Jeffery David Whippo explains that failed change efforts can lead to declines in morale, increases in absenteeism, and more frequent turnover as productivity suffers. He believes that change efforts often fail due to poor execution by leadership rather than a lack of leadership. Whippo also states that everyone in the organization must be involved in and take ownership of change for it to be effective, and that effective coaching can support sustainable behavioral changes by creating a non-threatening learning environment.