Учебник за III година Економско-Правна и трговска струка

1. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
Ⱦ-Ɋ ɚɅȿɄɋȺȺɥɟɤɫɚ ɋɬɚɦɟɧɤɨɜɫɤɢ
Ȼɨɲɤɨ ȳɚʅɨɜɫɤɢ
Ⱦ-Ɋ ȺɅȿɄɋȺ ɋɌȺɆȿɇɄɈȼɋɄɂ
Ⱦ-Ɋ ȻɈɒɄɈ ȳȺȷɈȼɋɄɂ
ȾȿɅɈȼɇɈ ɄɈɆɍɇɂɐɂɊȺȵȿ
ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɡɚ III ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ȿɄɈɇɈɆɋɄɈ-ɉɊȺȼɇȺ ɂ ɌɊȽɈȼɋɄȺ ɋɌɊɍɄȺ
ɞɟɥɨɜɟɧ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ
ɋɤɨɩʁɟ, 2011

2. Со решение на Министерот за образование и наука на Република Македонија
бр. 22-4659/1 од 27.08.2010 година се одобрува употребата на овој учебник.
CIP - Каталогизација во публикација
Национална и универзитетска библиотека“Св.Климент Охридски”, Скопје
005. 57 (075.3)
СТАМЕНКОВСКИ, Алекса
Деловно комуницирање : учебник за lll година економско-правна и трговска
струка : деловен секретар / Алекса Стаменковски, Бошко Јаќовски. - Скопје
: Министерство за образование и наука, 2010, - 226 стр. : илустр. ; 30 см
Библиографија: стр. 221-226
ISBN 978-608-226-200-0
1. Јаќовски, Бошко [автор]
COBISS.MK-ID 85376778
Издавач: Министерство за образование и наука за Република Македонија
Печати: Графички центар дооел, Скопје
Тираж: 550
Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ:
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɞ-ɪ Ʌɢɞɢʁɚ ɇɚɭɦɨɜɫɤɚ
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ Ⱥɧɟɬɚ Ⱦɭɟɜɚ
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɋɭɡɚɧɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɫɤɚ
Ʌɟɤɬɭɪɚ: Ɇɚʁɚ Ʉɨɫɬɚɞɢɧɨɜɚ
Ʉɨɪɟɤɬɭɪɚ: ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ ɀɢɜɤɨ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɜɫɤɢ
Ʉɨɪɢɰɚ: ȼɥɚɞɨ Ʉɚɥɟɜɫɤɢ

3. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
3
ɉ Ɋ ȿ Ⱦ Ƚ Ɉ ȼ Ɉ Ɋ
Ɍɪɭɞɨɬ Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɬɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨ, ɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ , ɞɟɥɨɜɟɧ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ, ɜɨ
ɤɨʁ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ
ɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɡɧɢɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ. ȼɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɬ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ
ɧɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɪɢʁɚɬɢʁɚɬɚ.
ȼɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ
ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɬɪɝɧɭɜɚʁʅɢ ɨɞ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɨ
ɩɨɢɦɨɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ, ɜɢɞɨɜɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɧɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɟɼɭ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɬɟ, ɪɚɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ
ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɢɬɟ, ɩɨɬɨɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɪɢʁɚɬɢɟɬɨ ɢ
ɜɨɞɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɜɨɞɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɧɨɰɢɬɟ, ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ,
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɬɟ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɚɪɚʃɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɛɨɧɬɨɧɨɬ ɜɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟʃɟ,
Ɍɬɪɭɞɨɬ ɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɨʁ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ʅɟ
ɢɦ ɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɢ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɚɬ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɛɢɡɧɢɫ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ, ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɢɨ ɢ
ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ .
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɬɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɜɪɡ
ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɚ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɧɚ
ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɫɧɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɚɩɪɟɞ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ.
ɐȿɅɂ ɇȺ ɍɑȿȻɇɂɄɈɌ
ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɩɨɥɟɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɝɢ
ɩɪɨɞɥɚɛɨɱɚɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ

4. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
4
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɭɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɨɬ ɞɟɥɨɜɟɧ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ.
ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɟ ɞɚ ɞɚɞɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɚɬ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɢ
ɧɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɮɚɬɚɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ
ɩɪɟɬɩɪɢʁɚɬɢʁɚɬɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɲɭɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɢɫɦɚ,
ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦɢ,ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɢɨɬ
ɛɨɧɬɨɧ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ, ɬɢɦɫɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɚɬ ɞɨɛɪɢ ɦɟɼɭɱɨɜɟɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ.
ȾɈɉɈɅɇɂɌȿɅɇɂ ɄȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄɂ
ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɤɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɤɨɢ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɨɦɨɲ ɜɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ. ȼɨ ɬɚɚ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɜɨ ɫɟɤɨʁɚ ɞɟɥ ɨɞ ɬɪɭɞɨɬ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ:
ɐɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɟʃɟɬɨ. ɐɟɥɢɬɟ ɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɱɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɱɢɬɚʃɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɞɚ ɫɨɜɥɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɟɤɧɟ.
Ʉɥɭɱɧɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɢ. Ʉɥɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ
ɡɚ ɫɨɜɥɚɞɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɬ ɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɜɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɢɲɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɫɤɢ ʁɚɡɢɤ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ. ȼɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɨɞ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɛɢɡɧɢɫɨɬ..
ɋɥɢɤɢ. ȼɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɫɥɢɤɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɤɚɤɨ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ ɢ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ʁɚ
ɡɚɫɢɥɚɬ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ.
Ɋɟɱɧɢɤ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɨɬ ɨɞ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɨ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɢ ɫɜɪɡɚɧɢ ɫɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɬɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɨ
ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɢɲɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɬ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɧɚ ɟ
ɛɪɨʁɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚʁɝɨɥɟɦɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɨɛʁɚɜɟɧ ɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɜɟ

5. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
5
ɧɟɤɨɥɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɧɢ ɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟɧɢ
ɩɪɟɤɭ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ.
ɋɤɨɩʁɟ, ʁɭɧɢ 2010
Ⱥ ɜ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɢ ɬ ɟ
ɞ-ɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ ɋɬɚɦɟɧɤɨɜɫɤɢ
Ɋɟɞɨɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ
ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ
ɞ-ɪ Ȼɨɲɤɨ ȳɚʅɨɜɫɤɢ
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ȿɦɟɪɢɬɭɫ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ
ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ

6. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
6

7. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
7
ȼ Ɉ ȼ ȿ Ⱦ
ɉɨɚɼɚʁʅɢ ɨɞ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɨɬ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɞɟɥɨɜɟɧ
ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ, ɫɨɞɪɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ
ɟ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɚɚ ɢɦ ɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɚɬ ɫɨ Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɢ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɪɢʁɚɬɢʁɚɬɚ, ɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɚɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ
ɞɟɥɨɜɧɢɨɬ ɛɨɧɬɨɧ.
ɋɨɞɪɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɬ ɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɫɟɞɭɦ ɞɟɥɚ ɤɨɢ ɡɚ
ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɩɨɜɪɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ.
ɉɪɜɢɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɨɜɟɞɧɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɤɚɧɚɥɢ, ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɧɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɟɧ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɟ ɞɚɞɟɧ ɧɚ
ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɩɪɢ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɬɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɫɨ
ɪɚɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɢɬɟ.
ɑɟɬɜɪɬɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɝɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɪɢʁɚɬɢɟɬɨ, ɩɪɢ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɟɧ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ, ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɫɨɫɬɚɧɨɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɧɨɰɢɬɟ.

8. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
8
ȼɨ ɩɟɬɬɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɜɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɪɢʁɚɬɢɟɬɨ, ɩɪɢ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɲɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɢɫɦɚɬɚ, ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦɢɬɟ,
ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɬɟ.
ɒɟɫɬɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɚɪɚʃɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʃɟɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɢ,
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪ
ɞɨɤɨɥɤɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɛʁɚɜɟɧɢɨɬ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ..
ȼɨ ɫɟɞɦɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɧɢɨɬ
ɛɨɧɬɨɧ, , ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɨɧɬɨɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ.

9. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
9
ɋɈȾɊɀɂɇȺ
ˁʽʪˀʮʰʻʤ ........................................................................................... 9
I ʪʫʸ Ͳ
ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʵʤ ʰ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ ................................................ 13
1. ʪʫˇʰʻʰˀʤʼʫ ʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʰ˃ʫ......................................................... 15
2. ˇʽˀʺʰ ʰ ˃ʰʿʽʦʰ ʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ .................................................... 17
2.1. ˇ̨̛̬̥ ̦̌ ̶̡̨̧̛̛̥̱̦̬̖̌......................................................... 17
2.2. ˃̨̛̛̪̏ ̦̌ ̶̡̨̧̛̛̥̱̦̬̖̌ ........................................................ 19
3. ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰˁʶʰʽ˃ ʿˀʽˉʫˁ................................................................... 21
4. ˁ˄ʥʵʫʶ˃ʰ˃ʫ ʰ ʿʽˀʤʶʤ˃ʤ ʦʽ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰˁʶʰʽ˃ ʿˀʽˉʫˁ ....................... 24
4.1. ʰ̸̢̭̪̬̌̌ ̦̌ ̨̡̪̬̌̌.................................................................. 24
4.2. ʿ̸̛̬̥̌ ̦̌ ̨̡̛̪̬̌..................................................................... 25
4.3. ʿ̨̡̬̌̌ ....................................................................................... 27
5. ʿˀʤʦʰʸʤ ʻʤ ʽʪʻʫˁ˄ʦʤʼʫ ʻʤ ˁ˄ʥʵʫʶ˃ʰ˃ʫ ʦʽ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰˁʶʰʽ˃ ʿˀʽˉʫˁ... 29
6.ʽˁʽʥʫʻʽˁ˃ʰ ʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰˁʶʰʽ˃ ʿˀʽˉʫˁ............................................ 30
6.1. ʶ̶̨̡̡̛̛̛̥̱̦̭̌ ̡̛̦̣̌̌............................................................. 30
6.2. ʿ̨̬̯̦̏̌a ̡̬̭̏̌........................................................................ 32
6.3. ʶ̨̡̦̯̖̭̯.................................................................................. 33
6.4. ˌ̨̛̱̥̏...................................................................................... 36
ʶ ʽ ʻ ˃ ˀ ʽ ʸ ʻ ʰ ʿ ˀ ʤ ˌ ʤ ʼ ʤ................................................. 40
II ʪ ʫ ʸ Ͳ
ʦʰʪʽʦʰ ʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʰ ʰ ʻʰʦʻʰ ʶʤˀʤʶ˃ʫˀʰˁ˃ʰʶʰ................ 41
1. ʦʫˀʥʤʸʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʵʤ...................................................................... 43
1.1. ʯ̸̧̨̦̖̖̯̌ ̦̌ ̨̨̨̬̯̐̏ ̡̡̨̌ ̛̛̥̖̦̠̔̌̚ ̦̌
̶̡̨̧̨̛̛̥̱̦̬̖̯̌……………………………………………………………………………………….45
1.2. ʽ̨̛̭̦̦̏ ̛̛̛̥̖̦̔̚ ̦̌ ̨̨̬̦̯̐̏̌̌ ̶̛̛̭̯̱̠̌̌ ........................ 47
1.3. ˄̨̣̯̐̌̌ ̦̌ ̨̨̡̨̛̬̦̯̐̏ .......................................................... 48
1.4. ˉ̛̖̣ ̦̌ ̨̨̡̨̛̬̦̯̐̏................................................................. 49
1.5. ʻ̸̛̦̌ ̦̌ ̨̨̧̪̯̱̖̔̐̏̏̌ ̛ ̨̧̛̛̬̦̬̖̐̌̌̚ ̨̨̨̦̬̯̌̐̏.......... 55
1.6. ʻ̸̨̛̦̯̌ ̦̌ ̧̬̙̖̖̔ ̨̨̬̐̏ ̛ ̡̛̯̥̭̌ ̶̛̪̬̖̖̦̯̠̌̌̚ ........... 58
2. ʻʫʦʫˀʥʤʸʻʽ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ ................................................................ 67
2.1. ʽ̨̛̭̦̦̏ ̨̛̛̏̔̏ ̦̌ ̨̦̖̖̬̣̦̏̍̌ ̶̡̨̧̛̛̥̱̦̬̖̌.................... 69
2.1.1. ʧ̧̨̣̖̖̯̔̌, ̡̨̡̛̦̯̯̯̖̌ ̨̭ ̸̨̛̯̖ ̛ ̧̨̛̱̖̯̏̔̏̌..........................70
2.1.2. ʰ̛̬̌̚̚ ̦̌ ̶̨̛̣̖̯ ̛ ̨̨̬̐̏ ̦̌ ̨̨̯̖̣̯............................................74
2.1.3. ʧ̶̡̛̛̛̖̭̯̱̣̌.................................................................................76

10. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
10
2.2. ʪ̛̬̱̐ ̡̨̛̛̯̖̬̌̐ ̦̌ ̦̖̖̬̣̦̏̍̌̌ ̶̡̨̡̛̛̥̱̦̠̌̌.................... 79
2.2.1. ʧ̨̣̭̯̌ ̡̡̨̌ ̦̖̖̬̣̦̏̍̌̌ ̶̡̨̡̛̛̥̱̦̠̌̌ .......................................79
2.1.2. ʰ̨̣̖̯̐̔̚ ̡̡̨̌ ̦̖̖̬̣̦̏̍̌̌ ̶̡̨̡̛̛̥̱̦̠̌̌...................................80
2.2.3. ʪ̨̨̛̪̬̯ ̡̡̨̌ ̨̦̖̖̬̣̦̏̍̌ ̶̡̨̧̛̛̥̱̦̬̖̌.................................81
2.2.4. ʸ̸̨̛̛̦̯ ̨̨̪̬̭̯̬ ̨̏ ̦̖̖̬̣̦̯̏̍̌̌̌ ̶̡̨̡̛̛̥̱̦̠̌̌......................81
2.3. ʦ̨̛̛̣̠̦̖̯̌ ̦̌ ̡̨̛̛̛̥̦̬̦̯̖̍̌ ̡̨̛̛̯̖̬̌̐ ̨̨̦̖̖̬̣̦̯̏̍̌
̶̡̨̧̛̛̥̱̦̬̖̌…………………………………………………………………………………………….82
2.4. ʻ̖̖̬̣̖̦̏̍̌ ̖̣̔ ̦̌ ̨̡̛̪̬̯̖̌.................................................. 83
3. ˁʸ˄ˌʤʼʫ˃ʽ ʦʽ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʰ˃ʫ ........................................................... 84
3.1. ˁ̧̣̱̹̖̌ ̛ ̧̭̣̱̹̦̱̖̏̌........................................................... 86
3.2. ʫ̛̣̖̥̖̦̯ ̡̨̛ ̛̣̠̯̏̌̌ ̦̌ ̧̨̭̣̱̹̖̯̌.................................. 87
3.3. ʸ̨̛̹ ̡̛̭̣̱̹̯̖̣̭̌ ̡̛̛̦̌̏ ..................................................... 91
3.4. ˋ̡̨̛̖̬ ̡̨̦ ̨̨̨̪̬̔̍ ̧̭̣̱̹̖̌ ................................................ 92
3.5. ʪ̛̬̱̐ ̨̛̛̯̪̏ ̦̌ ̴̡̨̖̖̯̦ ̧̭̣̱̹̖̌...................................... 94
3.6. ʺ̶̨̛̛̯̠̯̏̌̌̌ ̛ ̛̛̬̖̬̯̖̍̌ ̨̏ ̧̨̭̣̱̹̖̯̌ ....................... 95
3.7. ʦ̨̙̦̭̯̌̌ ̦̌ ̡̛̦̯̖̬̱̣̯̱̬̦̌ ̶̡̨̡̛̛̥̱̦̠̌̌ ....................... 98
3.8. ʿ̨̯̬̖̯̍̌̌ ̨̔ ̨̧̣̖̥̱̖̐̏̌̚ ̦̌ ̨̨̥̙̦̭̯̌ ̨̨̧̛̪̭̯̦̱̖̔̐̏̌
̸̡̨̛̖̦̌̔̚ ̧̛̬̬̖̌̍̌̚ ̨̏ ̡̨̱̣̯̱̬̦ ̸̛̬̣̦̌̌̚ ̛̭̬̖̦̔̌………………………. 101
ʶ ʽ ʻ ˃ ˀ ʽ ʸ ʻ ʰ ʿ ˀ ʤ ˌ ʤ ʼ ʤ............................................... 104
III ʪ ʫ ʸͲ
ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʰ ʻʤ ˀʤʥʽ˃ʻʽ ʺʫˁ˃ʽ ...............................................105
1. ʯʻʤˋʫʼʫ˃ʽ ʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʵʤ˃ʤ ʺʫʨ˄ ʶʽʸʫʧʰ˃ʫ................................... 107
2.ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ ˁʽ ˀʤʶʽʦʽʪʰ˃ʫʸʰ˃ʫ ʰ ʺʫʻʤˊʫˀʰ˃ʫ.............................. 109
3. ʯʻʤˋʫʼʫ˃ʽ ʻʤ ʶˀʫʰˀʤʼʫ˃ʽ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰˁʶʤ ʶʸʰʺʤ ............................ 113
4. ʪʤʦʤʼʫ ʰ ʿˀʰʺʤʼʫ ʰʻˁ˃ˀ˄ʶˉʰʰ ........................................................ 118
ʶ ʽ ʻ ˃ ˀ ʽ ʸ ʻ ʰ ʿ ˀ ʤ ˌ ʤ ʼ ʤ .............................................. 121
IV ʪʫʸͲ
ʶʤˀʤʶ˃ʫˀʰˁ˃ʰʶʰ ʻʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ˃ʽ ʦʽ ʿˀʫ˃ʿˀʰʵʤ˃ʰʫ˃ʽ....123
1. ʪʫʸʽʦʫʻ ˀʤʯʧʽʦʽˀ Ͳ ʰʻ˃ʫˀʦʵ˄............................................................. 125
1.1. ʽ̧̛̛̬̦̬̖̐̌̌̚ ̦̌ ̨̖̣̖̦̔̏ ̨̨̬̬̌̐̏̚..................................... 126
1.2. ʿ̨̨̨̡̯̔̐̏̌ ̦̌ ̨̖̣̖̦̔̏ ̨̨̬̬̌̐̏̚ ........................................ 126
1.3. ʦ̨̧̖̖̔ ̦̌ ̨̨̛̖̣̦̯̔̏ ̨̨̬̬̌̐̏̚ ........................................... 127
1.4. ʯ̨̡̬̹̖̯̌̏ ̦̌ ̨̨̛̖̣̦̯̔̏ ̨̨̬̬̌̐̏̚ ̛ ̧̛̛̦̣̬̖̌̌̌̚ ̦̌
̛̬̖̱̣̯̯̯̖̌̚ .............................................................................................. 128
2. ʿˀʫʧʽʦʤˀʤʼʫ ..................................................................................... 129
2.1. ʿ̬̖̥̖̯̔ ̦̌ ̨̧̨̪̬̖̬̖̯̐̏̌̌................................................ 130
2.2. ʿ̨̨̨̡̯̔̐̏̌ ̌̚ ̨̧̖̖̏̔ ̨̨̛̪̬̖̬̐̏........................................ 130
2.3. ʺ̨̛̖̯̔ ̌̚ ̨̧̛̪̭̯̦̱̖̐̏̌ ̨̬̔̍̌ ̡̛̣̥̌ ̨̏ ̨̨̛̪̬̖̬̯̖̐̏ . 131
2.4. ˁ̨̛̛̯̣̏ – ̛̛̭̯̬̯̖̌̐ ̛ ̡̡̛̛̯̯̌ ̦̌ ̨̧̨̪̬̖̬̖̯̐̏̌̌...... 132
3. ʶʽʻˇʸʰʶ˃ʰ ........................................................................................ 133
3.1. ʿ̨̛̥ ̛ ̨̛̛̏̔̏ ̴̡̨̡̛̛̦̣̯.................................................... 134
3.2. ʰ̨̛̬̏̚ ̦̌ ̴̡̨̡̛̛̦̣̯ ̨̏ ̶̨̛̛̛̬̦̯̖̐̌̌̚ ........................... 137

11. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
11
3.3. ˋ̡̨̛̖̬ ̨̏ ̧̬̬̖̹̱̖̌̏̌̚ ̦̌ ̴̡̨̡̛̛̦̣̯̯̖ ̨̏ ̨̨̛̦̭̯̖̔ ̥̖̱̑
̨̛̬̯̖̦̯̖̏̌̍............................................................................................... 138
4. ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ ˁʽ ʶʸʰʫʻ˃ʰ˃ʫ ............................................................ 140
5. ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ˃ʽ ʦʽ ˃ʰʺʽʦʰ ........................................................... 141
6. ˁʽˁ˃ʤʻʽˉʰ ........................................................................................ 149
6.1. ʦ̨̛̛̔̏ ̶̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̌.................................................................. 149
6.2. ˇ̛̌̚ ̛ ̸̡̨̛̖̬ ̨̏ ̨̧̨̛̛̬̦̬̖̯̐̌̌̚ ̛ ̨̧̨̖̖̯̏̔ ̦̌ ̦̌
̶̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̯̖̌………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151
2.2. ˄̸̶̛̛̖̭̦ ̦̌ ̨̨̡̨̭̭̯̦̯̌ ...................................................... 153
2.3. ʿ̛̬̣̌̏̌ ̛ ̵̡̛̛̯̖̦ ̌̚ ̨̧̖̖̏̔ ̦̌ ̶̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̯̖̌................. 153
2.3.1. ʿ̛̬̣̌̏̌ ̌̚ ̨̧̖̖̏̔ ̦̌ ̶̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̯̖̌ ..........................................154
2.3.2. ʦ̨̧̖̖̔ ̦̌ ̶̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̌ .................................................................156
2.4. ʶ̡̡̛̛̬̯̖̬̭̯̌̌̌ ̦̌ ̨̛̣̹ ̶̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̌ ̛ ̛̪̬̣̌̏̌ ̌̚ ̱̭̪̖̹̖̦
̨̨̡̭̭̯̦̌....................................................................................................... 159
ʶ ʽ ʻ ˃ ˀ ʽ ʸ ʻ ʰ ʿ ˀ ʤ ˌ ʤ ʼ ʤ .............................................. 160
V ʪʫʸ –
ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʵʤ ʻʤ ˀʤʥʽ˃ʻʽ ʺʫˁ˃ʽ ..............................................161
1. ˋʰ˃ʤʼʫ ʰ ˄ˋʫʼʫ˃ʽ ʦʽ ʿʰˌ˄ʦʤʻʤ˃ʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʵʤ.............................. 163
2. ʶʤˀʤʶ˃ʫˀʰˁ˃ʰʶʰ˃ʫ ʻʤ ʿʰˌ˄ʦʤʻʽ˃ʽ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ............................ 164
3. ʿˀʽˉʫˁʽ˃ ʻʤ ʿʸʤʻʰˀʤʼʫ ʻʤ ʿʰˌ˄ʦʤʻʤ˃ʤ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʵʤ .................... 166
4. ʿʰˌ˄ʦʤʼʫ ˃ʫˈʻʰˋʶʤ ʪʽʶ˄ʺʫʻ˃ʤˉʰʵʤ ................................................. 168
5. ʿʰˌ˄ʦʤʼʫ ʿʰˁʺʤ .............................................................................. 171
6. ʿʰˌ˄ʦʤʼʫ ʺʫʺʽˀʤʻʪ˄ʺ ʰ ʶˀʤ˃ʶʰ ʰʯʦʫˌ˃ʤʰ...................................... 176
7. ʿˀʫʯʫʻ˃ʰˀʤʼʫ.................................................................................... 180
7.1. ʿ̨̨̛̥̯ ̦̌ ̧̛̪̬̖̖̦̯̬̖̌̚.................................................... 180
7.2. ˋ̡̨̛̖̬ ̨̏ ̧̨̛̪̬̖̖̦̯̬̖̯̌̚................................................. 182
7.3. ˁ̡̯̬̱̯̱̬̌ ̦̌ ̶̛̪̬̖̖̦̯̠̯̌̌̌̚........................................... 184
7.4. ʶ̨̧̛̬̭̯̖̖ ̦̌ ̵̡̛̛̯̖̦ ̌̚ ̱̭̪̖̹̦̌ ̶̛̪̬̖̖̦̯̠̌̌̚ ............ 186
ʶ ʽ ʻ ˃ ˀ ʽ ʸ ʻ ʰ ʿ ˀ ʤ ˌ ʤ ʼ ʤ .............................................. 188
VI ʪ ʫ ʸͲ
ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰʶʤˉʰʰ ʿˀʰ ʥʤˀʤʼʫ ˀʤʥʽ˃ʤ .............................................189
1. ʿʽˁ˃ʤʿʶʤ ʯʤ ˄ˋʫˁ˃ʦʽ ʻʤ ʶʽʻʶ˄ˀˁ ........................................................ 191
1.1. ˁ̧̣̖̖̖̔ ̨̛̣̭̐̌ ̌̚ ̨̬̯̌̍̌.................................................... 191
1.1. ʶ̨̡̦̱̬̭ ̌̚ ̨̧̬̯̱̖̏̌̍̏̌....................................................... 194
1.2. ʿ̨̨̬̪̬̯̦̌ ̨̛̪̭̥................................................................... 196
1.3. ʺ̶̨̨̨̛̛̯̦̏̌ ̨̛̪̭̥.............................................................. 197
1.4. CV Ͳ Curriculum Vita̖ Ͳ ʥ̴̨̡̛̛̬̭̐̌ ̶̨̨̛̪̯̔̌ .................... 198
1.5. ʿ̨̨̛̬̬̐̏ ̨̪ ̡̨̡̨̦̱̬̭̯ ̌̚ ̨̧̬̯̱̖̏̌̍̏̌............................ 200
1.6. ˃̱̙̍̌ ̨̪ ̡̨̡̦̱̬̭ ̌̚ ̨̧̬̯̱̖̏̍̏̌ ........................................ 200
2. ˀʤʯʧʽʦʽˀ ˁʽ ˀʤʥʽ˃ʽʪʤʦʫˉʽ˃ (ʰʻ˃ʫˀʦʵ˄) ............................................. 201
ʶ ʽ ʻ ˃ ˀ ʽ ʸ ʻ ʰ ʿ ˀ ʤ ˌ ʤ ʼ ʤ ................................................ 206
VIII ʪʫʸ Ͳ...........................................................................................207

12. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
12
ʽˁʻʽʦʰ ʻʤ ʪʫʸʽʦʻʰʽ˃ ʥʽʻ˃ʽʻ.....................................................207
1. ʥʽʻ˃ʽʻʽ˃ ʻʤ ˀʤʥʽ˃ʻʽ˃ʽ ʺʫˁ˃ʽ .......................................................... 209
2. ʿˀʤʦʰʸʤ ʻʤ ʪʽʥˀʽ ʽʪʻʫˁ˄ʦʤʼʫ ʻʤ ˀʤʥʽ˃ʻʽ˃ʽ ʺʫˁ˃ʽ ..................... 210
ˀʫˋʻʰʶ ʻʤ ʯʥʽˀʽʦʰ ʰ ʰʯˀʤʯʰ ʽʪ ʶʽʺ˄ʻʰˉʰˀʤʼʫ˃ʽ ................215
ʸʰ˃ʫˀʤ˃˄ˀʤ.......................................................................................221

13. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
13
I ȾȿɅ -
ɄɈɆɍɇɂɄȺɐɂȳȺ ɂ
ɄɈɆɍɇɂɐɂɊȺȵȿ

14. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
14
ɉ Ɋ ȿ Ƚ Ʌ ȿ Ⱦ ɇ Ⱥ ɋ Ɉ Ⱦ Ɋ ɀ ɂ ɇ Ⱥ Ɍ Ⱥ
1. Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ
2. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
3. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
4. ɋɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
5. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ
ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
6.Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɐ ȿ Ʌ ɂ ɇ Ⱥ ɍ ɑ ȿ ȵ ȿ Ɍ Ɉ
ɉɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɞɟɥ, ȼɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟɬɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢ:
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɪɚɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɜɚɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɞɚ ɝɨ ɨɩɢɲɟɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭɜɚɬɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɤɨʁ ɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɤɨʁ ɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɫɮɚɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɲɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɜɪɫɤɚ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɲɬɨ ɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɲɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ

15. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
15
1. Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɦɟɼɭ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɢ, ɢɞɟɢ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɦɨɰɢɢ
ɩɨɦɟɼɭ ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ ɥɢɰɚ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ, ɮɚɤɬɢɬɟ, ɢɞɟɢɬɟ,
ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɦɨɰɢɢɬɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɭɩɚɬɟɧɢ ɞɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ
ɤɨʁ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɫɥɭɲɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɜɚ, ɞɚ ɝɢ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɞɚɞɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ. Ɍɨɚ ɟ ɬ.ɧ. ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ feedback. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ
ɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁ ɨɩɮɚʅɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ.
Ɂɛɨɪɨɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɟɝɭɜɚ ɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɨɬ ɡɛɨɪ
„communico”, ɨɞ „communis” ɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɡɛɨɪɨɬ “common”. Ɍɨɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭɞɟɥ ɜɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɨɨɩɲɬɭɜɚ
ɧɟɲɬɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɲ ɜɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɢɲ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɜɪɡɢɲ ɫɨ ɧɟɤɨɝɨ. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɤɥɭɱɭɜɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ
ɦɟɼɭ ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ ɥɢɰɚ. Ɍɨɚ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɝɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɭɜɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɲɬɨ ɟ ɭɲɬɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ. ȼɨɨɛɢɱɚɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɥɢ
ɞɟɤɚ ɫɟɤɨɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɚ ɫɟɤɨʁɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɭɜɚ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ.1
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɚʃɟ
ɤɨɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɫɨ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚʃɟ, ɧɚɪɟɞɭɜɚʃɟ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɜɚʃɟ,
ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟ, ɩɪɚɲɭɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɟ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɢ
ɨɩɮɚʅɚɚɬ:
xʁɚɡɢɤ (ɝɨɜɨɪ),
xɝɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɚʃɟ,
xɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ,
xɦɢɫɥɟʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭɜɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ.
1 1
Carolyn Mikanowicz, Shelda Shank: „ Communication Strategies“, National
Center of Continuing Education, Inc. ©2010, ɫɬɪ. 4

16. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
16
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɚ ɦɟɼɭ
ɥɭɼɟɬɨ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɨʁɞɧɟɜɧɢɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɬ ɟ ɩɨɥɧ ɫɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ
ɟɞɧɚ ɩɨ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ
ɞɜɨɧɚɫɨɱɧɚ:
xɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɚɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ
xɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɝɚɲ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ,
ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɟɤɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ, ɬɭɤɭ ɬɨɚ ɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɧ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɧ, ɞɭɪɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɤɨʁ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɭɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɛɢɞɟʁʅɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ, ɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ
ɞɨɜɟɞɭɜɚ ɞɚ ɞɨʁɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɥɢ ɞɟɤɚ
ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɞɟɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɫɟ ɥɭɼɟ ɤɨɢ ɢɦɚɚɬ
ɪɚɡɭɦ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ, ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɭɜɚʃɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɤɨɢ
ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨʁ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ. ɉɨɤɪɚʁ ɨɜɢɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ, ɫɟ ɜɤɥɭɱɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɩɲɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢɬɟ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɜɥɢʁɚɧɢʁɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɩɨɥɨɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ,
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ.
Ɇɢɫɥɟʃɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ, ɡɚ
ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ. Ƚɪɚɞɟʃɟɬɨ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢʁɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʅɟɬɨ ɨɞ ɜɟʅɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ.
Ʌɭɼɟɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɫɨ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚɬ ɡɧɚɟʃɚ ɢ
ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ. Mɟɼɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ
ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɚɬ:2
2
Carolyn Mikanowicz, Shelda Shank: „ Communication Strategies“, National
Center of Continuing Education, Inc. ©2010, ɫɬɪ. 4

17. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
17
xɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ,
xɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ,
xɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɜɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ,
xɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɬɟ,
xʁɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ,
xɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɨɩɮɚʅɚɚɬ:
xɡɛɨɪɭɜɚʃɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɰɢ,
xɡɛɨɪɭɜɚʃɟ,
xɩɢɲɭɜɚʃɟ,
xɝɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ
xɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢ (ɝɥɚɫ, ɫɥɢɤɚ, ɬɟɤɫɬ) ɩɪɟɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɨ,
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɤɨɦɩʁɭɬɟɪɢ, ɮɚɤɫɨɜɢ).
2. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
Ɏɪɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ
ɬɟɤɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɭɜɚʃɟ.
Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ
ɨɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
2.1. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
ȼɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɬɟɤɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ,
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ:
xɟɞɧɨɧɚɫɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ,
xɞɜɨɧɚɫɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ,
xɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɞɨɥɭ,
x ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ,
xɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.

18. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
18
1. ȿɞɧɨɧɚɫɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (one way communi-cation):
Ɉɜɚɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɨ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ
ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɤɨɧ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɭɥɨɝɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ
ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɢ. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɚ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɫɤɚ ɫɨ ɬɚɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ
ɫɥɭɲɚɚɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ. ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨʁ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɫe’, ɨɞ ɬɨɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɢ
ɨɞ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɲɚ.
2. Ⱦɜɨɧɚɫɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (two way communication):
Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɩɮɚʅɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ
ɤɨɧ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚɜɚ ɞɨ
ɡɧɚɟʃɟ ɞɟɤɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɥ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɚ ɩɪɢɦɢɥ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ.
Ɉɜɚɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɢ ɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɭɜɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɨ ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ.
3. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɚɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɞɨɥɭ (downvord communication):
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɨɞ ɜɪɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ
ɨɪɝɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɪɜɧɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ ɤɨɧ ɩɨɧɢɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɨ-ɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ
ɩɨɦɚɥɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɚɬ
ɧɚɫɨɤɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɚɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ,
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɬ ɜɪɚɛɨ-ɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬ
ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ. Ɉɜɚɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ. Ɍɨɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɭɜɚ ɫɨ
ɩɨɜ-ɪɚɬɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ.
4. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ (upward communication):
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɧ ɧɚɞɪɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ.
Ɍɨɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɢ ɝɢ ɛɚɪɚɚɬ
ɪɚɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɫɭɝɟɫɬɢɢ, ɢɡɪɚɡɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɨ, ɞɚɜɚʃɟ
ɧɚ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɚ ɢɬɧ. Ɉɜɨʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɧɚ
ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚ-ɧɨɰɢ, ɩɪɟɤɭ ɨɞɪɠɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢ
ɫɪɟɞɛɢ ɡɚ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɝɟɫɬɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ. Ɇɟɧɚʇɦɟɧɬɨɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɚɬɪɟɲɧɨɬɨ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɫɤɚ
ɫɨ ɧɢɜ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɚʁɞɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ. ɉɪɢ
ɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɚɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɨ.

19. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
19
5. ɋɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (lateral
or horizontal communication): Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ
ɩɨɦɟɼɭ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɨ ɯɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɫɤɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɞɟɥɟɧɢʁɚ ɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɟɼɭ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɨɬ ɫɨ
ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɨɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɨɞ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠɛɚɬɚ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɟɼɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɦɢɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢ ɦɟɼɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɩɲɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ.
ȼɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɤɨɦɭɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ
ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ:
xɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ,
xɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ,
1. ȼɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (verbal communication): Ɉɜɚɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɩɢɲɚɧɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ. Ɍɚɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɜɨ ɥɢɰɟ (face to face),
ɩɪɟɤɭ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɩɪɟɤɭ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɢɲɚɧɚɬɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɨ,
ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦ, ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ.
2. ɇɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (nonverbal communication):
Ɉɜɚɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ
ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɨʁ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɨ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɚɧɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ.
ɉɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɫɨ ɩɪɚɜɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɧɚ
ɥɢɰɟɬɨ, ɫɨ ɞɜɢɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɨɬɨ, ɫɨ ɨɱɢɬɟ, ɫɨ ɨɛɥɟɤɚɬɚ, ɫɨ ɦɨɥɱɟʃɟ
ɢɬɧ.
2.2. Ɍɢɩɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
ȼɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢ ɜɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɜɟ
ɬɢɩɨɜɢ:

20. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
20
xɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ,
xɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ.
1. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (formal communication):
Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚɧɨ ɜɪɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɯɢɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚɬɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɬ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɚ. ɋɨ ɨɜɚɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɭɜɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭɜɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɞɨɥɭ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ.
2. ɇɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (informal communi-cation):
Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɧɚɞɜɨɪ ɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ
ɩɪɨɩɢɲɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ. ɇɚɦɟɫɬɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɤɨɟ ɟ ɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ, ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧɨ ɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ, ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ
ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɲɤɢ ɩɨɦɟɼɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɚɬɚ
ɯɢɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚ. Ɍɨɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɢ ɧɢɬɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢ
ɧɚɫɨɤɢ.
ȼɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɬɢɩɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ:
xɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ,
xɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ,
xʁɚɜɧɨ,
xɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ.
1. ɂɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (intra - personal
communication): ɂɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɬ-ɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ ɤɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ.
2. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ (interpersonal
communication): ɂɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɤɨɦɭ-
ɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɟɼɭ ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ ɥɢɰɚ.

21. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
21
3. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ
ɩɚɬɨɤɚɡ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɤɨʁ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭɜɚɚɬ
ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɚ ɦɟɼɭ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ. Ɍɢɟ ɲɬɨ ɝɨ
ɫɥɟɞɚɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɬ
ɩɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɜɨ ɧɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟʃɟ. ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɚɬ ɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɨɞ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ
ɢɡɜɨɪɨɬ (ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ, ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɨɬ, ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɱɨɬ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɬ),
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ (ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ) ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ (ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɫɥɭɲɚ, ɲɬɨ
ɱɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɭɱɢ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɨ ɫɢɬɟ
ɬɪɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɟ ɜɨ ɬɟɫɧɚ ɜɪɫɤɚ, ɫɟɤɨʁ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɧ ɨɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɭɜɚ ɫɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ, ɚ
ɡɚɜɪɲɭɜɚ ɫɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ, ɬɨɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɟɤɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɚɬ
ɩɨɪɚɤɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɟɧ ɤɨɝɚ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɟ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɟɤɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɟ
ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɬɨɚ ɝɨ ɫɚɤɚɥ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɜɪɡ ɬɚɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɡɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɦɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɩɤɢ ɢ ɬɨɚ:3
xɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢɦɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ,
xɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɤɨɞɢɪɚ ɢɞɟʁɚɬɚ,
xɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɞɟʁɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ,
xɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ,
xɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ,
xɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɩɪɚʅɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ - feedback
Ɇɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɟ ɞɟɤɚ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ,
ɦɟɼɭ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɮɚɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ
3
Chapter 1: Achieving Success Through Effective Business Communication,
ɫɥɚʁɞɨɜɢ 5-10, business.emu.edu.tr/portal/files/lecturenotes/96jilIu.jWiao Chapter%
201.ppt, 2010

22. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
22
ɤɨɞɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ, ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ - feedback ɢ ɩɪɟɱɤɢ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.4
ɋɥɢɤɚ ɛɪɨʁ 1:
ɂɡɜɨɪ: Charlie Cook: Communication, Chapter 6, © 2008 Thomson/South-Western,
The University of Allabama
Ʉɨɞɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɩɤɚ ɫɨ ɩɨɦɨɲ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ
ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɜɨʁɚɬɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɜɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ
ɝɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɫɨ ɩɨɦɢɨɲ ɧɚ ɤɨɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ.
Ⱦɟɤɨɞɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɩɤɚ ɫɨ ɩɨɦɨɲ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɬɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɝɢ ɩɪɢɮɚʅɚ
ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ, ʁɚ ɩɪɢɮɚʅɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ.
4
Charlie Cook: Communication, Chapter 6, © 2008 Thomson/South-Western, The
University of Allabama

23. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
23
ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧɢɨɬ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ Feedback ɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɬɟɧɚ ɨɞ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɞɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɬɨʁ ʁɚ ɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɟɧ
ɤɚɧɚɥ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɨ ɩɨɦɨɲ ɧɚ ɤɨʁ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɚɬ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ.
Ȼɭɱɚɜɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢ ɨɞ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɱɤɢ - ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɤɨɢ ɝɨ
ɨɬɟɠɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɟ
ɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɚɜɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ:
ɋɥɢɤɚ ɛɪɨʁ 2:
ɂɡɜɨɪ: Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong: Principles of Marketing, Eighth Edition,
Chapter 14, Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy, 2008

24. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
24
4. ɋɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ȼɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɚ ɩɪɚɤɚɬɚ ʁɚ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
4.1. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ
ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɟɰ, ɝɪɭɩɚ ɢɥɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɟ ɬɨʁ ɤɨʁ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɪɢɠɢ ɡɚ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ. ɂɫɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɡɧɚɟʃɟɬɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢɬɟ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɜɥɢʁɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɡ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ.
ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɝɨ
ɡɚɩɨɱɧɭɜɚ ɫɨ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ, ɧɚɦɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɚɬ. ɇɚʁɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɫɬɚɬ
ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɮɪɥɚɬ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɢ ɤɨɧ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ. ɉɨ ɨɜɚ, ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ
ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɜɨɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ.
ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ,
ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɚ ʁɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɭɜɚ ɰɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɞɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ, ɞɚ ɭɛɟɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɚɜɭɜɚ.
ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɜɨɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɜɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɨ ɬɢɟ ɲɬɨ ɝɢ
ɩɪɢɦɚɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ, ɜɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɫɨ ɧɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɢ ɜɪɡ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ, ɛɢɞɟʁʅɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ
ɞɜɨɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɲɬɨ ʅɟ
ɛɢɞɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ:
x ɞɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ,
x ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ,
x ɞɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɛɟɞɢ,
xɞɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɢ,
xɞɚ ɩɨɮɚɥɢ,
xɞɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɜɚ,

25. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
25
xɞɚ ɡɚɫɪɚɦɢ, ɞɚ ɡɚɦɨɥɢ,
xɞɚ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɟ, ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɫɨɞɪɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɡɛɟɪɟ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɨɬ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɤɨʁ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɫɨ ɰɟɥ ɬɚɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɪɚ ɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɢ ɢɦ ɟ
ɢɫɩɪɚɬɟɧɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ?
Ɍɨɚ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɡɧɚɟ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ.
ɉɨɤɪɚʁ ɨɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ʅɟ
ɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚʁɧɚɩɪɟɞ ʁɚ
ɤɪɟɢɪɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɚɤɚ, ɜɨ
ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɚ ʁɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ. ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ ɤɪɟɢɪɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ,
ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɞɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɟ.
4.2. ɉɪɢɦɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ
Ʌɢɰɟɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɤɨɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ. Ⱥɤɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɥɤɭɜɚʃɟ
ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ (ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɚʃɟ). ɉɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ʁɚ
ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɪɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ,
ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɚɬ ɫɨ ɫɢɬɟ
ɫɟɬɢɥɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚʁɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɚɚɬ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɝɥɟɞɚʃɟ.
ɇɚʁɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɢɦɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɬɟ (ɡɜɭɤɨɬ ɫɟ
ɫɥɭɲɚ, ɚ ɞɜɢɠɟʃɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɚɬ). Ɉɬɤɚɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɲɧɟ ɢɥɢ
ʅɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɬɨɝɚɲ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɧɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ. Ʉɨɝɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ, ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɛɢɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɥɤɭɜɚ.
ɇɚʁɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɰɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ. Ɉɜɚ, ɚɤɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɭɜɚɚɬ ɛɪɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ. Ȼɢɬɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɞɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ, ɞɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɚɞɟ ɛɪɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɜɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ.
ɋɟɤɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɟ ɩɨɟɮɟɤɬɧɚ. ɋɟɤɨʁ

26. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
26
ɱɨɜɟɤ ɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɟ ɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨʁɛɚ ɞɚ ɬɨɥɤɭɜɚ
ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ. Ʉɨɝɚ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɬɚɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɬɨɥɤɭɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ. Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ
ɦɨɥɱɟʃɟ, ɝɚɥɚɦɟʃɟ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɨɦɟɼɭ, ɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɨɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɤɜɢ ɩɪɟɱɤɢ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɚ
ɩɪɢɦɢɥ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɝɨɥɟɦ ɛɪɨʁ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ, ɦɟɼɭ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ
ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɜɚɚɬ:
xɤɨɥɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɭ ɡɧɚɚɬ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ;
x ɩɪɢɟɦɥɢɜɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ;
xɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɛɚɬɚ ɤɨɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬ ɦɟɼɭ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ.
ɋɟɤɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɟ ɩɨɞ
ɜɥɢʁɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɩ, ɡɧɚɟʃɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ,
ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.
ȼɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɭɜɚ ɨɬɤɚɤɨ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ʅɟ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɂ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɡɚ ɞɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɦɢɧɭɜɚ ɧɢɡ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɫɤɚ ɫɨ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɚɼɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢɜɚ ɧɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɥɤɭ
ɱɟɤɨɪɢ ɢ ɬɨɚ:
xɩɪɢɟɦ,
xɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ,
xɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ
xɬɨɥɤɭɜɚʃɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɱɧɭɜɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ʅɟ ʁɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɚ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɚ
ɫɥɭɲɧɚɥ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɝɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɪɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɮɢɥɬɪɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚɚɬ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɟʃɟ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɩ,

27. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
27
ɜɟɪɭɜɚʃɟ, ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɭɞɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ. Ɉɜɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɚ
ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ʅɟ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ, ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɚ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɚ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬ ʁɚɡɢɤ. ȳɚɡɢɤɨɬ, ɜɨ ɨɜɚɚ
ɫɦɢɫɥɚ, ɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɭɜɚɱɤɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɧɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɪɚɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɡɧɚɟʃɚ, ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢ.
4.3. ɉɨɪɚɤɚ
ɉɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɨɞ ɢɞɟʁɚɬɚ ɫɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɨ ɤɨʁɚ
ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɛɟɞɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɭɜɚ. ɉɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚ ɫɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ.
ɇɚʁɞɨɛɪɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɚɬ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɬɟ, ɢɞɟɢɬɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɬɚ. Ɂɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɭɜɚɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɩɨɞɟɥɚɬ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚʃɚɬɚ ɫɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɥɭɼɟ ɜɨ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚɨɼɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɤɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɩɨɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɚ ɲɬɨ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ, ɞɚ ʁɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɢɫɬɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɱɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚ,
ɚ ɬɨɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɜɨ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɤɨɢ ʅɟ ɝɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɚɬ ɢɞɟɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɬ. ɋɨ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɞɟɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɚɚɬ
ɜɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɫɨ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ. ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɢɦɚɚɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ, ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ
ɝɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɚɰɢɢɬɟ. Ɉɜɢɟ ɬ.ɧ. ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɞɟɢɬɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɚɬ ɜɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɤɨɢ ɲɬɨ ʅɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɝɢ
ɪɚɡɛɟɪɚɬ.
ɉɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɮɚɬɥɢɜɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɇɚʁɞɨɛɚɪ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɚ
ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɚ, ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɮɚɬɥɢɜɚ ɨɞ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ.
Ʉɪɟɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɞɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ
ɩɢɲɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁ ɛɚɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɱɢɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɨɞɞɟɥɧɢ ɱɟɤɨɪɢ.

28. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
28
ɉɪɜɢɨɬ ɱɟɤɨɪ ɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚʃɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɚɬ ɜɨ
ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ.
ȼɬɨɪɢɨɬ ɱɟɤɨɪ ɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɦɢɧɟ ɧɢɡ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢɬɟ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɭɜɚɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ.
ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢɬɟ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɟɝɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɨɟɱɤɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɟʃɟ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɟɪɭɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɭɞɢ, ɢ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɬɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ʅɟ ɩɨɦɢɧɟ ɧɢɡ ɨɜɢɟ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ, ɬɚɚ ɟ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ. Ɍɨɚ ɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɨɬ ɱɟɤɨɪ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɱɧɭɜɚ ɫɨ
ɩɨɞɪɟɞɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɨ ɤɨʁɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ.
ɉɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɬɚɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɝɨ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɨɬ ɱɟɤɨɪ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ
ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ, ɦɟɼɭɬɨɚ ɞɨɛɪɢɨɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ
ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɜɟɞɧɚɲ ɫɬɚɧɭɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɭɜɚ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɩɪɢɦɢ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɪɚɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ.

29. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
29
5. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ
ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢɬɭɜɚɚɬ ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ.
ɉɪɜɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ - feedback. Ɍɨʁ ɲɬɨ ʁɚ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɬɚɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɭɩɚɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɜɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ, ɤɨʁ ʅɟ ʁɚ ɩɪɢɦɢ, ʅɟ ʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɥɤɭɜɚ, ʅɟ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ
ɢ ʅɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʅɟ ɞɚɞɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɜɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢ, ɪɟɚɥɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ
(ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɝɥɟɞɚɱɢɬɟ, ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɬɚ). Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɟ ɞɟɤɚ
ɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɬɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɚɤɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɧɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɞɟɧɟɫ, ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟɤɨʁ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɟɰ ɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟɧ
ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɢ ɞɨɚɼɚɚɬ ɨɞ ɫɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ.
Ɍɪɟɬɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ
ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ. ɇɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɚɬ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɞɨɞɟɤɚ
ɧɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɡɧɚɟ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɢɟ ɤɨɧ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ.
Ɍɨɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɢɟ, ɲɬɨ ɝɢ
ɩɪɢɦɚɚɬ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɚɬ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɚ ɤɚɤɨ ʅɟ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɚɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʅɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɬ. Ɉɬɤɚɤɨ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢɨɬ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɬɤɚɤɨ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɫɬɚɩɭɜɚ ɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɡɟɦɚʃɟ ɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɑɟɬɜɪɬɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɞɟɤɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ ɨɬɤɨɥɤɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ.
ɋɟɤɨʁ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨʁɛɚ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɥɭɼɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɟɞɟɧ ɜɢɞ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
ɉɟɬɬɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɩɨɱɢɬɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ. Ɉɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɛɚɪɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɱɢɬɭɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɧ ɬɢɟ ɤɨɧ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʅɚ, ɛɟɡ
ɨɝɥɟɞ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɢɟ ɫɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɫɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ. Ɍɨɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ

30. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
30
ɝɪɚɞɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɨɱɢɬɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɢ
ɭɜɚɠɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɟʃɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.
6.Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ
ɮɢɪɦɚ ɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɤɨɧ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɤɨɢ ɝɢ ɩɨɞɞɪɠɭɜɚɚɬ
ɨɩɲɬɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɤɨʁ ɬɟɱɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɚɬ. ɂɫɬɨ
ɬɚɤɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨʁ ɜɤɥɭɱɭɜɚ ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ
ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɢ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟʃɟ ɫɨ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɚɬ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɧɚɤɭɫɨ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟɬɨ ɤɚɤɨ
ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɥɢɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɨɞ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɝɢ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɞɨ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɝɢ ɩɪɢɦɚ. ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɟ ɨɞ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɛɢɡɧɢɫɨɬ ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɤɨʁ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɟɰ.
6.1. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ
ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚɚɬ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɢ. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ
ɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ. ɉɨɜɟʅɟɬɨ ɨɞ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɩɢɲɚɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɨ ɞɟɧɟɫ ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɢɬɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɭ ɩɨɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ.
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ.
Ɍɢɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɲɚɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɚɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ.
ɉɪɜɢɨɬ ʁɚ ɜɤɥɭɱɭɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɞɨ
ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɩɮɚɬɢ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. Ʌɭɼɟɬɨ ɝɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɩɟɬ ɫɟɬɢɥɚ
ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ. Ɍɨɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɬ, ɜɢɞɨɬ, ɦɢɪɢɫɨɬ,
ɜɤɭɫɨɬ, ɞɨɩɢɪɨɬ.
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɨɩɢɲɚɧɢ ɜɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ
ɫɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ.
ɂɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɥɢɰɟ ɜɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɫɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ, ɞɚ ɝɢ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ
ɩɪɟɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɨ, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚ ʁɚɜɧɨ

31. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
31
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. ɋɟɤɨʁ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɛɚɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɩ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚʃɟ.
ȼɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɨɜ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ,
ɫɟɤɨɝɚɲ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɞɟɤɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ
ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɧɢɨɬ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ.
ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɤɨ ɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɜɟɞɧɚɲ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ,
ɧɚʁɞɨɛɪɚ ɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟɤɨʁɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɧɨɫɬ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɪɚɡʁɚɫɧɟɬɚ ɭɲɬɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ. ȼɨ
ɫɥɭɱɚɢɬɟ ɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɨɥɟɦ ɛɪɨʁ
ɥɭɼɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɟɤɚ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɢ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɬɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɟɞɧɢ ɫɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɭ ɧɟɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɟɧ
ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɬɚɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɜɚ,
ɫɟɤɨʁ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɭɦ ɞɟɤɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɨɬ ɧɚ
ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɧɢɨɬ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɚ
ɦɟɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɚ ɡɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɧɚɫɨɱɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɚɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɜɥɢʁɚɟ ɜɪɡ ɧɢɜɧɨɬɨ
ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ.
ȼɪɡ ɞɨɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʃɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɜɪɡ ɞɨɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɡɚ
ɢɡɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɬ ɤɨɝɚ
ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɚɦɢɨɬ ʅɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɚ ɢ ʅɟ ɫɢ ɞɚɞɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɜɟ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɚ:
Ɂɨɲɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɪɟ ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɟɧ ɤɚɧɚɥ?
xȾɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɢɬɧɚ?
xȾɚɥɢ ɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɧ ɛɪɡ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ?
xȾɚɥɢ ɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɧ ɩɢɲɚɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɦɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ?

32. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
32
xȾɚɥɢ ɫɨɞɪɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ, ɞɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɭɜɚ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɟ ɥɢɱɧɚ?
xȾɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɜɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɞɜɨɪ ɨɞ ɧɟɚ?
xɄɚɤɜɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɮɚʅɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ?
Ɉɬɤɚɤɨ ʅɟ ɝɢ ɢɦɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɚ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ
ʅɟ ɛɢɞɟ ɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨʁɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɪɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɟɧ ɤɚɧɚɥ.
6.2. ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧa ɜɪɫɤɚ
ɉɪɢɦɚʃɟɬɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɟ ɤɪɚʁɧɚɬɚ ɜɪɫɤɚ ɜɨ
ɫɢɧʇɢɪɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɦɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚɜɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɤɨɢ
ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɧ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɬɟ
ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ, ɞɥɚɛɨɤɨ
ɜɨɡɞɢɜɧɭɜɚʃɟ, ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɧɚɫɦɟɜɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨʁɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚɩɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ.
Ȼɟɡ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɟɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢ
ɞɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɥɤɭɜɚɥ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ.
ɋɟɤɨʁɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɜɨ ɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. Ɍɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɜɪɚʅɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɦɭ ɤɚɠɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ʁɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɬɢɥ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɥɤɭɜɚɥ.
ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɟ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɟ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɟɤɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɚ.
ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɟ ɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɞɚɜɚ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɜɨ ɫɦɢɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɚ ɞɟɤɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɥ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ, ɧɢɬɭ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɢɬɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ, „ʅɟ ɜɢɞɚɦ”, „ɦɦɦ”. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɨɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɫɟɤɨɝɚɲ ɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢɬɟ
ɩɨɪɚɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨ ɝɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ
ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɬ ɲɬɨ
ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɲɧɚɬ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɢ ɝɥɟɞɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚɩɢɲɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɨɟ ɩɨɬɨɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɟɝɢɪɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɚɬ
ɝɪɟɲɤɢɬɟ.

33. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
33
ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɟ ɤɥɭɱɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ
ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɛɢɞɟʁʅɢ ɬɚɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɦɭ ɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɭɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ. ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ, ɜɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɦɟ ɤɨɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɪɚɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ. ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɝɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɜɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɜɨ
ɫɮɚʅɚʃɚɬɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɬɨɥɤɭɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɜɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭɜɚ ɞɟɤɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɚ ɝɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɫɨ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɚ ɞɟɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ
ɫɦɟɧɢɥɨ. ȼɨ ɩɨɝɨɥɟɦɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɨɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɧɟɤɨɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɭɜɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢ. Ɍɢɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ.
6.3. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ
ɉɨɢɦɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɬɟɤɧɭɜɚ ɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɨɬ ɡɛɨɪ. contextus
ɤɨʁ ɨɡɧɚɱɭɜɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞ ɩɢɫɦɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɟɧ ɢɫɤɚɡ ɲɬɨ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɚɬ
ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɡɛɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɢɡɜɚɞɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɡɛɨɪ
ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɞɨɤ, ɚ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɜɪɡ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɡɛɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɞɨɤ.5
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɭɜɚʃɟ
ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɨ ɰɟɥ
ɢɫɬɢɨɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ
ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɞɟɥ ɨɞ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɨɞ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ
ɫɬɚɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɡɛɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɭɫ ɫɨ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ, ɮɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ
ɤɨɢ ɞɨɚɼɚɚɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɡɛɨɪ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ
ɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɥ ɨɞ ɩɢɲɚɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɨ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɚɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ
ɰɟɥɨɫɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɞɨɛɚɪ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬ ɫɚɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
5
Babylon dictionary, Macedonian Thesaurus, 2010

34. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
34
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɨɬ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚ
ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɤɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɬɨɚ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɨ
ɫɨɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʅɟ ɛɢɞɟ ɧɚʁɩɨɝɨɞɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ
ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɞɟɥ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɱʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ,
ɡɧɚɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚ ɟɞɟɧ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɝɢ
ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɬ ɜɨ ɫɜɨʁɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɜɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɢɡɧɢɫɨɬ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɫɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɩɨɱɧɭɜɚʁʅɢ ɨɞ ɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ, ɝɪɭɩɧɨɬɨ, ʁɚɜɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɜɨ ɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ
ɨɛʁɚɫɧɭɜɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɨɬ ɫɟɛɟɫɢ ɫɢ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɚɦɢɫɥɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɥɭɲɚ ɧɟɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɚ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ,
ɱɨɜɟɤɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɟ, ɤɚɤɜɨ ɩɪɚɲɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɩɢɲɚɥ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚ ɞɚɥɢ
ɬɨɚ ɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɞɨɛɚɪ ɦɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɬɢɟ ɤɨɢ ʅɟ
ɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɚɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɬ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɞɨɞɚɞɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɨ ɲɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ
ɩɨɪɚɡɛɢɪɥɢɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɫɧɨ ɫɮɚɬɥɢɜ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɥɭɼɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢʁɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ, ɦɚʁɱɢɧɢɨɬ ʁɚɡɢɤ,
ɧɢɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɨɬ ɜɨ ɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɢɡɧɚɨɼɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ
ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨʁɞɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨɢ ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɧɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɭ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɭɼɟ ɜɨ ɦɚɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɨɞ ɬɪɢ
ɞɨ ɨɫɭɦ ɥɢɰɚ. ȼɨɨɛɢɱɚɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɭɜɚ ɡɛɨɪ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɼɭ
ɥɢɰɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɢ ɡɧɚɟʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɜɨ ɭɱɢɥɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨʁɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɤɚ ɟɤɢɩɚ,
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟɥɢ.

35. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
35
ȼɨ ʁɚɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, ɤɨɝɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʅɚ,
ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɢɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɢɲɚɧɨ ɧɟɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ ɡɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɦɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɨɥɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɢ, ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɞɚ ʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɚɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɭɦɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨʁ ɦɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɪɚʅɚ.
Ɇɚɫɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɨ ɩɨɦɨɲ
ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɟɧɢ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤɚʁ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɥɭɼɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢ.Ɂɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɚɭɞɢɨ
ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɮɢɥɦɨɜɢ, ɫɥɢɤɢ ɫɨ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɚɬ ɬɢɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɢ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɚɬ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ, ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɟɦɚɬ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ
ɝɪɭɩɢ ɥɭɼɟ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɭɩɚɬɭɜɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɜɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ
ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. ȼɨ ɨɜɚɚ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ, ɤɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭɜɚ ɡɛɨɪ ɡɚ
ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɬ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɭɜɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ - "high context", ɢ ɧɢɫɤɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ - "low
context“.6
ȼɢɫɨɤɨɬɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɝɪɭɩɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɥɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɭ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɨɞ ɧɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɟ ɟ
ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɪɚɧɨ ɛɢɞɟʁʅɢ ɝɨɥɟɦ ɛɪɨɞ ɨɞ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɡɧɚɚɬ ɲɬɨ ɞɚ
ɩɪɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɭɜɚɚɬ ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɢɟ ɦɟɼɭɫɟɛɟ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɟɞɧɢɨ ɫɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ
ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɚɬ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɝɪɭɩɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɟɦɟʁɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɢɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɜɨ ɤɨɢ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɧɚɦɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɜɨɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɜɪɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɫ
ɪɨɤ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɤɨɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ. ȼɨ ɨɜɢɟ ɨɩɲɬɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɬɨ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɭɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɚɪɚɚɬ
ɩɨɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɬɚɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ.
6
Edward Hall: „High Context vs.Low Context Communication„ Hubpages.Inc.2010

36. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
36
6.4. ɒɭɦɨɜɢ
ȼɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢ
ɩɪɟɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɲɤɨɬɢɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚɚɬ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ (barriers) ɢɥɢ
ɲɭɦɨɜɢ. Ȼɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɨɞ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ,
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɢɥɢ ʁɚɡɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ.
ɋɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ, ɩɪɟɱɤɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɚɬ
ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ:7
ɋɥɢɤɚ ɛɪɨʁ 3:
ɂɡɜɨɪ: Nelson & Quick: „Communication“,Chapter 7, 2005 by South-
Western, a division of Thomson Learning, ɫɥɚʁɞ ɛɪ. 11
ȼɨ ɛɢɡɧɢɫ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚʁɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ
ɩɪɟɱɤɢ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɭɜɚɚɬ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɨɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ. Ɍɭɤɚ ɫɟ
7
Nelson & Quick: „Communication“,Chapter 7, 2005 by South-Western, a
division of Thomson Learning

37. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
37
ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ, ɮɢɡɢɱɤɚɬɚ
ɨɞɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɬɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ, ɦɨʅɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɬ ɲɬɨ ɝɨ ɢɦɚɚɬ
ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ. Ȼɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ʁɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɦɟɼɭ
ɩɨɟɞɢɧɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɚ
ɲɬɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɚ „ɛɪɚɧɨɜɚ
ɞɨɥɠɢɧɚ” (wavelengh). Ʌɢɰɚɬɚ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɚ „ɛɪɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɢɧɚ”
ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɟɫɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɚɬ.
ɒɭɦɨɜɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɱɤɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɟɤɨɝɚɲ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɲɭɜɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɨɪ ɡɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ. Ɇɟɼɭɬɨɚ, ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɟ ɞɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɱɤɢɬɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɜɨɪ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ʁɚ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɜɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɩɨɪɟɦɟɬɭɜɚʃɚ:
xɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ - compiting stimulus: ɨɞɜɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɲɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɥɟɱɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɚ ɦɭɡɢɤɚ ɜɨ
ɡɚɞɧɢɧɚ, ɩɪɟɥɟɬɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɚɜɢɨɧɢ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɨɬɨ ɤɚɞɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ;
x ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɢ ɨɞ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ – environmental stress: ɜɢɫɨɤɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, ɜɥɚɝɚ, ɥɨɲɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɫɢ, ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ ɢ
ɫɥɢɱɧɨ. Ɉɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɜɥɢʁɚɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɦɟɬɢ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚʃɟɬɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ;
x ɥɢɱɧɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɢ – subjective stress: ɩɨɫɩɚɧɨɫɬ, ɛɨɥɟɫɬ,
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɚɥɤɨɯɨɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɩɨʁɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨɜɟɞɭɜɚɚɬ ɞɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɬɟɲɤɨɬɢɢ ɜɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟɬɨ ɢ
ɬɨɥɤɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ;
xɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɢɬɟ – ignorance of the medium:
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ, ɩɢɲɭɜɚɧɢ, ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɭɞɢɨɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɤɢ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɧɟɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɧɨ, ɫɬɚɧɭɜɚɚɬ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ.
ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢɬɟ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɲɬɨ
ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɫɦɢɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɧɚɟʃɚ,
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ, ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ. ɇɟɦɚ ɞɜɟ ɥɢɰɚ

38. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
38
ɤɨɢ ɩɨɫɟɞɭɜɚɚɬ ɢɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɚ ɞɭɪɢ ɬɢɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɛɥɢɡɧɚɰɢ.
ȳɚɡɢɤɨɬ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɟɼɭ ɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɤɨɢ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ʁɚɡɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɢ
ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚɚɬ, ɢɦɚɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ʁɚɡɢɤɨɬ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨʁ ɬɨʁ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɜɨɞɚɬ ɤɨɧ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɚ. Ɍɨɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɦɚʃɟɬɨ
ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɤɚʁ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ, ɝɪɭɩɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɬ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɜɪɡ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɧɟɤɨɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɨɥɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɤɨɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɭɜɚɚɬ
ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɞɨ
ɫɚɤɚɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ. Ɉɬɫɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɟ
ɫɦɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ-ɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ
ɨɩɮɚʅɚɚɬ ɜɥɢʁɚɧɢʁɚɬɚ ɤɨɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɭɜɚɚɬ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨʁɞɟ ɞɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ.
Ȼɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɚɬ ɤɚɤɨ:
x ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ;
xɤɨɧɮɭɡɢʁɚ ɦɟɼɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɧɢɜ;
xɩɪɟɝɨɥɟɦɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ;
x ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɢɪɢ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɨɬ ɨɞ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɼɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɬ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ, ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɱɨɬ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɢɟ
ɲɬɨ ɫɥɭɲɚɚɬ, ɱɢɬɚɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɟɞɚɚɬ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɚ
ɩɪɟɱɤɚ ɜɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɭ ɥɭɼɟ
ɜɟɪɭɜɚɚɬ ɞɟɤɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɬɨɚ ɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢ, ɞɚ ɪɟɱɟɦɟ, ɧɟɤɨʁ ɤɨʁ
ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɞ ɟɞɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨ. Ɇɟɼɭɬɨɚ, ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ
ɪɟɬɤɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɟ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɫɥɭɲɚ. ȼɫɭɲɧɨɫɬ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ, ɧɟ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɰɟɥɨɬɨ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɟ. Ʉɨɝɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɢɲɚɧɢ, ɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ ɤɨɢ ɫɟ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɚɬ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɚʁ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɱɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɲɚ.

39. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
39
Ɇɢɧɚɬɨɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɪɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɭɜɚ, ɜɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɚ ɦɟɪɤɚ, ɤɚɤɨ
ʅɟ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ. Ɂɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɢɡɪɚɡɚɬ ɫɚɤɚɧɨɬɨ ɦɢɫɥɟʃɟ, ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ɫɥɭɲɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɬɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɨɨɞɜɟɬɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨʁ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚɚɬ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɩɢɲɚɧɢɬɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ.
ȳɚɡɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɧɢ ɫɨ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɤɨɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɭɜɚɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɥɭɼɟ. Ʉɨɧɮɭɡɢʁɚɬɚ ɦɟɼɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɨɚ
ɲɬɨ ɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɧɢɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɭɜɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɟɞɟɧ ɡɛɨɪ ɨɡɧɚɱɭɜɚ ɩɨɜɟʅɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ. Ɂɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ, ɧɟ ɫɟɤɨɝɚɲ, ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɚɚɬ ɢɫɬ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɟɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɟ. Ɂɚɬɨɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɛɚɪɚ ɨɞ
ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɲɭɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɫɜɟɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɢɬɟ.
Ɂɛɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɬɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɚɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ, ɡɚ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɨɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɤɚɚɬ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɚɬ ɢ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ
ɫɥɭɲɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɬɚ ɢ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɡɛɨɪɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɚɥ.
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɩɨɝɨɥɟɦ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɟ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ, ɚ
ɩɨɦɚɥɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɝɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɭɜɚɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟ-
ɬɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɜɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɚ ɜɪɫɤɚ ɫɨ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɥɭɼɟɬɨ ɝɨ
ɢɦɚɚɬ ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ
ɢɞɟʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɤɨʁ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɢ. Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɢɬɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ, ɬɨɚ ɧɟ ɝɨ ɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɭɜɚɚɬ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɨʁɞɨɜɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɚ
ɫɟɤɨʁ ɤɨʁɲɬɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨ ɬɨɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɢɟ
ɲɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ ɢɦɚɚɬ ɡɧɚɟʃɟ ɜɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚɚɬ.
ɋɟɤɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟ ɫɜɟɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɱɤɢ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢ ɤɨɢ ɦɨɠɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɜɪɡ
ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭɜɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ-ɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɭɜɚ
ɤɨɝɚ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɢɞɟɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɥɢɰɚ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɟɪɢ,
ɫɨ ɧɢɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭɜɚ ɢ ɫɨ
ɢɞɟʁɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɲɬɨ ʁɚ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ.

40. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
40
Ʉ Ɉ ɇ Ɍ Ɋ Ɉ Ʌ ɇ ɂ ɉ Ɋ Ⱥ ɒ Ⱥ ȵ Ⱥ
1. Ʉɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɪɚɚɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ?
2. Ʉɨɢ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ?
3. Ɉɩɢɲɟɬɟ ɝɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ?
4. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭɜɚʁɬɟ ɬɟ ɝɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ?
5. Ʉɨʁ ɟ ɢɫɩɪɚʅɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ?
6. Ʉɨʁ ɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚ?
7. ɒɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜɭɜɚ ɩɨɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ?
8. Ʉɨɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟɫɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɜɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ?
9. Ɉɛʁɚɫɧɟɬɟ ɝɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ?
10. Ʉɨɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ?
11. ɒɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɜɪɫɤɚ?
12. ɒɬɨ ɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ?
13. ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɲɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ

41. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
41
II Ⱦ ȿ Ʌ -
ȼɂȾɈȼɂ ɇȺ ɄɈɆɍɇɂɄȺɐɂɂ ɂ
ɇɂȼɇɂ ɄȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄɂ

42. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ
42
ɉ Ɋ ȿ Ƚ Ʌ ȿ Ⱦ ɇȺ ɋ O Ⱦ Ɋ ɀ ɂ ɇ Ⱥ Ɍ Ⱥ
1. ȼɟɪɛɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
2. ɇɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
3. ɋɥɭɲɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ
4. ɂɧɬɟɪɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɐ ȿ Ʌ ɂ ɇ Ⱥ ɍ ɑ ȿ ȵ ȿ Ɍ Ɉ
ɉɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɞɟɥ, ȼɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɞɟɬɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢ:
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɫɨ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɞɚ ɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɟɞɚɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟɬɨ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɬɚ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ
ɞɚ ʁɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭɜɚɬɟ ɭɥɨɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɨɬ
ɞɚ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟɬɟ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɨɬ
ɞɚ ɝɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɭɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɝɨɜɨɪɨɬ
ɞɚ ɝɨ ɨɩɢɲɟɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɟʃɟ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ ɬɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɫɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɜɚɬɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɞɚ ɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚɬɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢɨɬ ɞɟɥ ɨɞ ɩɨɪɚɤɢɬɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟɬɨ ɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɬɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɤɨɢ ɜɥɢʁɚɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟɬɨ
ɞɚ ɝɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭɜɚɬɟ ɥɨɲɢɬɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɜɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ
ɱɟɤɨɪɢ ɤɨɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɫɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟ
ɞɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟɬɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɢ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɢɬɟ ɜɨ ɫɥɭɲɚʃɟɬɨ
ɞɚ ʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟɬɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɬɟɱɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ
ɞɚ ʁɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɟɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɡɝɨɥɟɦɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜɚʃɟ
ɧɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɜɨɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ