɧ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
* Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ
* ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
* ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ/
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ
* ɋɨɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ
* Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ
* Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ
* Ɋɚɫɢɡɦ
* Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɨɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ
* ɇɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ
* Ɍɪɚɜɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ
(ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ)
* ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ
* ɀɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ
* ɇɨɪɦɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ
* ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
* Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ
ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ
Ⱦɟɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ
ȼɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɥɸɫ:
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɬ 8 ɞɨ 11
ɥɟɬ
* ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
* Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
* ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ
* ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ
* Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ
* ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ
* Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ
* ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ
* ȼɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ
* ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
* Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
* Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ
* ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ
* ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ
* Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɲɤɨɥɟ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
* Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ/
ɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
* Ȼɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ/ɝɨɥɨɞ
* ɇɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ
* ɗɬɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ
* ɗɝɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ
* ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
* ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
* Ɇɟɫɬɧɵɟ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
* Ɇɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
* ɘɇȿɋɄɈ, ɘɇɂɋȿɎ
* ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɇɉɈ)

22. 13
ɍɊɈȼȿɇɖ ɐȿɅɂ ɄɅɘɑȿȼɕȿ ɉɈɇəɌɂə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ
ɁȺɇəɌɂə
ɄɈɇɄɊȿɌɇɕȿ
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ȼ
ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɉɊȺȼ
ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɕ,
ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɂ
ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌɕ ȼ
ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɉɊȺȼ
ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄȺ
Ⱦɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ
ȼɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɥɸɫ:
Ɇɥɚɞɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɬ 12 ɞɨ 14
ɥɟɬ
* Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
* Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ
* Ɇɢɪ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ
* Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
* Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ
* Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ
* ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ
* ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ
* ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ/ɫɛɨɪ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
* Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ
* ɇɟɜɟɠɟɫɬɜɨ
* Ⱥɩɚɬɢɹ
* ɐɢɧɢɡɦ
* ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ
* Ʉɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɢɡɦ/
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦ
* ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
* ɍɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
* ɉɚɤɬɵ ɈɈɇ
* Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɢɡɦɚ
* Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ
ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ
ɩɨɥɚ
* ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪ
ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ
* Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ȼɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɥɸɫ:
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɬ 15 ɞɨ 17
ɥɟɬ
* Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ
* ɋɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɟɬ ɜ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ
* Ɇɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ/ɧɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
* Ɇɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ/ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
* ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ
* ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
* Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ
ɧɟɩɨɜɢɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ
* Ƚɟɧɨɰɢɞ
* ɉɵɬɤɢ
* ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
* ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
* ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
* Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɪɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

23. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ - ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɩɨɧɵɧɟ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ
ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ,
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɞɜɭɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɉɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, - ɜɨɬ ɬɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ - ɷɬɨ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɢɞɟɢ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ
ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ; ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ
"ɧɟɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ" ɢɥɢ "ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ", ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɚɲɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɚɲɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɫɬ ɢɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɬ ɞɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. "Ɏɚɤɬɵ" ɢ "ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ", ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɨɧɢ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ, ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɥɢ
ɢɯ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
14

24. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɱɶɢɯ-ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɲɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɢ
ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ II ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ - ɨɧɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɍɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ (ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɞɥɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɬ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ, ɢ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ - ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɟ - ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥ ɫ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦ ɧɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɢ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɛɨɥɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɭɦɚɸɬ ɢ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɸ.
15

25. 16
ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɥɸɞɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ:
"ə ɢɦɟɸ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɯɨɱɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɧɭɠɞɚɸɫɶ. ɗɬɨ - ɦɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɗɬɨ - ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ". ɇɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɫɤɢɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ, - ɚ ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ,
ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ? - ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɥɢɲɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɭ ɧɢɯ, ɢɥɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɞɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ: ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. ɇɨ
ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɠɢɜɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ
ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ, ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɗɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɝɪɨɦɱɟ ɫɥɨɜ
Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ
ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɨɳɪɹɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɢɯ
ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ: ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭɜɚɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ, ɢ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ, ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɟ - ɜ
ɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ.

26. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɬɨ, ɱɟɦɭ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɢ ɫ
ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: "ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ - ɡɚɦɨɥɱɢɬɟ ɬɚɦ, ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɪɹɞɭ!" ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɡɧɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ
ɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɢɥɢ
ɨɫɤɨɪɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɞɨɛɶɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ
ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ, ɲɤɨɥɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
"Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ" ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ
ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɛɳɢɧɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɨɛɨɢɦ. ȼɫɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɟ II "ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ"). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɜɹɡɤɟ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
17

27. 18
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
ɧɟɥɨɜɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ
ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɭɠɞɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɬ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɚɹɦ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ, ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚɯ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɈɈɇ). ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɶ ɤɭɪɫ, ɢɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ!
ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ II ɢ III, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɥɸɞɹɯ, ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
a) "Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɚɹ ɚɬɚɤɚ"
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. "Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɚɹ ɚɬɚɤɚ"
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

28. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɚɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɏɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ;
ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ
ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ, ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɜɵɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɭɬɵɥɤɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ɉɛɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ"
(ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ "ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"ɀɢɥɶɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
b) Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɍɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ. Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ,
ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ,
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ "ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ" ɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ("ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɣ"), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ. Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɭɬɨɜ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "ɂɫɱɟɡ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ!" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɋɨɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɱɟɦɨɞɚɧ"
(ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); «ɑɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ "ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ"?» (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
c) Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ: ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɷɡɢɹ,
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚ, ɞɪɚɦɚ, ɩɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɧɰɵ.
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
19

29. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: «Ʉɧɢɝɚ "Ʉɬɨ ɹ?"» (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɇɢɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"Ɇɨɣ ɫɢɥɭɷɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɟ/ɡɟɦɥɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"ɀɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɑɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ?" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɟɬɟɣ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ɉɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
d) Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ "ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ".
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɢ ɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ "ɚɤɜɚɪɢɭɦɚ" (ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɫɥɭɲɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ). Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ "ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɛɟɫɟɞɚ" (ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɚɞɹɬɫɹ
ɜ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ
ɫɢɞɢɬ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɨɫɹɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɢɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɤɪɭɝɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ). Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɦɵ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ "Ɉɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɷɬɨ"
(ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɬɢɩɚ "ɑɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɛɹ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ?" ɢɥɢ "ə ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ…", ɢ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ).
ɀɢɜɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
"Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɭɬɢɧɚ". ɍɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɚɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɤɥɭɛɨɤ ɧɢɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɪɭɤɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɢɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɭɬɢɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɹɫɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "Ʉɪɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɛɟɫɟɞɚ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ə ɢ ɦɨɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ"
(ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ʉɪɭɝ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ"
(ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɑɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɥɸɞɶɦɢ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɉɪɚɜɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɚɯ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
20

30. ɟ) ȼɵɟɡɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ/ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ
ɍɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɜ
ɨɛɳɢɧɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɭɞɵ,
ɬɸɪɶɦɵ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɢɥɢ ɝɞɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ
ɩɪɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɩɟɜɲɢɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ, ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɟ
ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ).
ɐɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɚ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ,
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɢɫɶ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ
ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɞɵ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ʉɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ?"
(ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
f) ɂɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ
ɂɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ, ɥɢɞɟɪɵ ɢɥɢ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɧɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɞɵ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ʉɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"ȼɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɧɟɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"ȼɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
g) ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ
Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ ɢɥɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɨɛɡɨɪɚɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɨɛ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ,
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
21

31. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "ɋɨɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɱɟɦɨɞɚɧ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ⱦɟɬɢ-ɫɨɥɞɚɬɵ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɭɞ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ"
(ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɞɵ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); «ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ "ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜ"» (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
h) Ɋɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ/ɂɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ
Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ - ɷɬɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɩɶɟɫɚ, ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. ȼ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɨ - ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ (ɫ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɩɪɢɞɭɦɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɯɨɞɭ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɋɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ
ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɤ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ.
Ɋɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ: ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɵ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɞɟɬɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɯ, ɫɬɪɚɯɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ
ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɦɟɬɶ
ɨɬɜɥɟɱɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɭɦɟɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ
ɪɨɥɟɜɭɸ ɢɝɪɭ.
Ʉ ɪɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɢɝɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɰɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ, ɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ, ɞɥɹɬɫɹ
ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: "Ɇɨɹ ɤɭɤɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɶɹ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɞɵ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ȼɢɞɵ ɫɭɞɨɜ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ);
"Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ); "ɂɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɈɈɇ" (ɫɬɪ. ɯɯ).
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